Control Mechanisms in Physiology

Temperature and External Factors

• Intense heat control in traffic and agriculture
• Effects on rural filtration

Nervous and Hormonal Control Systems

• Control of systemic blood pressure
• Extracellular fluid importance
• Blood pressure mechanisms:
  • Sympathetic nervous system
  • Hormonal releases including adrenaline and angiotensin

Hormonal Control and Regulation

• Mechanisms of blood pressure regulation
• Influence of glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
• Involvement of steroid hormones
  • Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) and Angiotensin
  • Role of renal angiotensin-aldosterone system
• Reabsorption mechanisms involving:
  • Water, Sodium, and Potassium ions
  • Hormonal triggers for adjustments

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) Functions

• Reabsorption of essential nutrients
  • Glucose and amino acids
• Sodium and water reabsorption
  • Impact of sodium levels on reabsorption rates

Transport Mechanisms

• Movement of ions and nutrients
  • Transcellular and paracellular routes
• Hormonal regulation
  • Effective transport via proteins

Summary

• 65% of reabsorption occurs in PCT
• Mechanisms ensuring blood pressure and volume regulation
• Sodium-dependent processes and their implications