British Establishment in India Overview

Hi friends welcome to Sleepy Classes Let's continue our Crash Course series So let's start with Modern India Let's see how the British were able to establish themselves in India and how they emerged as one among the many European powers that came to India How British were able to establish their predominance in India So, this is the story of 17th-18th century, which is today's time period. Right, we'll see how 17th century British fought and tried to establish its hold and how in 18th century it expanded its control in Indian subcontinent. So, Let's start the story. So coming of Europeans. Discovery of sea route via the Cape of Good Hope. Many European trading companies came to India and established their trading centers because of this. So land route, we have seen in ancient India, medieval India, that there was trade with the Roman Empire, there was interaction with the Greeks. This was land route but sea route after the discovery of Cape of Good Hope. They entered India as traders at the outset but by the passage of time indulged in the politics of the country and finally established their colonies. Commercial rivalry among the European powers led to political rivalry and ultimately the British succeeded in establishing their rule in India. In the 17th century, sorry, in 1612, British company gained footing in India after Mughal Emperor Jahangir granted the rights to establish a factory Abhi a factory T this was not really a factory as in the conventional term Manufacturing which hoteler he was essentially a trading factory so merchants used to buy products from India Keep it there and these to trade with Europe these products so it was essentially really a storehouse a warehouse so a factory which was a trading post in Surat to Sir Thomas Rowe a representative diplomat of Queen Elizabeth first of England to 1612 may for man issue Kia Jahangir nay Kinko Sir Thomas Rowe who was a representative of Queen Elizabeth the first So, first came Portuguese. Portuguese Vasco da Gama reached Calicut in 1498 and was received by the Zamorin who was the ruler of Calicut. Pedro Alvarez Cabral arrived in 1500 and Vasco da Gama also made a second trip in 1502. So, first in 1498 came the Portuguese. They established trading stations at Calicut, Cannonore and Cochin. First governor of Portuguese in India was Francis de Almeida. So these are the facts. He introduced the blue water policy of maintaining superiority at sea to protect political economic interests on land. So he said that if we maintain superiority in our sea, then only on land, on Indian land, we will be able to protect our political economic interests. If we cannot maintain our sea superiority, we will have to face competition and our interests on land, our political economic interests on land might face a challenge. So next governor of Portuguese territories Alfonso de Albuquerque 1509 In 1510 he captured Goa from the ruler of Bijapur thereafter Goa became the capital of Portuguese settlements in India So who won Goa? Albuquerque So we have seen in medieval that even against the ruler of Gujarat Portuguese had a war, they waged a battle and after which due was accorded to them. Albuquerque captured Malacca and Ceylon. He also built a fort at Calicut. Albuquerque died in 1515. So Portuguese expansion is happening in 16th century. leaving the Portuguese as the strongest naval power in India later Portuguese established themselves at Daman, Salcite and Bombay on west coast and at San Thum near Madras and Hughley in Bengal on the east coast so 16th century Portuguese are the predominant power To maintain superiority at sea, Portuguese introduced cartage system. So, this you should know. Which involved all ships trading in Indian waters to stop, take permission and pay customs duty to the Portuguese at Goa. So, this is how they were able to maintain their supremacy. however the Portuguese power declined in India by the end of 16th century they lost all their possessions in India except Goa, Diu and Daman in the next century. The 16th century belonged to the Portuguese but not the 17th century Dutch East India Company was established in 1602. They established their settlements at Masooli Patnam, Pulikit, Surat, Karaikal, Nagapattinam, Chinsura and Kasim Bazar. 17th century, they won over the Portuguese and emerged as the most dominant power in European trade in the East. So 17th century belonged to the Dutch. They were the predominant power in 17th century. century. Pullikatt was their main center in India and later it was replaced by Nagapattinam. In mid 17th century, the English began to challenge the Dutch. The Anglo-Dutch rivalry resulted in the Dutch establishing their control over Spice Islands which is Indonesia but the English emerging as a dominant power in India. To 17th century, Dutch versus English and English. The result of this was that Dutch were able to establish their control in Indonesia and English in India. Otherwise, we would have been speaking Dutch instead of English. The English. English East India Company was established in 1600. Charter was issued by Queen Elizabeth of England. Captain Hawkins arrived at the Royal Court in 1609 to seek permission but was refused by the Mughal Emperor because of Portuguese pressure. In 1609 we saw that in 16th century Portuguese are a... and because of their pressure Mughal Emperor declined. Later circumstances so developed that Jahangir was convinced he was persuaded to issue a firman to the English that they be allowed to establish a trading factory in trading factory and the first one was at Surat in 1613. So in 1612 English was issued a firman issued by Jahangir in the name of emperor jahangir sir thomas roe obtained permission from jahangir to establish english trading factories in different parts of country the english established their factories at agra ahmedabad baroda and baroche by 1619 1613 may surat 1639 francis day founded the city of madras where the fourth saint george was built so madras 1668 english east india company acquired bombay from charles ii the then king of england who had received it from the portuguese So, it has an interesting story. Catherine of Braganza, a Portuguese queen, was married to the King of England and in dowry, the British received the island of Bombay. So... In the price of Rs. 10, Bombay got England, the King of England and he gave it to the English East India Company that this territory in India is under my possession. Now you can make use of it to earn more money for the Empire of England. So in 1668, they got Bombay as well. 1690 English factory was established at a village Sutannuti by Job Charnock. Later it developed into the city of Calcutta where Fort William was built. So 1690 onwards Calcutta. So Madras, Bombay, Calcutta. These became the three presidency towns of English settlements in India. Three big important towns under the British. The French East India Company was formed by 1664 by Colbert, a minister under Louis XIV. First French factory in India was established at Surat by Francis Caron. Francis Martin founded Pondicherry in 1673. So Surat, then Pondicherry. Other French factories in India were Masooli Patnam, Chandranagore, Mahe and Karaikal. So, French. Then, Dane's first factory at Trankebar in 1620. Later, settlements at Serampore. But, they failed to strengthen themselves in India and sold all their settlements in India to the British in 1845. So, the... The Portuguese, the Dutch, the English, the French and the Danes. Five European powers we've seen. Out of which the English, the British will emerge powerful. We'll see how. So in the 17th century, we saw that the English and Dutch faced off. After which the Dutch became powerful in Indonesia and the English became powerful in India. In 18th century, the English will face a tough challenge from the French East India Company. It was also influenced by events in Europe where England vs France was going on So the same events influenced Indian politics also England, English and French were having politics in India Plus, the Indian subcontinent, for example, the Deccan region, the Carnatic region where the politics were going on in India, between the Nawabs Who can take over their territory by defeating others? In that politics, the English and the French interfered and started taking sides For example, in Carnatic, King 1 vs King 2 is happening So, in their politics, now interference, English support one, the French support other So, King 1 vs England and King 2 vs French is happening and because of that, one is emerging as the winner and the other is losing out So, So this started interfering in the internal politics of India and after a series of wars, one of the powers we know, English, emerged powerful and this Anglo-French rivalry is also called Carnatic Wars because this politics was going on around the Indian Kings So, how was it? Let's see. Beginning of 18th century, the English and the French were competing with each other to establish their supremacy in India. Downfall of Mughal Empire. 1707, if you remember, death of Aurangzeb. So, 17th century, early 17th century, the decline of Mughal Empire started. So, now, space is being opened up for... English and the French to establish their supremacy. Whole 18th century we see weak Mughal emperors and English and French trying to consolidate their powers. So what are the phenomena we are seeing in 18th century? First is decline of Mughals. Second we saw rise of regional states. And third Anglo-French rivalry. And these three are interlinked. Downfall of Mughal Empire led to independence of Deccan under Nizam-ul-Mulk. Carnatic region, though nominally under Nizam's suzerainty, was ruled by an autonomous Nawab. And here the interference started. First Carnatic War 1746-1748 So, So cause of the war was the outbreak of Austrian war of succession in Europe in 1740 Who will be the next king after one king? For this, Anglo-French wars took place French attacked the English in 1746 the English sought help from the Nawab of Carnatic Anwaruddin but the French concluded a treaty with his rival Chanda sahab so King 1 versus King 2 English seek help is key to keep French name in attacker via and French is care rival case are treaty curlete in case I'll be fighting this King to up joking to help me help Karna So this internal politics is also intermingling in this. So all this was going on. In the meantime, Treaty of. Alain Chapelle was concluded in 1748 to end the Austrian succession war The English and French representatives in Europe came to an agreement, a treaty was signed Thus the first Carnatic war came to an end So even in India, their rivalry was temporarily snubbed But there are differences because both sides have taken different sides One king is supported by the French and the other by the English So as they continued to take opposite sides in the internal politics, it resulted in the Second Carnatic War, 1749-1754. Now as you can see, this is preceding the Battle of Plassey in 1757. So the British have not established themselves as a political power. They are still trading power, but they are interfering in local politics, influencing so that they can benefit eventually. Dupley, who was a French governor, he supported the cause of Muzaffar Jung who wanted to become the Nizam of Hyderabad. So Nizam of Hyderabad is one, but another person who harbors the dreams of Nizam of Hyderabad, the French are supporting him. And Chanda Sahib is being supported who was the aspirant for the throne of Arcot which is Carnatic. To Regional Politics There is a system in Hyderabad, Carnatic There is a system in Arcot in Carnatic So in Hyderabad, a French rival is supporting a French rival in Carnatic The allies defeated and killed Nawab Anwaruddin They defeated Nawab Anwaruddin Anwaruddin was Nawab of Carnatic as