Exploring 21st Century Afro-Asian Literature

Title: M6 21st Century Afro-Asian Literature URL Source: file://pdf.7e275bdc0dac75e8a54a961c9b3adbfd/ Markdown Content: # Students will compare and contrast the cultural themes present in # African and Asian literature with those in Western literature . # Students will analyze how historical events and movements have # influenced African and Asian literature . # Students will explore and discuss recurring themes such as identity, # colonialism, tradition vs . modernity, and resistance in African and Asian # literature . # Students will develop critical thinking skills by interpreting and critiquing # African and Asian literary texts .What is Asian Literature? A brief introduction to the characteristics and definition of Asian Literature # Sample Text # African Literature # Sample Texts Discussion and Analysis of the sample literature Discussion and Analysis of the sample literature A brief introduction to the characteristics and definition of African Literature 21st Asian Literature refers to literary works produced by authors from Asia or those of Asian descent in the 21st century. This genre encompasses a wide range of themes, styles, and narratives that reflect the diverse cultures, histories, and contemporary experiences of Asian societies. The 21st - c entur y l i ter atur es of Asia consists of writings from c ountr i es i n Eas t Asia, South As i a, Southeast Asia, and West Asia. East Asian l i ter atur es i nc l ude writings fr om C hi na, J apan, and Korea. While South Asian liter atur es c om pr i s e works from Indi a, Pak i s tan, and Sri Lanka. On the other hand, l i ter ar y tex ts from repres entati v e c ountr ies such as Malaysia, Singapore, T hai l and, and the Philippines for m a par t of the literature from Southeast Asia w hi l e Ar abi c literature and J ew i s h l i ter ature represent the writings from Wes t As i a. East Asian l i ter atur e enc ompasses the literary traditions of s ev er al c ountr i es i n East Asia, i nc l udi ng C hi na, Japan, and Korea. Each of these c ountr i es has a r i c h literary her i tage that has evolved over thousands of years, i nfl uenc ed by historical , c ul tur al , and s ocial changes. China China is known as The Red Dragon . Any study of Asian literature must begin with China not just because of its power and dominance in the region, but also because of its profound influence on the literatures of other countries . China has one of the oldest existing literatures, which to date is 3,000 years old . Interestingly, too, Chinese literature uses language consisting of script or characters that stand for ideas . Thus, this makes Chinese writings understandable to all people at any time in any part of China without regard for local and regional dialects . Even if there may be hundreds of varieties of dialects spoken in China, there is only one written medium from which literature is read or understood . Ancient Period : Texts like the "Shijing" and philosophical works by Confucius and Laozi . Medieval Period : Flourishing of poetry during the Tang Dynasty and prose in the Song Dynasty . Modern Period : Introduction of Western literary forms, leading to the emergence of modern Chinese literature with authors like Lu Xun and the influence of the May Fourth Movement in 1919 .Dynasties of China 1. Xia Dynasty (c . 2070 c. 1600 BCE) 2. Shang Dynasty (c . 1600 c. 1046 BCE) 3. Zhou Dynasty (c . 1046 256 BCE) 4. Qin Dynasty (221 206 BCE) 5. Han Dynasty (206 BCE 220 CE) 6. Three Kingdoms (220 280 ) 7. Jin Dynasty (266 420 ) 8. Southern and Northern Dynasties (420 589 ) 9. Sui Dynasty (581 618 ) 10. Tang Dynasty (618 907 ) 11. Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907 960 ) 12. Song Dynasty (960 1279 ) 13. Yuan Dynasty (1271 1368 ) 14. Ming Dynasty (1368 1644 ) 15. Qing Dynasty (1644 1912 ) 16. Republic of China and People's Republic of China (1912 present) In modern times, Chinese writers have remained prolific . Though the social impact of literature may be as monumental as it was in the past, the Chinese literary tradition is nevertheless prosperous . Notable writers : Mo Yan Yu Hua Wang Shuo Shi Tiesheng Gao Xiaosheng Wang Zengqi Zhang Chengzhi # Known Authors Know as Land of The Rising Sun Japanese literature is another important literature from Asia, and is considered one of the major literatures in the world . In the beginning, Japan had no writing system until it developed its own based on borrowed and modified Chinese characters or script . This Japanese system of writing is called Kanji which, like the Chinese system of writing, grew alongside calligraphy the stylized and artistic writing of characters or script . It can be said, however, that the early Japanese writings had been heavily influenced by Chinese literature, but Japan quickly developed a style and quality of its own . Japanese literary history is generally divided into four main periods : ancient, classic, medieval, and modern . During the ancient era, before the 8th century, only oral traditions existed because of the absence of a writing system . Consequently, written literature came with the introduction of the Kanji, the Chinese writing system, which was followed by the publication of The Kojiki (Record of Ancient Matters), the