Overview
This lecture covers the evolution of computing technology from early mechanical devices to modern digital computers, graphics, and 3D modeling, highlighting key inventions, figures, and concepts that shaped the field.
Early History of Computing
- Before the 1950s, "computer" referred to a person who did calculations.
- The Jacquard loom (early 1800s) used punch cards to automate fabric patterns, starting industrial automation.
- Sabotage and Luddite originated from worker protests against mechanization.
- Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace designed the Analytical Engine, the first concept of a programmable computer.
- Herman Hollerith's tabulating machine sped up the 1890 U.S. Census, forming the foundation for IBM.
Computing and World War II
- Alan Turing and others at Bletchley Park broke the Enigma code, shaping modern computing and AI concepts.
- ENIAC and UNIVAC were massive wartime and early commercial computers, originally programmed by women.
- Early computers used vacuum tubes and punch cards, making them large, expensive, and mainly for institutions.
Hardware Innovations
- The invention of the transistor (1947) by Shockley and colleagues allowed for smaller, affordable electronics.
- CRT (cathode ray tube) technology enabled early graphical displays.
- Development of VRAM and GPUs enabled better graphical performance and realism.
Development of Computer Graphics
- Oscilloscopes and early software like Ivan Sutherland’s Sketchpad (1963) introduced graphical interfaces and CAD.
- Bezier curves allowed mathematical modeling of complex shapes, key in design and CAD software.
- Vector vs. raster graphics: vector uses math for scalable images; raster uses pixels for detailed images.
Rise of Personal Computers and Games
- Home computers like the IBM 5110, TRS-80, and Commodore 64 became available in the late 1970s and 80s.
- Apple popularized the graphical user interface and mouse with the Macintosh in 1984.
- Early video games (Pong, Pac-Man, Spacewar!) drove computer and graphics innovation.
Evolution of Graphics and Animation
- Hollywood used computer graphics in films like Star Wars and Jurassic Park, driving CGI technology forward.
- The Utah teapot became a standard 3D modeling test object.
- Rendering modes: wireframe, hidden line, shaded, textured, and photorealistic.
3D Modeling and Game Engines
- Early 3D games introduced hidden line removal, ray casting, texture mapping, and real-time rendering.
- Game engines like Unreal and Unity now allow real-time, high-quality graphics and are widely accessible.
- Modern tools enable combining virtual and physical environments for both entertainment and professional design.
Modern Applications in Design and Architecture
- BIM (Building Information Management) streamlines construction, energy, and airflow analysis.
- Designers previsualize scenic, lighting, and architectural elements digitally before physical work begins.
- 3D printing and CNC routing are automated by accessible modeling software.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Punch card — A card with holes used to control machines or store data.
- Transistor — A semiconductor device that amplifies or switches electronic signals.
- GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) — A processor dedicated to rendering graphics.
- Vector graphics — Images defined mathematically, scalable without loss of quality.
- Raster graphics — Images made of pixels, resolution-dependent.
- Bezier curve — A mathematically defined curve used in design and modeling.
- Wireframe — A 3D model showing only edges without surfaces.
- Rendering — The process of generating an image from a model using computer software.
- BIM (Building Information Management) — Software for managing building design, construction, and operation.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review definitions of vector and raster graphics, and Bezier curves.
- Explore free or student-licensed CAD and 3D modeling software.
- Experiment with simple 3D modeling or digital drawing tools.