Networking Essentials: Key Concepts and Exam Answers

CIA Triad Security Information Principle

• Tokenization applies to confidentiality.
• Explanation: Tokenization is a substitution technique for data protection without encryption.

Troubleshooting Methods

• Substitution Method: Swap suspected faulty device with a good one to diagnose issues.

Cyber Threats

• Hardware failure: disk drive crashes
• Human error: inadvertent data entry error
• Utility interruption: water damage from sprinkler failure
• Software error: cross-site scripting or illegal server share

Advanced Persistent Threat (APT)

• Continuous attacks using sophisticated malware and espionage tactics to access networks.

Authentication Methods

• WPA, WPA3, WEP, WPA2 - differ in security standards and encryption levels.

Apple Security Features

• Gatekeeper: Ensures only authentic, digitally-signed software is installed.

Cyber Threats Causing Outages

• Utility interruption can lead to power outages.

Ransomware Attack

• Encrypts data, demands payment for decryption.

IPv6 Address

• Each group of four hexadecimal values represents 16 bits.

Network Design

• Fewest broadcast domains achieved by minimizing router usage.

DHCP and IP Addresses

• Initial DHCP requests are sent to broadcast addresses.

Multicast Transmission

• Single packet sent to a group, used for routing info exchange.

Email Phishing

• Hoax emails deceive users, causing disruption.

Biometric Identification

• Behavioral characteristic example: voice

Stateful Firewalls Limitations

• No Application Layer inspection, limited stateless protocol tracking.

Windows Utilities

• Event Viewer: logs user activities during critical issues.

CIA Information Security Triad

• Availability: ensures uninterrupted access to resources.

Twisted-Pair Cable Deployment

• Suitable for office workstation connections.

Static IP Address Assignments

• Should be used for servers, printers, gateways.

Host-Based Security Solutions

• Include firewalls, intrusion detection/prevention, and data loss prevention systems.

TCP/IP Model

• Internet Layer: Responsible for routing messages.

Data Encoding Technologies

• Copper cables use electrical pulses.

Switch Table Information

• Built using source MAC addresses from incoming frames.

Logical Address Addition

• Occurs at the network layer.

Reference vs Protocol Models

• Reference Model: Describes functions, not protocol specifics.

IPv4 Routing Table Codes

• C for directly connected routes.

Network Address Translation (NAT)

• Acts during specific conditions, e.g., when sending packets to remote sites.

Packet Forwarding in Switches

• Broadcast sent when destination MAC isn't in table.

Valid IPv6 Addresses

• Must follow rules for zero compression and omission.

DHCP Process

• New client sends DHCP request to broadcast address.

Network Troubleshooting

• Tracert: Identifies location of network issues.

TCP Header Fields

• Acknowledgment and Sequence Numbers: Confirm data receipt.

VoIP Data Encapsulation

• Encapsulated as IP packets.

Network Connectivity Issues

• Security features may block default gateway responses.

Cloud Computing

• Provides on-demand access to shared resources.

Quality of Service (QoS)

• Prioritizes voice/video data to ensure quality.

Cisco Hierarchical Network Design

• Core, Distribution, Access layers serve distinct functions.

Hypervisor Types

• Type 1 runs directly on hardware; Type 2 requires host OS.

Network Troubleshooting Commands

• Netstat: Displays active TCP connections.

ARP Table Entries

• Map Layer 3 addresses to Layer 2 MAC addresses.

Static Route Configuration

• Default gateway allows network device management over different networks.

Security: Firewall Types

• Stateful and stateless differ in how they manage packet data.

VLANs

• Isolate traffic, enforce specific network permissions.

IPv6 Multicast Addresses

• FF02::1 for all local link devices.

Social Engineering Tactics

• Intimidation used to manipulate victims.

Cybersecurity: Administrative Access Controls

• Involve authentication, authorization, and accounting.

Powerline Networking

• Connects network devices using existing electrical outlets.

Wireless Network Configuration

• Disable SSID broadcast to prevent network detection.

Tethering for Internet Access

• Smartphone can create hotspot for laptop connectivity.

IPv6 Prefixes and Addresses

• Understanding network and host components in addresses.

Network Layer Functions

• Facilitates cross-network data transmission with unique identifiers.

This summary captures the key points and concepts presented in the Networking Essentials course final exam answers, providing a concise reference of the covered topics.