oldest extant chronicle in Japan . Edo Period : Rise of popular literature and poetic forms like haiku and kabuki plays . # Japan The most significant development in 21 st -century Japanese literature is the rise of the manga, a popular form of entertainment . Manga Japanese comics enjoy a broad patronage because people of all ages read it . The genres cover a variety of types : action, adventure, romance, drama, science fiction, fantasy, mystery, horror, comedy, and a lot more . Famous mangaka, or comic artists/cartoonists, include Naoki Urasawa, an avant -garde mangaka who has been consistently conferred the prestigious Manga Awards in Japan over the years ; Akira Toriyama, who has earned immense popularity in Japan and in many countries for his Dragon Ball series ; and Masashi Kishimoto, a popular household mangaka in and out of Japan known for his Naruto series . Despite its enormous popularity, the Japanese manga has been criticized for causing a decline in the quality of Japanese writing . Ironically, the manga has encouraged the younger generation to read more . # Japan Know as Land of The Morning calm in South Korea, while The hermit Kingdom in North Korea Korea was established in 918 by King Taejo of Goryeo dynasty . The name Corea was attested in English in early 1614 and the name Korea was used in the 19 th century until today . The English name Korea derives from the word Goryeo . Korean is the official language of both North and South Korea . Korean has borrowed much vocabulary from the Chinese . In the 15 th century, the Hanja was replaced by Hangul Korean alphabets are called as Hangul in South Korea and Chosungul in China and North Korea . In 1945 , Korea became a divided protectorate in which North Korea the part of the country north of the 38 th parallel -fell under the control of the former Soviet Union, while the region south of the 38 th parallel came under the rule of the United States . # Korea Three Kingdoms Period (57 BCE -668 CE) : Development of early Korean literature, heavily influenced by Chinese texts . Joseon Dynasty (1392 -1910 ): Flourishing of Confucian literature, poetry, and the creation of the Korean alphabet Hangul by King Sejong . Classical Literature : Influenced by Chinese literature and Confucianism . Early works include "Samguk Yusa" and "Samguk Sagi," historical texts from the Goryeo Dynasty (918 -1392 ). Modern Period : Introduction of Western literary styles and the rise of modern Korean literature post -Japanese occupation (1910 -1945 ). Modern Literature : The 20 th century saw the influence of Western literature and the emergence of modern Korean writers like Yi Kwang -su and Kim Sowol . The rise of K-drama and K-pop has had a significant impact on Korean literature, both in South Korea and internationally . These cultural phenomena, part of the broader "Korean Wave" or "Hallyu," have brought global attention to various aspects of Korean culture, including literature . # Korea South Asian literature refers to the body of literary works produced in the South Asian region, which includes countries like India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, and the Maldives. This literature is characterized by its rich diversity, encompassing a multitude of languages, cultures, and traditions Indus Valley Civilization : One of the world's oldest civilizations, flourishing around 2500 -1500 BCE, known for its advanced urban planning and writing system (yet undeciphered) . Vedic Period : Marked by the composition of the Vedas and the formation of early Hindu society . Maurya and Gupta Empires : Golden ages of Indian history (circa 322 BCE - 550 CE) with significant advancements in arts, science, and literature . Medieval Period : Characterized by the rise of various regional kingdoms, the spread of Islam, and the establishment of the Mughal Empire . British Colonial Period : Lasted from the 18 th century until India's independence in 1947 . It brought about significant cultural, social, and political changes . Independence and Partition : India gained independence from British rule in 1947 , leading to the partition of India and Pakistan, a traumatic event that has been a major theme in Indian literature . # India The earliest form of Indian literature is the Vedic literature, comprising the Vedas, which are a collection of hymns, rituals, and philosophical texts . The four Vedas are Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda, and Atharvaveda . The two great Indian epics, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, are central to Indian culture and literature . The Mahabharata, attributed to Vyasa, is the longest epic poem in the world, while the Ramayana, attributed to Valmiki, narrates the life and adventures of Prince Rama . Classical Sanskrit literature includes works of drama, poetry, and prose . Other significant works include the "Arthashastra" by Kautilya, a treatise on statecraft, and "Kamasutra" by Vatsyayana, a text on human relationships . Medieval India saw the flourishing of literature in regional languages like Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Bengali, and others . The British colonial period introduced English as a literary language in India . Writers like Raja Rao, R.K. Narayan, and Mulk Raj Anand