you can see So Carnatic me the French and Chanda sahib are successful after this victory Muzaffar Jung became the Nizam and Chanda sahib the Nawab of Arcot. French officer Basi was stationed in Hyderabad. So first battle goes to the French army. Muzaffar Jung who was his son, he was made Nizam and Chanda Saheb who was his son, he was made Nawab of Erkot Muhammad Ali who was the son of Anwaruddin, Nawab of Erkot so he escaped to Tiruchirappalli, Trichy the English now supported Muhammad Ali English said that don't worry, we will take revenge of your father's death and we will support you So English now supported Muhammad Ali and captured Arquart under Robert Clive to relieve besieged Muhammad Ali. Chanda sahib was captured and beheaded. So English plus Muhammad Ali, they attacked. and Robert Clive was leading English famous personality, we will see about him later Chanda sahib was captured and beheaded meanwhile Dupley was replaced by Gudehu as the French governor the war came to an end by the Treaty of Pondicherry in 1754 so So as a result of this victory of the English, negotiations started between the French and the English in Europe. So in that negotiation, the English demanded that you or the French Governor Dupley be recalled. So this was a masterstroke. Dupley was proving to be very problematic for them. Now Dupley, who was the most important or most important person in the country, the French governor of the French territories in India was recalled by the King and England removed the biggest obstacle of its way so After the Treaty of Pondicherry, the Second Carnatic War was also over. So even though the first battle had gone to the French, the British were eventually successful in the second. And because they were also successful in sending Dupley back, so in a way, the second Carnatic War was a huge step towards them. Then 3rd Carnatic War in 1756 So 7 years war started in Europe And between England and French Due to this, the fallback of this war came in India as well And this led to 3rd Carnatic War in India So Count de Lely who was the commander of French forces He recalled Bussey from Hyderabad Bussey was stationed in Hyderabad And he was the commander of French forces Kin ke sath? Muzaffar Jang ke sath. But British General Sir Ayarkut defeated Lally at Vandy Wash in 1760. So Battle of Vandy Wash. By next year... i.e. 1761, all French possessions including Pondicherry were captured by the British. So, 3rd Carnatic War went firmly to the British. 7 years war came to an end by the Treaty of Paris in 1763. So when the war ended in Europe, in 1763, the Treaty of Paris was signed. And under that treaty, the Third Carnatic War also came to an end. The French were forced to cede all their political interests in India but were allowed to retain their purely economic interests confined to Pondicherry, Karaykal, Mahe and Yenim. So the British imposed this condition on the French that you can keep your economic interests, your ports, your factories, but you will give up your political interests in the sense that whatever political, domestic politics we were interfering in so that we can defeat one king and ask for favors for ourselves, you will not do that. British he karenge so French us cheez mein se bilkul eliminate hi kar die kai thus the Anglo-French rivalry came to a close with the British success and the failure of French to French ka yaha se bilkul interest political interest unhe give up karna pad gaya So after your third Carnatic War, French has been removed but problems will still go on. Battle of Place, beginning of British political sway over India may be traced to the Battle of Place in 1757. English East India Company forces vs Siraj-ud-Daula the Nawab of Bengal So yesterday when we talked about Bengal, we had seen that Siraj-ud-Daula was at the hem in 1757 So Siraj-ud-Daula forces vs English East India Company forces So, let's see some background in this story Bengal was fertile and rich province most fertile and richest of India's provinces East India Company and its servants had a highly profitable trading interest in the province The company had secured privileges in 1717 under a royal firman by the Mughal Emperor Farukh Siar So, Jahangir had given firman in India India made Factory setup for Bengal was given in Farooq CR. We saw Farooq CR with Syed Brothers if you remember. This Farman granted the company, East India Company, the freedom to trade in Bengal without paying taxes and the right to issue passes or dastaks for the movement of such goods. Now, he has got a very big privilege. Now, this is a constant source of conflict between the company, East India Company and Nawab. Why? Because it is a tax-free trade. Matters came to a head in 1756 when the young Siraj-ud-Daulah demanded of the English that they should stop misuse of the dastaks. Nawab also suspected that the company was hostile to him and was favouring his rivals for the throne of Bengal. So Nawab felt that at least some British are making a mess, some conspiracy, some conspiracy and because of These events Nawab was very suspicious of them. So breaking point came when without taking the Nawab's permission the company began to fortify. The fortification started by the East India Company. Without the permission of Nawab. In this expectation that in the coming time we will have a struggle with the French. We may have a fight. So we should be prepared first. French were stationed at this time at Chandranagore. Okay, you can see that in 1756, the Carnatic War started with the French. So British were wary that the Carnatic War that started will spill in Bengal as well. So we hope that there will be a battle with the French here as well. So for this reason, they started fortification but the Nawab in Bengal did not take permission. So the Nawab rightly interpreted this action as an attack upon his sovereignty. That if there is a government, a sovereign power, then he has the right to keep weapons. So when the British fortified, it was an attack on the sovereignty of the Nawab. And the Nawab attacked the English factory at Kasar. Bazaar and Calcutta and then retired to celebrate his easy victory. So, he attacked and quickly won the victory and went back to celebrate that he had defeated the English East India Company. But the battle was not won by war. English in revenge organized a conspiracy with the leading men of Nawab's court. Mir Jaffar, Manik Chand, Ami Chand and Jagat Seth So these powerful people of Siraj-ud-Daulah's court with them, English made a conspiracy that you should support us in the next battle And we removed Siraj-ud-Daulah and offered Mir Jaffar that he will be made as the Commander-in-Chief. So Mir Jaffar took this offer and conspired with the British against Siraj-ud-Daulah. So in 1757, the Battle of Plassey took place. In which a major part of Nawab's army led by traitors Mir Jafar and Raidurlag took no part in the fighting. The Nawab was captured and put to death by Mir Jafar's son Miran. So it was just a battle of names. The British already knew in that battle that the battle would end. The English proclaimed Mir Jafar the Nawab of Bengal. The company was granted undisputed right to free trade in Bengal, Bihar and Odisha as a result of victory in Battle of Plassey. Battle of Plassey has immense historical importance. It paved the way for British mastery over Bengal and eventually the whole of India. So where is the foundation placed? Battle of Plassey. So there is a book which discusses the British rule. The title of the book is From Plassey to Partition. So Partition in 1947, Plassey in 1757. So roughly this was the period of British rule in India. Thank you The British won the Battle of Plassey by defeating an Indian Nawab It boosted the British prestige and at a single stroke raised them to the status of a major contender for the Indian Empire The rich revenues of Bengal enabled them to organize a strong army and control over Bengal played a decisive role in the Anglo-French struggle So the 7 years of battle between 1956 and 1963 So in the beginning, when Bengal came to the British in 1957, it used Bengal's revenues to give the British an edge. The British were able to oust the French in the Seven Years'War and captured their territories. In that whole process, the revenues of Bengal helped the British a lot to win that. Struggle with the French. So, this was the story of Battle of Place. Now, we'll talk about the Battle of Buxar in 1764. Kiske saath battle kari aur kyun battle hui? Mir Jaffar sat on the throne but he soon discovered that it was impossible to meet the full demands of the company and its officials. So by October 1760, the company forced him to abdicate in favor of his son-in-law Mir Qasim. So British Mir Jaffar thought that he cannot meet all his demands. So British said that you can't do it, you leave the throne. So he was forced to abdicate in 1760, Mir Jafar and his son-in-law Mir Qasim were made to sit on the throne. So British thought that Mir Jafar can't do it. Mir Qasim will fulfill all our demands. Mir Qasim however belied English hopes that they also did not get down and he soon emerged as a threat to their position and designs in Bengal. So Mir Qasim was one step ahead that they were not only refusing but they also became a danger for British designs. So British thought that this is even more problematic Mir Qasim formed an alliance with Shuja Ud-Daula who was the Nawab of Awadh and Shah Alam too He was the fugitive Mughal Emperor So he was the fugitive Mughal Emperor at the time So these three made an alliance, Mir Qasim, Shuja Ud-Daula and Shah Alam II. These three allies consolidated and fought with the company's army at Buxar. Battle of Buxar in October 1764. But the three allies lost their power. Buxar from and were thoroughly defeated at Buxar. The Battle of Buxar firmly established the British as masters of Bengal, Bihar and Odisha and also placed Awadh at their mercy. So previously, Bengal, Bihar and Odisha were the only allies. But because Nawab of Awadh was also in this battle, Awadh was also placed at the mercy of British. So Nawab was to disband, now treaty was signed and what was decided in that treaty? The Nawab was to disband most of his army and to administer Bengal through a deputy subedar who was to be nominated by the company and he could not be dismissed without the company's approval. So what changes did Bengal bring? Nawab will rule, disband his army and rule Bengal through deputy Subedar and he appointed deputy Subedar to East India Company and cannot be removed without his permission So he made Nawab a puppet ruler and said we will rule but through you Shah Alam II, Jumrah Mughal Emperor, Fugitive Mughal Emperor, he was still the titular head of the Mughal Empire and through him, the company said okay, symbolically you are still powerful, your signature is still going on, your stamp is still going on, so they issued an order from them, securing the Diwani. The Diwani. which is the right to collect revenue of Bihar, Bengal and Odisha so initially, they were just doing administration through their own means now they have taken orders from the Mughal Emperor that the revenue collection in Bengal, Bihar and Odisha that too went to East India Company so the Battle of Buxar was done by the British the hold in Bengal was consolidated after Blassé, they got free trading rights which made them already earn so much money that they could defeat the French in the 3rd Carnatic War now after the Battle of Buxar, they got crazy rights too so the taxation rights there they themselves are doing free trade but the other people who are trading economic activity is happening. From that also, Diwani East India Company will collect. So after that, in 1764 after the Battle of Buxar dual system of administration of Bengal was introduced. East India Company became the