Overview
The lecture covers the origins, history, and significance of Labor Day in the United States and Canada, including its connection to the labor movement and working conditions during the Industrial Revolution.
Origins of Labor Day
- Labor Day is celebrated in the U.S. and Canada on the first Monday of every September.
- The first American Labor Day took place in New York City on September 5, 1882.
- It was organized by a union to honor workers with a rare day of rest and protest for workers’ rights.
Working Conditions and Labor Movement
- During the Industrial Revolution, jobs were difficult, dangerous, and involved long hours with low pay.
- Workers, including children as young as ten, faced harsh conditions in factories and mines.
- Labor unions were formed to demand better wages, shorter hours, and safer working conditions.
- Business owners often resisted unions, leading to strikes and sometimes violent conflicts involving police or military.
Expansion and Legal Recognition
- Labor Day celebrations spread to 30 states in the U.S.
- The Haymarket Square Riot in 1886 in Chicago led to deaths and became a symbol for labor rights worldwide.
- International Workers' Day is observed on May 1 in many countries to honor the Haymarket events.
- In 1894, President Grover Cleveland made Labor Day a federal holiday in September to separate it from the more radical May 1 association.
- Canada also established Labor Day in 1894.
Achievements and Challenges
- Major labor reforms came in 1938 with laws setting the eight-hour workday, five-day workweek, and ending child labor in the U.S.
- Despite these advances, child labor and poor working conditions persist in various parts of the world.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Labor Day — A holiday recognizing and honoring the contributions of workers.
- Industrial Revolution — A period of rapid industrial growth with harsh labor conditions.
- Labor Union — An organized group of workers advocating for rights and protections.
- Haymarket Square Riot — An 1886 labor protest in Chicago that turned violent and influenced international labor movements.
- International Workers' Day — A holiday on May 1 honoring labor movements worldwide.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Reflect on the historical and current significance of Labor Day.
- Be aware of ongoing issues related to child labor globally.