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Introduction to Human Anatomy
Jul 11, 2024
Introduction to Human Anatomy - Lecture Notes
Lecturer: Dr. Vedau Labu
Introduction
Series on Human Anatomy
This lecture: Introduction to Human Anatomy
Two parts: Definitions & Scope (Part 1), Anatomical Terminologies (Part 2)
Learning Outcomes
: Definitions of key terms, scope, body regions, hierarchical body organization, organ systems
Key Definitions
Anatomy
: Study of body structure; particularly the human body
Physiology
: Study of functional processes within living organisms; physical, chemical, and biological processes
Pathology
: Study of structural and functional alterations leading to disease
Three Divisions of Human Anatomy
Gross Anatomy
(macroscopic anatomy)
Microscopic Anatomy
Developmental Anatomy
Gross Anatomy
Study of body parts visible to the naked eye
Main Approaches
:
Topographic (region-based): Head, neck, thorax, abdomen, limbs, etc.
Systemic (system-based): Skeletal, muscular, nervous, etc.
Hybrid: Incorporates both topographic and systemic elements
Major Body Regions (Topographic Approach)
Head and Neck
: Includes skull, face, and cervical region
Trunk (Torso)
: Thorax, abdomen, pelvis, back
Thorax
: Rib cage area
Abdomen
: Below rib cage
Pelvis
: Contains reproductive organs
Back
: Posterior side of the trunk
Upper Limb
: Pectoral region, shoulder, arm (brachium), forearm (antebrachium), hand
Key joints
: Shoulder, elbow, wrist
Hand
: Palm, dorsum
Lower Limb
: Gluteal region, thigh, leg, foot
Key joints
: Hip, knee, ankle
Foot
: Sole (plantar), dorsum
Hierarchical Organization of the Body
From simple to complex: Atoms → Molecules → Macromolecules (Proteins, Carbs, Lipids, Nucleic Acids) → Organelles → Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Organism
Key Organ Systems
Skeletal System
: Bones; movement, protection, support, mineral storage
Articular System
: Joints; allow movement
Muscular System
: Muscles; movement, thermoregulation
Nervous System
: Coordination, integration, homeostasis
Endocrine System
: Glands/hormones; regulation
Cardiovascular System
: Heart, blood vessels; transport blood
Hematologic System
: Blood; transport, immunity, homeostasis
Lymphatic System
: Lymph nodes, vessels; defense, fat absorption
Digestive System
: Digestion, absorption, excretion, hormone production
Respiratory System
: Gas exchange, sound production, sensory functions
Urinary System
: Excretion, osmoregulation, acid-base balance
Reproductive Systems
:
Male/Female: Gametogenesis, transport, hormone production, prenatal development
Integumentary System
: Skin, protection, thermoregulation, sensory functions
Microscopic Anatomy
Study of minute structures not visible to the naked eye
Two main areas
:
Cytology
: Study of cells
Histology
: Study of tissues
Scope of Cytology
: Cell structure, cell adaptations, cellular genetics, cell cycle and division
Scope of Histology
:
Basic Histology
: Organization of four basic tissues (epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous)
Systemic Histology
: Microscopic organization of organs in each system
Developmental Anatomy (Embryology)
Study of prenatal developmental processes
Key phases: Gametogenesis → Fertilization → Prenatal development (Embryonic & Fetal periods)
Pre-embryonic Period
(first 2 weeks after conception): Early development, implantation
Embryonic Period
(3rd to 8th week): Organogenesis, most sensitive period
Fetal Period
(9th week to birth): Maturation of organs, ossification
Explains congenital malformations and birth defects
General Embryology
: Overview of development processes
Systemic Embryology
: Detailed formation of organ systems
Conclusion
Summary of definitions and scope of human anatomy
Next lecture: Anatomical terminologies
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