real master of Bengal from 1765. The Nawab depended for his Depended for his internal and external security on the British. As the Diwan, the company directly controlled its revenues. While through the right to nominate the deputy subedar, it controlled the Nizamat or the police and judicial powers. So revenue is also controlled directly and through its deputy subedar, Nizamat or administration. The same person acted in Bengal as the deputy Diwan on behalf of the company and as deputy Subedar on behalf of the Nawab. It held a great advantage for the British. They had power without a responsibility. The Nawab and his officials had the responsibility of administration but not the power. power to discharge it. That's why we call it Dual Administration of Bengal. Power is power, no responsibility no accountability. And Nawab's accountability is accountability, but power is nothing to do. After that, dual system of administration was implemented in 1765. After that, the British warded off the French. They established themselves in Bengal. Now they will mount on expeditions to expand the British area of influence So they settled themselves in Bengal and completely destroyed the French Now they will embark on a quest to expand So first of all, the wars that took place under Warren Hastings So first of all, in Mysore They wanted to establish themselves in Mysore So, the first Mysore war in 1769 What is the background? In 1766, British entered into an alliance with the Nizam of Hyderabad to help him in attacking Hyder Ali of Mysore in return for the cession of Northern Sarkars So, in Deccan, again there is political rivalry between Nizam of Hyderabad and Mysore British are sitting here He said, okay, we will help you. And in return, give us your northern area. Okay. But Haider Ali beat the British attack and forced the Madras council to sign peace on his terms in 1769, Treaty of Madras. So, the first war went to Haider Ali of Mysore. Alright, Warren Hastings said, no worries, we'll take care of this. Next problem was with Marathas. So, we saw in medieval videos that Marathas were a formidable power in the 18th century. In 1760, they reached the peak of their territorial expansion. And then, after the third battle of Panipat with Ahmed Shah Abdali, Maratha Empire began to lose power, lose its control over its vast territories and gradually it is starting to weaken to take advantage of that, British now fight with the Marathas that let's establish ourselves there. In 1775 the English clashed with the Marathas the reason was that intense struggle for power was taking place at that time among the Marathas between the supporters of the infant Peshwa Madhavrao II led by Nana Furness and Raghunath Rao so internal political struggle is going on, British take advantage of it and attack it British decided to take advantage by intervening on behalf of Raghunath Rao so we have to take the nominal name of any ruler help karni ke liye hum aa rahe hain. Kyuki British abhi foreign power hai. People of the India will not accept direct rule on behalf of the British. Abhi thik hai Bengal me wo aa gaya hai but cross country ye nahi kar sakte. Bengal me bhi in fact wo dual administration kar rahe hain. that Raja is ruling for the people but Raja knows that he can't take any decision without the deputy Subedar so here also he said that there are two factions, he told Raghunath Rao that we will help you and with your help we will make you the Maratha ruler and after that you will give us concessions but neither side won victory and the war had come to a standstill with the intercession of Mahatji Sindhya Peace was concluded in 1782 by Treaty of Salbae in which the status quo was maintained. So okay, the British didn't get much of a decisive victory in the first Maratha war. But it gave the British 20 years of peace with the Marathas, the strongest Indian country. power of the day. So at least they felt that now we don't have any danger from Marathas. A treaty has been signed with Marathas. And this 20 year period, British utilized this period to consolidate their rule over Bengal presidency while the Maratha chiefs frittered away their energy in bitter mutual squabbles. Marathas now kept fighting each other and it gave the British enough time to consolidate their Powers in Bengal Second Mysore War. Now Mysore ko bhi chhodna nahi hai. Once again Hyder Ali inflicted defeats on the British. After Hyder Ali's death in 1782, the war was carried on by his son Tipu Sultan. Since neither side was capable of overpowering the other, peace was signed by them in Treaty of Mangalore in 1784 and both sides restored all conquests. Ki status quo was sort of maintained. Ki jahaan tak paunch gaye, Okay, let's go back. So again, indecisive battles have been fought, but squirmishes are going on. The British are trying to expand. So after Warren Hastings, Cornwallis. Now Cornwallis comes to the throne. Third British encounter with Mysore was more fruitful. The war ended in Tipu's defeat in 1792. So, up East India Company finally gets a victory in war. By the Treaty of Seringapatnam, Tipu ceded half of his territories to the Allies. So, this... resulted in territorial expansion of the British. Now, Lord Wellesley. The next large-scale expansion of British rule in India occurred during the governor-generalship of Lord Wellesley who came to India in 1798. To achieve his political aims, he relied on three methods. First, subsidiary alliance system. Second, outright wars. And third, assumption of territories. of previously subordinate rulers so they used three methods first one is subsidiary alliance system that you accept our subsidiary alliance if you don't then there will be a fight outright wars and third method that the territories which we previously subordinate the rulers which we previously defeated now we will start assuming their territories So let's see what was Lord Wellesley's subsidiary alliance system. Under this, the ruler of allying Indian state was compelled to accept the permanent stationing of a British force within his territory. and pay a subsidy for its maintenance. So he said that if you accept the subsidiary alliance system then we will station a permanent British force in your territory and you will also pay the cost of its maintenance. And in the court of that ruler, a British resident will be appointed and he would He would advise the ruler in decision making and not only the British resident would be appointed but no other European would be allowed to be a part of the king's services without the approval of the British. And that the ruler would not be able to negotiate any treaty. with any other ruler without consulting the Governor General of British territories in India and in return, the British say that we will defend you from your enemies so just to give a guarantee that in case you face any difficulty we will defend you in war they asked for a lot of concessions from The ruler. In reality, by signing a subsidiary alliance, an Indian state virtually signed away its independence. Ki koi bhi decision making ab aapke haath mein rahi hi nahi. It lost the right of self-defense, of maintaining diplomatic relations, of employing foreign experts, of settling its disputes with its neighbors. In addition, Such a system tended to bring about internal decay of the protected state. So British were demanding everything and in return were only offering that if someone attacks you, we will defend you. So Lord Wellesley signed his first subsidiary treaty with the Nizam of Hyderabad in 1798. Now why did it have to be done? Because British have become a powerful force till this time. and Nizam is not that powerful so he said, ok we have fought with you before we will sign a subsidiary alliance with you Nawab of Awadh was forced to sign a subsidiary treaty in 1801 why? because he had already won the war he said no, you will have to sign a subsidiary alliance treaty so in 1798 Lord Wellesley came and started his fights. First, he signed the Subsidiary Alliance. Now, the Fourth Mysore War was fought in 1799. Tipu Sultan of Mysore was not agreeing to the Subsidiary Treaty. He entered into negotiations for an alliance with Revolutionary France. Wellesley attacked and defeated Tipu but in a brief but fierce war in 1799 Tipu died while defending his capital Seringapatnam so Tipu was not agreeing with Tipu Sultan to sign a treaty with the subsidiary alliance and so there was a battle and Tipu died in that battle and nearly half of Tipu's dominions were divided between the British and their ally the Nizam and this the reduced kingdom of of Mysore was restored to the original Odiyar dynasty which is at the hem of Mysore even to this date. This is how our story evolved. Now how does the story go ahead? In 1803, there is a war with the Marathas. In the first war, the first war was indecisive. The status quo was maintained. Now there is a second Maratha war. The Marathas were the only major Indian power left outside the sphere of British control. Hyderabad, Mysore, Awadh, Marathas who were a formidable power of the day and were outside their control. The Maratha Empire at this point consisted of a confederacy of five big chiefs, namely the Peshwa at Pune, the Gaikwads at Baroda, the Sindhyas at Gwalior, the Holkars at Indore and the Bhonsles at Nagpur. The Peshwa being the nominal head of the confederacy. Maratha chiefs were engaged in bitter fratricidal strife that who will become ruler, who will become dominant the Maratha confederacy chiefs are fighting each other In 1802 Holkar defeated the combined armies of Peshwa and Sindhia and Peshwa Bajirao II rushed into the arms of English and signed the subsidiary treaty at Basang So Peshwa and Sindhya had joined forces to fight Holkar. Holkar defeated them and Peshwa thought that he will have to go to the British. So he went to the British and signed the Subsidiary Alliance Treaty. Even in this moment of peril, they would not unite against their common enemy. big chiefs they in my office may be unity nahi hai when cindy and bosley fought the British Holker stood on the sidelines and Gaikwad gave help to the British so cindy and bosley's versus British Holker side meh bethe hai Gaikwad yahan pe help kar rahe hai ki in dono ko toh harao inko toh khatam karo side karo Holker took up arms Bhosle and Sindhya nursed their wounds So they are not fighting with each other They are fighting one by one And when two are fighting The rest are sitting and watching the drama But Yeshwant Rao Holkar proved more than a match for the British So when they fought Sindhya and Bhosle did not help Holkar When we were fighting you were sitting on the side East India Company discovered that the policy of expansion through war was proving costly Lord Wellesley was therefore recalled from India and the company made peace with Holkar by Treaty of Raj Ghat so up In the second Maratha war, 1803-1805, two years, over a period of two years, continuous Maratha chiefs were fighting with East India Company or British, but no decisive victory was achieved. Eventually, the king in Britain thought that the East India Company was doing something wrong. So they are not doing the right thing. All the money they are earning is being spent in wars in India. So the policy that Lord Wellesley had adopted after the Subsidiary Alliance, Direct War, they were like this is not proving to be very financially lucrative or financially viable. financially justifiable so what you are doing is you come back to Britain we don't like this territory so Lord Wellesley was recalled from India and Maratha signed peace with the holkers of the treaty of Rajgad you don't bother us we won't bother you here the treaty was signed so after this when the next when the next ruler when the next governor general will come in so policies will be slightly different so what were those policies let's see so next is expansion under lord hestings we saw in the last one Lord Wellesley's policies. Now we will see Lord Hastings. In 1813 he comes, in 1814 he wants to expand and fights a war with Nepal. After a fierce struggle for two years, Treaty of Sagoli was concluded. The Gurkhas gave up their claim over the Tarai region and ceded the area of Shimla Hills, Kumau. and Garhwal to the British. Gurkhas also agreed to keep a British resident at Kathmandu. So this again a turning point Shimla, Kumau and Garhwal. Kumau and Garhwal Hills are the major tourist spots like your Masuri, Nainital etc etc Shimla so all these tourist spots they were taken from the Gurkhas in the Nepal war, 1st Nepal war 1814-1816 and British resident was also placed there then Another war he fights now this is the third Maratha war this is by Lord Hastings second Maratha war had shattered the power of Maratha chiefs but not their spirit they made a desperate last attempt to regain their independence and the old prestige in 1817 Fierce battle was fought and their power was shattered but not their spirit and the lead in organizing a united front of the Maratha chiefs was taken by the Peshwa. Peshwa said that we will fight the British and we will recover our lost prestige, glory and territories. Lord Hastings who was the Governor General, he compelled Sindhya to accept British suzerainty and defeated the armies of Peshwa, Bhonsle and Holkar. Sindhya asked him to accept British Sovereignty and Peshwa defeated Bhosle and Holkar's combined army. Peshwa was dethroned and pensioned off. Peshwa was told that his position was over and he would live on his pension. Holkar and Bhosle accepted subsidiary forces. All the Maratha chiefs had to cede to the company large tracts of their territories and to satisfy maratha pride a small kingdom of satara was founded out of the peshwa's lands and given to the descendant of chatrapati shivaji who ruled it as a complete dependent of british so again you Kingdom of Satara was carved and given to the descendant of Chhatrapati Shivaji He was made the ruler there But this is only symbolic That your ruler is a Maratha chief and Chhatrapati Shivaji's descendant But actually, he took the territories himself And the small kingdom he made That too is completely dependent on the British So Sindhya's, Holkar's, Bhosle's made everyone their underdependent and Kingdom of Satara, a carve out by giving to Chhatrapati Shivaji's descendant made him his dependent. And Peshwa who was the chief minister among ministers who was virtually in control after the death of Shahuji Maharaj so he turned Peshwa off his pension that you are nothing, you are not a king, you just live on our pensions Rajputana. So Rajputana states had been dominated for several decades by Sindhya and Holkar. So here Sindhya and Holkar and because Marathas were powerful, they were dominating Rajputana as well. We saw that in the 18th century Marathas were powerful. So for 4-6 decades they were powerful. After the downfall of Marathas, they lacked the energy to re-assert their independence. They Rajputana states They said that they were under Marathas Now we don't have the energy to accept the British And they accepted British supremacy So Rajputana also came under the British overlordship So a concept of Paramountcy was introduced in 1818 In 1818, the entire Indian subcontinent excepting Punjab and Sindh had been brought under British control. Nizam of Hyderabad, then Mysore, Marathas, then Rajputanas, Bengal had already arrived. So, how many areas can you see? Only Punjab and Sindh were left. Part of it was ruled directly by the British and the rest by a host of Indian rulers over whom the British exercised paramount power. Part of this thing. So as we can see, there are still rulers in some areas but those rulers are under British paramounts. As a paramount power over Indian states, British reserved the right to interfere in the internal affairs of those states and made their foreign relations. totally subservient to the British. So British said that we can interfere in your internal affairs as well and your foreign relations are completely our... for our whims or our political considerations it is subservient to our interests how did they capture Punjab and Sindh? conquest of Sindh it occurred as a result of the growing Anglo-Russian rivalry in Europe and Asia and the consequent British fears that Russia might attack India through Afghanistan and Persia they captured Sindh and said that Sindh needs we need to bring Sindh under control to act as a bulwark against Russian attack. Commercial possibilities of the river Sindh were an additional attraction. Chiefs of Sindh known as Amirs were made to sign a subsidiary treaty in 1839. Finally, Sindh was annexed in 1843 after a brief campaign by Sir Charles Napier. So in 1839, Sindh was also annexed. Now Punjab was left. So Punjab was ruled by Maharaja Ranjit Singh from 1799 to 1839. After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in June 1839, it was followed by political instability. Ultimately, power fell into the hands of brave and patriotic but utterly indisciplined army. British under Lord Minter I signed a treaty of perpetual friendship with Ranjit Singh in 1809, hoping to maintain Punjab as a buffer state. After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, he saw that there was an opportunity So, the political instability was exploited by Governor General Lord Harding I and he adopted an aggressive posture against Punjab Maharaja Ranjit Singh signed a treaty with him in 1809 of perpetual friendship But the treaty was violated in 1845 When the first Sikh war took place War between the two was declared in 1845 Due to treachery of some of its leaders The Punjab army was forced to concede defeat and to sign the humiliating Treaty of Lahore in March 1846. The first war went to the British. Treaty of Lahore was signed. In this, British annexed the Jalandhar Doab and handed over Jammu and Kashmir to Raja Gulab Singh Dogra. So, Jammu and Kashmir... Maharaja Ranjit Singh was under his rule and was a part of the Sikh Empire so after defeating the Sikhs in the Sikh war Jammu and Kashmir came under the British but they were like we don't want to manage this so they gave it to Raja Gulab Singh Dogra of Jammu Later in December 1846 another treaty of Bhairawal was signed giving the British resident at Lahore full authority over all matters in every department of the state In 1846, the first treaty was enacted under territories. Then in December 1846, another treaty was signed in which they appointed a British resident. And said that the resident has full authority to interfere in every department. But they said that why did we create this fraud? Let's just enact it. So in 1848, the second Sikh war took place. Aggressively imperialist sections of the British officialdom. Unsatisfied that why we didn't annex them completely in Punjab, why we left them as residents. So, two Sikh Sardars, Mulraj at Multan and Chatter Singh Atarival at Lahore, they revolted. The British decisively defeated the Sikhs and Lord Dalhousie seized this opportunity to annex. Punjab. So British were unhappy that why didn't they annex? They were looking for an opportunity. So when there was a little revolt, the British repressed them, suppressed them, there was a fight and they were decisively defeated. And after this second Sikh war, Punjab was annexed to the British Empire. Thus the last independent state of India was absorbed in the British Empire of India. So this is how. The only remaining state of Punjab was annexed So Bengal, then we saw Nizam of Hyderabad, then Mysore, then Marathas, then Rajputanas, then Sindh, then Punjab So almost almost the entire Indian subcontinent came under the rule of British. Dalhousie and his policy of annexation. Now whatever was left or not left, Dalhousie said that he will annex it. In the north, Delhi me there was some semblance of Mughal rule. At least Mughals symbolic authority they he they actually power on kipas bill cool. Nahi bachi tea In fact territory be hardly could a gaiety but he kept Delhi me to Mughals thing Lord Dalhousie he was determined to extend direct British rule over as large an area as possible. So what did they do? Now they used to say that we have defeated everyone in war. If any ruler is ruling in any territory, then British overlordship is accepting suzerainty. So why should we keep them under the rule of the king? We make them directly part of the British territory or British administration. For that, we will have to annex them and join them together. So for that, Now, there is no need to go further because they have already been suppressed. So, the instrument that Lord Dalhousie devised was called the Doctrine of Lapse. What did he say in this? When the ruler of a protected state died without a natural heir, his state was not to pass to an adopted heir. Instead, the British... It was to be annexed to the British Dominions. If a protected state, if a ruler of a territory dies, which is under our protection, if its natural heir is not there, then its adopted heir will not get its territory. It will become a part of the British Dominions. Unless the adopted heir had been... by the British authorities earlier or is doctrine of lapse key would I say bought sorry territories came under the control of British satara 1848 then not poor than John see in 1854 they were annexed by applying the doctrine of lapse Dalhousie also refused to recognize the titles of many ex-rulers or to pay their pensions. So we saw that Peshwa was pensioned off after defeating him in the third quarter. maratha war but delhousie said no old people gave it i don't recognize you he stopped paying their pensions thus the titles of nawabs of carnatic and of surat and the raja of tanjore were extinguished and pension was refused refused to nana sahib the adopted son of peshwa bajirao the second so absolutely rights or privileges acknowledge karna Lord Dalhousie closed the alliance. Then Awadh. Awadh had already come under his control. He had forced the signing of the Subsidiary Alliance. We saw this in the early 19th century, around 1801. So Dalhousie was keen on annexing the kingdom of Awadh. But Nawabs of Awadh had been defeated. British allies since the Battle of Buxar. Now Nawab of Awadh had many heirs and could not therefore be covered under Doctrine of Lapse also. So what to do? An ingenious method, Lord Dalhousie hit upon the idea of alleviating the plight of the people that I will improve your society your people's tradition is very bad I will ameliorate it I will correct it Nawab was accused of having misgoverned his state so Nawab was told that you are misgovernance and the British East India Company will bring the correct governance here and for this reason, its territory was annexed in 1856 So in 1856, we have reached here, Awadh has also been annexed Now We can try to study the chronology of what we have seen so far. So that part we will discuss in a very short fresh video where we have seen the Maratha wars, Mysore wars, wars, Sikh wars, Anglo-French Carnatic wars We have seen all these. We can put them in a chronological order with the Governor-Generals. So that short video just for your revision, just for your memorization will make a separate new one. So we will see it in a new video. Till now we have studied British expansion till 1856. In a separate video we will see that in 1746 Anglo French wars, Carnatic wars started from there till 1856 110 years were there In this 110 years The political expansion we saw But we will see what other political changes came How administration changed How politics evolved What changes came in society What changes came in bureaucracy So we will discuss that in a fresh video So see you in the next video Thank you Thank you.

Discovery of sea route via the Cape of Good Hope. Many European trading companies came to India and established their trading centers because of this. So land route, we have seen in ancient India, medieval India, that there was trade with the Roman Empire, there was interaction with the Greeks. This was land route but sea route after the discovery of Cape of Good Hope. They entered India as traders at the outset but by the passage of time indulged in the politics of the country and finally established their colonies.

Commercial rivalry among the European powers led to political rivalry and ultimately the British succeeded in establishing their rule in India. In the 17th century, sorry, in 1612, British company gained footing in India after Mughal Emperor Jahangir granted the rights to establish a factory Abhi a factory T this was not really a factory as in the conventional term Manufacturing which hoteler he was essentially a trading factory so merchants used to buy products from India Keep it there and these to trade with Europe these products so it was essentially really a storehouse a warehouse so a factory which was a trading post in Surat to Sir Thomas Rowe a representative diplomat of Queen Elizabeth first of England to 1612 may for man issue Kia Jahangir nay Kinko Sir Thomas Rowe who was a representative of Queen Elizabeth the first So, first came Portuguese. Portuguese Vasco da Gama reached Calicut in 1498 and was received by the Zamorin who was the ruler of Calicut.

Pedro Alvarez Cabral arrived in 1500 and Vasco da Gama also made a second trip in 1502. So, first in 1498 came the Portuguese. They established trading stations at Calicut, Cannonore and Cochin. First governor of Portuguese in India was Francis de Almeida.

So these are the facts. He introduced the blue water policy of maintaining superiority at sea to protect political economic interests on land. So he said that if we maintain superiority in our sea, then only on land, on Indian land, we will be able to protect our political economic interests.

If we cannot maintain our sea superiority, we will have to face competition and our interests on land, our political economic interests on land might face a challenge. So next governor of Portuguese territories Alfonso de Albuquerque 1509 In 1510 he captured Goa from the ruler of Bijapur thereafter Goa became the capital of Portuguese settlements in India So who won Goa? Albuquerque So we have seen in medieval that even against the ruler of Gujarat Portuguese had a war, they waged a battle and after which due was accorded to them.

Albuquerque captured Malacca and Ceylon. He also built a fort at Calicut. Albuquerque died in 1515. So Portuguese expansion is happening in 16th century. leaving the Portuguese as the strongest naval power in India later Portuguese established themselves at Daman, Salcite and Bombay on west coast and at San Thum near Madras and Hughley in Bengal on the east coast so 16th century Portuguese are the predominant power To maintain superiority at sea, Portuguese introduced cartage system.

So, this you should know. Which involved all ships trading in Indian waters to stop, take permission and pay customs duty to the Portuguese at Goa. So, this is how they were able to maintain their supremacy.

however the Portuguese power declined in India by the end of 16th century they lost all their possessions in India except Goa, Diu and Daman in the next century. The 16th century belonged to the Portuguese but not the 17th century Dutch East India Company was established in 1602. They established their settlements at Masooli Patnam, Pulikit, Surat, Karaikal, Nagapattinam, Chinsura and Kasim Bazar. 17th century, they won over the Portuguese and emerged as the most dominant power in European trade in the East. So 17th century belonged to the Dutch. They were the predominant power in 17th century.

century. Pullikatt was their main center in India and later it was replaced by Nagapattinam. In mid 17th century, the English began to challenge the Dutch. The Anglo-Dutch rivalry resulted in the Dutch establishing their control over Spice Islands which is Indonesia but the English emerging as a dominant power in India.

To 17th century, Dutch versus English and English. The result of this was that Dutch were able to establish their control in Indonesia and English in India. Otherwise, we would have been speaking Dutch instead of English. The English. English East India Company was established in 1600. Charter was issued by Queen Elizabeth of England.

Captain Hawkins arrived at the Royal Court in 1609 to seek permission but was refused by the Mughal Emperor because of Portuguese pressure. In 1609 we saw that in 16th century Portuguese are a... and because of their pressure Mughal Emperor declined.

Later circumstances so developed that Jahangir was convinced he was persuaded to issue a firman to the English that they be allowed to establish a trading factory in trading factory and the first one was at Surat in 1613. So in 1612 English was issued a firman issued by Jahangir in the name of emperor jahangir sir thomas roe obtained permission from jahangir to establish english trading factories in different parts of country the english established their factories at agra ahmedabad baroda and baroche by 1619 1613 may surat 1639 francis day founded the city of madras where the fourth saint george was built so madras 1668 english east india company acquired bombay from charles ii the then king of england who had received it from the portuguese So, it has an interesting story. Catherine of Braganza, a Portuguese queen, was married to the King of England and in dowry, the British received the island of Bombay. So...

In the price of Rs. 10, Bombay got England, the King of England and he gave it to the English East India Company that this territory in India is under my possession. Now you can make use of it to earn more money for the Empire of England. So in 1668, they got Bombay as well.

1690 English factory was established at a village Sutannuti by Job Charnock. Later it developed into the city of Calcutta where Fort William was built. So 1690 onwards Calcutta.

So Madras, Bombay, Calcutta. These became the three presidency towns of English settlements in India. Three big important towns under the British.

The French East India Company was formed by 1664 by Colbert, a minister under Louis XIV. First French factory in India was established at Surat by Francis Caron. Francis Martin founded Pondicherry in 1673. So Surat, then Pondicherry.

Other French factories in India were Masooli Patnam, Chandranagore, Mahe and Karaikal. So, French. Then, Dane's first factory at Trankebar in 1620. Later, settlements at Serampore.

But, they failed to strengthen themselves in India and sold all their settlements in India to the British in 1845. So, the... The Portuguese, the Dutch, the English, the French and the Danes. Five European powers we've seen. Out of which the English, the British will emerge powerful.

We'll see how. So in the 17th century, we saw that the English and Dutch faced off. After which the Dutch became powerful in Indonesia and the English became powerful in India. In 18th century, the English will face a tough challenge from the French East India Company. It was also influenced by events in Europe where England vs France was going on So the same events influenced Indian politics also England, English and French were having politics in India Plus, the Indian subcontinent, for example, the Deccan region, the Carnatic region where the politics were going on in India, between the Nawabs Who can take over their territory by defeating others?

In that politics, the English and the French interfered and started taking sides For example, in Carnatic, King 1 vs King 2 is happening So, in their politics, now interference, English support one, the French support other So, King 1 vs England and King 2 vs French is happening and because of that, one is emerging as the winner and the other is losing out So, So this started interfering in the internal politics of India and after a series of wars, one of the powers we know, English, emerged powerful and this Anglo-French rivalry is also called Carnatic Wars because this politics was going on around the Indian Kings So, how was it? Let's see. Beginning of 18th century, the English and the French were competing with each other to establish their supremacy in India. Downfall of Mughal Empire.

1707, if you remember, death of Aurangzeb. So, 17th century, early 17th century, the decline of Mughal Empire started. So, now, space is being opened up for... English and the French to establish their supremacy. Whole 18th century we see weak Mughal emperors and English and French trying to consolidate their powers.

So what are the phenomena we are seeing in 18th century? First is decline of Mughals. Second we saw rise of regional states. And third Anglo-French rivalry. And these three are interlinked.

Downfall of Mughal Empire led to independence of Deccan under Nizam-ul-Mulk. Carnatic region, though nominally under Nizam's suzerainty, was ruled by an autonomous Nawab. And here the interference started.

First Carnatic War 1746-1748 So, So cause of the war was the outbreak of Austrian war of succession in Europe in 1740 Who will be the next king after one king? For this, Anglo-French wars took place French attacked the English in 1746 the English sought help from the Nawab of Carnatic Anwaruddin but the French concluded a treaty with his rival Chanda sahab so King 1 versus King 2 English seek help is key to keep French name in attacker via and French is care rival case are treaty curlete in case I'll be fighting this King to up joking to help me help Karna So this internal politics is also intermingling in this. So all this was going on.

In the meantime, Treaty of. Alain Chapelle was concluded in 1748 to end the Austrian succession war The English and French representatives in Europe came to an agreement, a treaty was signed Thus the first Carnatic war came to an end So even in India, their rivalry was temporarily snubbed But there are differences because both sides have taken different sides One king is supported by the French and the other by the English So as they continued to take opposite sides in the internal politics, it resulted in the Second Carnatic War, 1749-1754. Now as you can see, this is preceding the Battle of Plassey in 1757. So the British have not established themselves as a political power.

They are still trading power, but they are interfering in local politics, influencing so that they can benefit eventually. Dupley, who was a French governor, he supported the cause of Muzaffar Jung who wanted to become the Nizam of Hyderabad. So Nizam of Hyderabad is one, but another person who harbors the dreams of Nizam of Hyderabad, the French are supporting him. And Chanda Sahib is being supported who was the aspirant for the throne of Arcot which is Carnatic. To Regional Politics There is a system in Hyderabad, Carnatic There is a system in Arcot in Carnatic So in Hyderabad, a French rival is supporting a French rival in Carnatic The allies defeated and killed Nawab Anwaruddin They defeated Nawab Anwaruddin Anwaruddin was Nawab of Carnatic as you can see So Carnatic me the French and Chanda sahib are successful after this victory Muzaffar Jung became the Nizam and Chanda sahib the Nawab of Arcot.

French officer Basi was stationed in Hyderabad. So first battle goes to the French army. Muzaffar Jung who was his son, he was made Nizam and Chanda Saheb who was his son, he was made Nawab of Erkot Muhammad Ali who was the son of Anwaruddin, Nawab of Erkot so he escaped to Tiruchirappalli, Trichy the English now supported Muhammad Ali English said that don't worry, we will take revenge of your father's death and we will support you So English now supported Muhammad Ali and captured Arquart under Robert Clive to relieve besieged Muhammad Ali.

Chanda sahib was captured and beheaded. So English plus Muhammad Ali, they attacked. and Robert Clive was leading English famous personality, we will see about him later Chanda sahib was captured and beheaded meanwhile Dupley was replaced by Gudehu as the French governor the war came to an end by the Treaty of Pondicherry in 1754 so So as a result of this victory of the English, negotiations started between the French and the English in Europe.

So in that negotiation, the English demanded that you or the French Governor Dupley be recalled. So this was a masterstroke. Dupley was proving to be very problematic for them.

Now Dupley, who was the most important or most important person in the country, the French governor of the French territories in India was recalled by the King and England removed the biggest obstacle of its way so After the Treaty of Pondicherry, the Second Carnatic War was also over. So even though the first battle had gone to the French, the British were eventually successful in the second. And because they were also successful in sending Dupley back, so in a way, the second Carnatic War was a huge step towards them.

Then 3rd Carnatic War in 1756 So 7 years war started in Europe And between England and French Due to this, the fallback of this war came in India as well And this led to 3rd Carnatic War in India So Count de Lely who was the commander of French forces He recalled Bussey from Hyderabad Bussey was stationed in Hyderabad And he was the commander of French forces Kin ke sath? Muzaffar Jang ke sath. But British General Sir Ayarkut defeated Lally at Vandy Wash in 1760. So Battle of Vandy Wash. By next year... i.e. 1761, all French possessions including Pondicherry were captured by the British.

So, 3rd Carnatic War went firmly to the British. 7 years war came to an end by the Treaty of Paris in 1763. So when the war ended in Europe, in 1763, the Treaty of Paris was signed. And under that treaty, the Third Carnatic War also came to an end. The French were forced to cede all their political interests in India but were allowed to retain their purely economic interests confined to Pondicherry, Karaykal, Mahe and Yenim. So the British imposed this condition on the French that you can keep your economic interests, your ports, your factories, but you will give up your political interests in the sense that whatever political, domestic politics we were interfering in so that we can defeat one king and ask for favors for ourselves, you will not do that.

British he karenge so French us cheez mein se bilkul eliminate hi kar die kai thus the Anglo-French rivalry came to a close with the British success and the failure of French to French ka yaha se bilkul interest political interest unhe give up karna pad gaya So after your third Carnatic War, French has been removed but problems will still go on. Battle of Place, beginning of British political sway over India may be traced to the Battle of Place in 1757. English East India Company forces vs Siraj-ud-Daula the Nawab of Bengal So yesterday when we talked about Bengal, we had seen that Siraj-ud-Daula was at the hem in 1757 So Siraj-ud-Daula forces vs English East India Company forces So, let's see some background in this story Bengal was fertile and rich province most fertile and richest of India's provinces East India Company and its servants had a highly profitable trading interest in the province The company had secured privileges in 1717 under a royal firman by the Mughal Emperor Farukh Siar So, Jahangir had given firman in India India made Factory setup for Bengal was given in Farooq CR. We saw Farooq CR with Syed Brothers if you remember. This Farman granted the company, East India Company, the freedom to trade in Bengal without paying taxes and the right to issue passes or dastaks for the movement of such goods. Now, he has got a very big privilege.

Now, this is a constant source of conflict between the company, East India Company and Nawab. Why? Because it is a tax-free trade. Matters came to a head in 1756 when the young Siraj-ud-Daulah demanded of the English that they should stop misuse of the dastaks. Nawab also suspected that the company was hostile to him and was favouring his rivals for the throne of Bengal.

So Nawab felt that at least some British are making a mess, some conspiracy, some conspiracy and because of These events Nawab was very suspicious of them. So breaking point came when without taking the Nawab's permission the company began to fortify. The fortification started by the East India Company. Without the permission of Nawab.

In this expectation that in the coming time we will have a struggle with the French. We may have a fight. So we should be prepared first. French were stationed at this time at Chandranagore.

Okay, you can see that in 1756, the Carnatic War started with the French. So British were wary that the Carnatic War that started will spill in Bengal as well. So we hope that there will be a battle with the French here as well.

So for this reason, they started fortification but the Nawab in Bengal did not take permission. So the Nawab rightly interpreted this action as an attack upon his sovereignty. That if there is a government, a sovereign power, then he has the right to keep weapons.

So when the British fortified, it was an attack on the sovereignty of the Nawab. And the Nawab attacked the English factory at Kasar. Bazaar and Calcutta and then retired to celebrate his easy victory.

So, he attacked and quickly won the victory and went back to celebrate that he had defeated the English East India Company. But the battle was not won by war. English in revenge organized a conspiracy with the leading men of Nawab's court.

Mir Jaffar, Manik Chand, Ami Chand and Jagat Seth So these powerful people of Siraj-ud-Daulah's court with them, English made a conspiracy that you should support us in the next battle And we removed Siraj-ud-Daulah and offered Mir Jaffar that he will be made as the Commander-in-Chief. So Mir Jaffar took this offer and conspired with the British against Siraj-ud-Daulah. So in 1757, the Battle of Plassey took place. In which a major part of Nawab's army led by traitors Mir Jafar and Raidurlag took no part in the fighting.

The Nawab was captured and put to death by Mir Jafar's son Miran. So it was just a battle of names. The British already knew in that battle that the battle would end.

The English proclaimed Mir Jafar the Nawab of Bengal. The company was granted undisputed right to free trade in Bengal, Bihar and Odisha as a result of victory in Battle of Plassey. Battle of Plassey has immense historical importance. It paved the way for British mastery over Bengal and eventually the whole of India. So where is the foundation placed?

Battle of Plassey. So there is a book which discusses the British rule. The title of the book is From Plassey to Partition. So Partition in 1947, Plassey in 1757. So roughly this was the period of British rule in India.

Thank you The British won the Battle of Plassey by defeating an Indian Nawab It boosted the British prestige and at a single stroke raised them to the status of a major contender for the Indian Empire The rich revenues of Bengal enabled them to organize a strong army and control over Bengal played a decisive role in the Anglo-French struggle So the 7 years of battle between 1956 and 1963 So in the beginning, when Bengal came to the British in 1957, it used Bengal's revenues to give the British an edge. The British were able to oust the French in the Seven Years'War and captured their territories. In that whole process, the revenues of Bengal helped the British a lot to win that.

Struggle with the French. So, this was the story of Battle of Place. Now, we'll talk about the Battle of Buxar in 1764. Kiske saath battle kari aur kyun battle hui?

Mir Jaffar sat on the throne but he soon discovered that it was impossible to meet the full demands of the company and its officials. So by October 1760, the company forced him to abdicate in favor of his son-in-law Mir Qasim. So British Mir Jaffar thought that he cannot meet all his demands. So British said that you can't do it, you leave the throne.

So he was forced to abdicate in 1760, Mir Jafar and his son-in-law Mir Qasim were made to sit on the throne. So British thought that Mir Jafar can't do it. Mir Qasim will fulfill all our demands.

Mir Qasim however belied English hopes that they also did not get down and he soon emerged as a threat to their position and designs in Bengal. So Mir Qasim was one step ahead that they were not only refusing but they also became a danger for British designs. So British thought that this is even more problematic Mir Qasim formed an alliance with Shuja Ud-Daula who was the Nawab of Awadh and Shah Alam too He was the fugitive Mughal Emperor So he was the fugitive Mughal Emperor at the time So these three made an alliance, Mir Qasim, Shuja Ud-Daula and Shah Alam II.

These three allies consolidated and fought with the company's army at Buxar. Battle of Buxar in October 1764. But the three allies lost their power. Buxar from and were thoroughly defeated at Buxar. The Battle of Buxar firmly established the British as masters of Bengal, Bihar and Odisha and also placed Awadh at their mercy.

So previously, Bengal, Bihar and Odisha were the only allies. But because Nawab of Awadh was also in this battle, Awadh was also placed at the mercy of British. So Nawab was to disband, now treaty was signed and what was decided in that treaty? The Nawab was to disband most of his army and to administer Bengal through a deputy subedar who was to be nominated by the company and he could not be dismissed without the company's approval.

So what changes did Bengal bring? Nawab will rule, disband his army and rule Bengal through deputy Subedar and he appointed deputy Subedar to East India Company and cannot be removed without his permission So he made Nawab a puppet ruler and said we will rule but through you Shah Alam II, Jumrah Mughal Emperor, Fugitive Mughal Emperor, he was still the titular head of the Mughal Empire and through him, the company said okay, symbolically you are still powerful, your signature is still going on, your stamp is still going on, so they issued an order from them, securing the Diwani. The Diwani. which is the right to collect revenue of Bihar, Bengal and Odisha so initially, they were just doing administration through their own means now they have taken orders from the Mughal Emperor that the revenue collection in Bengal, Bihar and Odisha that too went to East India Company so the Battle of Buxar was done by the British the hold in Bengal was consolidated after Blassé, they got free trading rights which made them already earn so much money that they could defeat the French in the 3rd Carnatic War now after the Battle of Buxar, they got crazy rights too so the taxation rights there they themselves are doing free trade but the other people who are trading economic activity is happening.

From that also, Diwani East India Company will collect. So after that, in 1764 after the Battle of Buxar dual system of administration of Bengal was introduced. East India Company became the real master of Bengal from 1765. The Nawab depended for his Depended for his internal and external security on the British.

As the Diwan, the company directly controlled its revenues. While through the right to nominate the deputy subedar, it controlled the Nizamat or the police and judicial powers. So revenue is also controlled directly and through its deputy subedar, Nizamat or administration.

The same person acted in Bengal as the deputy Diwan on behalf of the company and as deputy Subedar on behalf of the Nawab. It held a great advantage for the British. They had power without a responsibility. The Nawab and his officials had the responsibility of administration but not the power.

power to discharge it. That's why we call it Dual Administration of Bengal. Power is power, no responsibility no accountability.

And Nawab's accountability is accountability, but power is nothing to do. After that, dual system of administration was implemented in 1765. After that, the British warded off the French. They established themselves in Bengal. Now they will mount on expeditions to expand the British area of influence So they settled themselves in Bengal and completely destroyed the French Now they will embark on a quest to expand So first of all, the wars that took place under Warren Hastings So first of all, in Mysore They wanted to establish themselves in Mysore So, the first Mysore war in 1769 What is the background?

In 1766, British entered into an alliance with the Nizam of Hyderabad to help him in attacking Hyder Ali of Mysore in return for the cession of Northern Sarkars So, in Deccan, again there is political rivalry between Nizam of Hyderabad and Mysore British are sitting here He said, okay, we will help you. And in return, give us your northern area. Okay.

But Haider Ali beat the British attack and forced the Madras council to sign peace on his terms in 1769, Treaty of Madras. So, the first war went to Haider Ali of Mysore. Alright, Warren Hastings said, no worries, we'll take care of this.

Next problem was with Marathas. So, we saw in medieval videos that Marathas were a formidable power in the 18th century. In 1760, they reached the peak of their territorial expansion.

And then, after the third battle of Panipat with Ahmed Shah Abdali, Maratha Empire began to lose power, lose its control over its vast territories and gradually it is starting to weaken to take advantage of that, British now fight with the Marathas that let's establish ourselves there. In 1775 the English clashed with the Marathas the reason was that intense struggle for power was taking place at that time among the Marathas between the supporters of the infant Peshwa Madhavrao II led by Nana Furness and Raghunath Rao so internal political struggle is going on, British take advantage of it and attack it British decided to take advantage by intervening on behalf of Raghunath Rao so we have to take the nominal name of any ruler help karni ke liye hum aa rahe hain. Kyuki British abhi foreign power hai. People of the India will not accept direct rule on behalf of the British.

Abhi thik hai Bengal me wo aa gaya hai but cross country ye nahi kar sakte. Bengal me bhi in fact wo dual administration kar rahe hain. that Raja is ruling for the people but Raja knows that he can't take any decision without the deputy Subedar so here also he said that there are two factions, he told Raghunath Rao that we will help you and with your help we will make you the Maratha ruler and after that you will give us concessions but neither side won victory and the war had come to a standstill with the intercession of Mahatji Sindhya Peace was concluded in 1782 by Treaty of Salbae in which the status quo was maintained.

So okay, the British didn't get much of a decisive victory in the first Maratha war. But it gave the British 20 years of peace with the Marathas, the strongest Indian country. power of the day.

So at least they felt that now we don't have any danger from Marathas. A treaty has been signed with Marathas. And this 20 year period, British utilized this period to consolidate their rule over Bengal presidency while the Maratha chiefs frittered away their energy in bitter mutual squabbles. Marathas now kept fighting each other and it gave the British enough time to consolidate their Powers in Bengal Second Mysore War.

Now Mysore ko bhi chhodna nahi hai. Once again Hyder Ali inflicted defeats on the British. After Hyder Ali's death in 1782, the war was carried on by his son Tipu Sultan.

Since neither side was capable of overpowering the other, peace was signed by them in Treaty of Mangalore in 1784 and both sides restored all conquests. Ki status quo was sort of maintained. Ki jahaan tak paunch gaye, Okay, let's go back. So again, indecisive battles have been fought, but squirmishes are going on. The British are trying to expand.

So after Warren Hastings, Cornwallis. Now Cornwallis comes to the throne. Third British encounter with Mysore was more fruitful. The war ended in Tipu's defeat in 1792. So, up East India Company finally gets a victory in war. By the Treaty of Seringapatnam, Tipu ceded half of his territories to the Allies.

So, this... resulted in territorial expansion of the British. Now, Lord Wellesley.

The next large-scale expansion of British rule in India occurred during the governor-generalship of Lord Wellesley who came to India in 1798. To achieve his political aims, he relied on three methods. First, subsidiary alliance system. Second, outright wars. And third, assumption of territories. of previously subordinate rulers so they used three methods first one is subsidiary alliance system that you accept our subsidiary alliance if you don't then there will be a fight outright wars and third method that the territories which we previously subordinate the rulers which we previously defeated now we will start assuming their territories So let's see what was Lord Wellesley's subsidiary alliance system.

Under this, the ruler of allying Indian state was compelled to accept the permanent stationing of a British force within his territory. and pay a subsidy for its maintenance. So he said that if you accept the subsidiary alliance system then we will station a permanent British force in your territory and you will also pay the cost of its maintenance.

And in the court of that ruler, a British resident will be appointed and he would He would advise the ruler in decision making and not only the British resident would be appointed but no other European would be allowed to be a part of the king's services without the approval of the British. And that the ruler would not be able to negotiate any treaty. with any other ruler without consulting the Governor General of British territories in India and in return, the British say that we will defend you from your enemies so just to give a guarantee that in case you face any difficulty we will defend you in war they asked for a lot of concessions from The ruler. In reality, by signing a subsidiary alliance, an Indian state virtually signed away its independence.

Ki koi bhi decision making ab aapke haath mein rahi hi nahi. It lost the right of self-defense, of maintaining diplomatic relations, of employing foreign experts, of settling its disputes with its neighbors. In addition, Such a system tended to bring about internal decay of the protected state. So British were demanding everything and in return were only offering that if someone attacks you, we will defend you.

So Lord Wellesley signed his first subsidiary treaty with the Nizam of Hyderabad in 1798. Now why did it have to be done? Because British have become a powerful force till this time. and Nizam is not that powerful so he said, ok we have fought with you before we will sign a subsidiary alliance with you Nawab of Awadh was forced to sign a subsidiary treaty in 1801 why? because he had already won the war he said no, you will have to sign a subsidiary alliance treaty so in 1798 Lord Wellesley came and started his fights.

First, he signed the Subsidiary Alliance. Now, the Fourth Mysore War was fought in 1799. Tipu Sultan of Mysore was not agreeing to the Subsidiary Treaty. He entered into negotiations for an alliance with Revolutionary France. Wellesley attacked and defeated Tipu but in a brief but fierce war in 1799 Tipu died while defending his capital Seringapatnam so Tipu was not agreeing with Tipu Sultan to sign a treaty with the subsidiary alliance and so there was a battle and Tipu died in that battle and nearly half of Tipu's dominions were divided between the British and their ally the Nizam and this the reduced kingdom of of Mysore was restored to the original Odiyar dynasty which is at the hem of Mysore even to this date.

This is how our story evolved. Now how does the story go ahead? In 1803, there is a war with the Marathas.

In the first war, the first war was indecisive. The status quo was maintained. Now there is a second Maratha war. The Marathas were the only major Indian power left outside the sphere of British control. Hyderabad, Mysore, Awadh, Marathas who were a formidable power of the day and were outside their control.

The Maratha Empire at this point consisted of a confederacy of five big chiefs, namely the Peshwa at Pune, the Gaikwads at Baroda, the Sindhyas at Gwalior, the Holkars at Indore and the Bhonsles at Nagpur. The Peshwa being the nominal head of the confederacy. Maratha chiefs were engaged in bitter fratricidal strife that who will become ruler, who will become dominant the Maratha confederacy chiefs are fighting each other In 1802 Holkar defeated the combined armies of Peshwa and Sindhia and Peshwa Bajirao II rushed into the arms of English and signed the subsidiary treaty at Basang So Peshwa and Sindhya had joined forces to fight Holkar.

Holkar defeated them and Peshwa thought that he will have to go to the British. So he went to the British and signed the Subsidiary Alliance Treaty. Even in this moment of peril, they would not unite against their common enemy. big chiefs they in my office may be unity nahi hai when cindy and bosley fought the British Holker stood on the sidelines and Gaikwad gave help to the British so cindy and bosley's versus British Holker side meh bethe hai Gaikwad yahan pe help kar rahe hai ki in dono ko toh harao inko toh khatam karo side karo Holker took up arms Bhosle and Sindhya nursed their wounds So they are not fighting with each other They are fighting one by one And when two are fighting The rest are sitting and watching the drama But Yeshwant Rao Holkar proved more than a match for the British So when they fought Sindhya and Bhosle did not help Holkar When we were fighting you were sitting on the side East India Company discovered that the policy of expansion through war was proving costly Lord Wellesley was therefore recalled from India and the company made peace with Holkar by Treaty of Raj Ghat so up In the second Maratha war, 1803-1805, two years, over a period of two years, continuous Maratha chiefs were fighting with East India Company or British, but no decisive victory was achieved.

Eventually, the king in Britain thought that the East India Company was doing something wrong. So they are not doing the right thing. All the money they are earning is being spent in wars in India. So the policy that Lord Wellesley had adopted after the Subsidiary Alliance, Direct War, they were like this is not proving to be very financially lucrative or financially viable. financially justifiable so what you are doing is you come back to Britain we don't like this territory so Lord Wellesley was recalled from India and Maratha signed peace with the holkers of the treaty of Rajgad you don't bother us we won't bother you here the treaty was signed so after this when the next when the next ruler when the next governor general will come in so policies will be slightly different so what were those policies let's see so next is expansion under lord hestings we saw in the last one Lord Wellesley's policies.

Now we will see Lord Hastings. In 1813 he comes, in 1814 he wants to expand and fights a war with Nepal. After a fierce struggle for two years, Treaty of Sagoli was concluded. The Gurkhas gave up their claim over the Tarai region and ceded the area of Shimla Hills, Kumau.

and Garhwal to the British. Gurkhas also agreed to keep a British resident at Kathmandu. So this again a turning point Shimla, Kumau and Garhwal.

Kumau and Garhwal Hills are the major tourist spots like your Masuri, Nainital etc etc Shimla so all these tourist spots they were taken from the Gurkhas in the Nepal war, 1st Nepal war 1814-1816 and British resident was also placed there then Another war he fights now this is the third Maratha war this is by Lord Hastings second Maratha war had shattered the power of Maratha chiefs but not their spirit they made a desperate last attempt to regain their independence and the old prestige in 1817 Fierce battle was fought and their power was shattered but not their spirit and the lead in organizing a united front of the Maratha chiefs was taken by the Peshwa. Peshwa said that we will fight the British and we will recover our lost prestige, glory and territories. Lord Hastings who was the Governor General, he compelled Sindhya to accept British suzerainty and defeated the armies of Peshwa, Bhonsle and Holkar.

Sindhya asked him to accept British Sovereignty and Peshwa defeated Bhosle and Holkar's combined army. Peshwa was dethroned and pensioned off. Peshwa was told that his position was over and he would live on his pension.

Holkar and Bhosle accepted subsidiary forces. All the Maratha chiefs had to cede to the company large tracts of their territories and to satisfy maratha pride a small kingdom of satara was founded out of the peshwa's lands and given to the descendant of chatrapati shivaji who ruled it as a complete dependent of british so again you Kingdom of Satara was carved and given to the descendant of Chhatrapati Shivaji He was made the ruler there But this is only symbolic That your ruler is a Maratha chief and Chhatrapati Shivaji's descendant But actually, he took the territories himself And the small kingdom he made That too is completely dependent on the British So Sindhya's, Holkar's, Bhosle's made everyone their underdependent and Kingdom of Satara, a carve out by giving to Chhatrapati Shivaji's descendant made him his dependent. And Peshwa who was the chief minister among ministers who was virtually in control after the death of Shahuji Maharaj so he turned Peshwa off his pension that you are nothing, you are not a king, you just live on our pensions Rajputana.

So Rajputana states had been dominated for several decades by Sindhya and Holkar. So here Sindhya and Holkar and because Marathas were powerful, they were dominating Rajputana as well. We saw that in the 18th century Marathas were powerful.

So for 4-6 decades they were powerful. After the downfall of Marathas, they lacked the energy to re-assert their independence. They Rajputana states They said that they were under Marathas Now we don't have the energy to accept the British And they accepted British supremacy So Rajputana also came under the British overlordship So a concept of Paramountcy was introduced in 1818 In 1818, the entire Indian subcontinent excepting Punjab and Sindh had been brought under British control. Nizam of Hyderabad, then Mysore, Marathas, then Rajputanas, Bengal had already arrived. So, how many areas can you see?

Only Punjab and Sindh were left. Part of it was ruled directly by the British and the rest by a host of Indian rulers over whom the British exercised paramount power. Part of this thing. So as we can see, there are still rulers in some areas but those rulers are under British paramounts.

As a paramount power over Indian states, British reserved the right to interfere in the internal affairs of those states and made their foreign relations. totally subservient to the British. So British said that we can interfere in your internal affairs as well and your foreign relations are completely our...

for our whims or our political considerations it is subservient to our interests how did they capture Punjab and Sindh? conquest of Sindh it occurred as a result of the growing Anglo-Russian rivalry in Europe and Asia and the consequent British fears that Russia might attack India through Afghanistan and Persia they captured Sindh and said that Sindh needs we need to bring Sindh under control to act as a bulwark against Russian attack. Commercial possibilities of the river Sindh were an additional attraction. Chiefs of Sindh known as Amirs were made to sign a subsidiary treaty in 1839. Finally, Sindh was annexed in 1843 after a brief campaign by Sir Charles Napier.

So in 1839, Sindh was also annexed. Now Punjab was left. So Punjab was ruled by Maharaja Ranjit Singh from 1799 to 1839. After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in June 1839, it was followed by political instability. Ultimately, power fell into the hands of brave and patriotic but utterly indisciplined army. British under Lord Minter I signed a treaty of perpetual friendship with Ranjit Singh in 1809, hoping to maintain Punjab as a buffer state.

After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, he saw that there was an opportunity So, the political instability was exploited by Governor General Lord Harding I and he adopted an aggressive posture against Punjab Maharaja Ranjit Singh signed a treaty with him in 1809 of perpetual friendship But the treaty was violated in 1845 When the first Sikh war took place War between the two was declared in 1845 Due to treachery of some of its leaders The Punjab army was forced to concede defeat and to sign the humiliating Treaty of Lahore in March 1846. The first war went to the British. Treaty of Lahore was signed. In this, British annexed the Jalandhar Doab and handed over Jammu and Kashmir to Raja Gulab Singh Dogra. So, Jammu and Kashmir...

Maharaja Ranjit Singh was under his rule and was a part of the Sikh Empire so after defeating the Sikhs in the Sikh war Jammu and Kashmir came under the British but they were like we don't want to manage this so they gave it to Raja Gulab Singh Dogra of Jammu Later in December 1846 another treaty of Bhairawal was signed giving the British resident at Lahore full authority over all matters in every department of the state In 1846, the first treaty was enacted under territories. Then in December 1846, another treaty was signed in which they appointed a British resident. And said that the resident has full authority to interfere in every department.

But they said that why did we create this fraud? Let's just enact it. So in 1848, the second Sikh war took place. Aggressively imperialist sections of the British officialdom. Unsatisfied that why we didn't annex them completely in Punjab, why we left them as residents.

So, two Sikh Sardars, Mulraj at Multan and Chatter Singh Atarival at Lahore, they revolted. The British decisively defeated the Sikhs and Lord Dalhousie seized this opportunity to annex. Punjab.

So British were unhappy that why didn't they annex? They were looking for an opportunity. So when there was a little revolt, the British repressed them, suppressed them, there was a fight and they were decisively defeated.

And after this second Sikh war, Punjab was annexed to the British Empire. Thus the last independent state of India was absorbed in the British Empire of India. So this is how. The only remaining state of Punjab was annexed So Bengal, then we saw Nizam of Hyderabad, then Mysore, then Marathas, then Rajputanas, then Sindh, then Punjab So almost almost the entire Indian subcontinent came under the rule of British.

Dalhousie and his policy of annexation. Now whatever was left or not left, Dalhousie said that he will annex it. In the north, Delhi me there was some semblance of Mughal rule. At least Mughals symbolic authority they he they actually power on kipas bill cool.

Nahi bachi tea In fact territory be hardly could a gaiety but he kept Delhi me to Mughals thing Lord Dalhousie he was determined to extend direct British rule over as large an area as possible. So what did they do? Now they used to say that we have defeated everyone in war.

If any ruler is ruling in any territory, then British overlordship is accepting suzerainty. So why should we keep them under the rule of the king? We make them directly part of the British territory or British administration. For that, we will have to annex them and join them together. So for that, Now, there is no need to go further because they have already been suppressed.

So, the instrument that Lord Dalhousie devised was called the Doctrine of Lapse. What did he say in this? When the ruler of a protected state died without a natural heir, his state was not to pass to an adopted heir. Instead, the British...

It was to be annexed to the British Dominions. If a protected state, if a ruler of a territory dies, which is under our protection, if its natural heir is not there, then its adopted heir will not get its territory. It will become a part of the British Dominions.

Unless the adopted heir had been... by the British authorities earlier or is doctrine of lapse key would I say bought sorry territories came under the control of British satara 1848 then not poor than John see in 1854 they were annexed by applying the doctrine of lapse Dalhousie also refused to recognize the titles of many ex-rulers or to pay their pensions. So we saw that Peshwa was pensioned off after defeating him in the third quarter.

maratha war but delhousie said no old people gave it i don't recognize you he stopped paying their pensions thus the titles of nawabs of carnatic and of surat and the raja of tanjore were extinguished and pension was refused refused to nana sahib the adopted son of peshwa bajirao the second so absolutely rights or privileges acknowledge karna Lord Dalhousie closed the alliance. Then Awadh. Awadh had already come under his control. He had forced the signing of the Subsidiary Alliance. We saw this in the early 19th century, around 1801. So Dalhousie was keen on annexing the kingdom of Awadh.

But Nawabs of Awadh had been defeated. British allies since the Battle of Buxar. Now Nawab of Awadh had many heirs and could not therefore be covered under Doctrine of Lapse also. So what to do?

An ingenious method, Lord Dalhousie hit upon the idea of alleviating the plight of the people that I will improve your society your people's tradition is very bad I will ameliorate it I will correct it Nawab was accused of having misgoverned his state so Nawab was told that you are misgovernance and the British East India Company will bring the correct governance here and for this reason, its territory was annexed in 1856 So in 1856, we have reached here, Awadh has also been annexed Now We can try to study the chronology of what we have seen so far. So that part we will discuss in a very short fresh video where we have seen the Maratha wars, Mysore wars, wars, Sikh wars, Anglo-French Carnatic wars We have seen all these. We can put them in a chronological order with the Governor-Generals. So that short video just for your revision, just for your memorization will make a separate new one.

So we will see it in a new video. Till now we have studied British expansion till 1856. In a separate video we will see that in 1746 Anglo French wars, Carnatic wars started from there till 1856 110 years were there In this 110 years The political expansion we saw But we will see what other political changes came How administration changed How politics evolved What changes came in society What changes came in bureaucracy So we will discuss that in a fresh video So see you in the next video Thank you Thank you.

Transcript for:British Establishment in India Overview

Transcript for:
British Establishment in India Overview