wrote in English, addressing themes of colonialism, social reform, and cultural identity . Post -independence Indian literature explores themes of partition, independence, social justice, and the complexities of modern Indian society . # India Pakistani literature encompasses the diverse literary traditions of Pakistan, written in multiple languages including Urdu, Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto, Balochi, and English . Reflecting the country's rich cultural heritage and complex history, Pakistani literature has evolved through various periods, each marked by distinctive themes and styles . The region now known as Pakistan was historically part of various ancient civilizations, including the Indus Valley Civilization (circa 2500 -1500 BCE) . The British colonial era began in the mid -19 th century, significantly influencing the region's social, cultural, and political landscape . Pakistan was initially comprised of West Pakistan (present -day Pakistan) and East Pakistan (present -day Bangladesh) . The country experienced political turmoil, leading to the secession of East Pakistan in 1971 . # Pakistan Literature in the region before partition was heavily influenced by Persian and Urdu literary traditions, with prominent poets like Mirza Ghalib and Allama Iqbal, whose works explored themes of identity, nationalism, and spirituality . The trauma of partition and the creation of Pakistan in 1947 profoundly impacted its literature, with writers like Saadat Hasan Manto capturing the horror and human cost of this event in his short stories . Contemporary Pakistani literature addresses various themes, including identity, politics, social issues, and the diaspora experience . The rise of English -language literature in Pakistan has led to a new wave of writers who bridge the gap between Eastern and Western literary traditions . # Pakistan The history of Sri Lanka dates back to the ancient period, with evidence of human settlement as early as 125 ,000 years ago . The ancient civilization was influenced by Indian culture and the spread of Buddhism, which was introduced in the 3rd century BCE Portuguese and Dutch Colonies : In the 16 th and 17 th centuries, Sri Lanka was colonized by the Portuguese and later the Dutch . This period saw the introduction of Western literary forms and influences . Independence and Ethnic Conflict : After gaining independence in 1948 , Sri Lanka experienced significant political and social changes, including ethnic conflicts between the Sinhalese majority and Tamil minority, culminating in a civil war that lasted until 2009 . Sinhala Literature : Modern Sinhala literature addresses social issues, politics, and cultural identity . Tamil Literature : Tamil literature in Sri Lanka includes classical and modern works English Literature : English -language literature has flourished with works by authors like Michael Ondaatje, whose novel "The English Patient" won the Booker Prize, and Romesh Gunesekera, known for his novels reflecting Sri Lankan identity and conflict . # Sri Lanka Southeast Asian literature encompasses the diverse literary traditions of the countries in the Southeast Asian region, which includes nations like Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Brunei, and Singapore. This literature is characterized by its variety of languages, cultures, and historical influences. Early Vietnamese culture was influenced by Chinese civilization due to long periods of Chinese rule . Works were often written in Classical Chinese or in "Nom," a script used for writing Vietnamese . During the Tang and Song dynasties, Chinese cultural and literary traditions profoundly influenced Vietnam . The Vietnamese court adopted Classical Chinese as the language of administration and literature . In 1651 , a Jesuit priest, Alexandre de Rhodes, introduced a new set of script that eventually became Vietnam's national alphabet . Called Quoc -ngu, this was much simpler than the Chinese script and Chu Nom French colonization (from the late 19 th century to 1954 ) introduced new literary forms and languages . After the end of French rule and the subsequent division of Vietnam, the country experienced significant upheaval during the Vietnam War (1955 -1975 ). This period produced literature that reflects the trauma and resistance of the war years . # Vietnam Cambodian literature is rich and diverse, reflecting the country's ancient heritage, religious influences, and contemporary social changes . It includes works written in Khmer, the official language, as well as French and English . Cambodia's history dates back to the early Funan and Chenla kingdoms (circa 1st to 6th centuries CE), which were influenced by Indian culture and religion . The Khmer Empire (802 -1431 CE), with its capital at Angkor, was a dominant force in Southeast Asia . After the fall of Angkor in the 15 th century, Cambodia experienced periods of decline and foreign domination by neighboring Thailand and Vietnam . Cambodia became a French protectorate in 1863 , which lasted until 1953 . This period introduced French language and literary forms to Cambodia, influencing local literature . After gaining independence in 1953 , Cambodia experienced political instability, culminating in the Khmer Rouge regime (1975 -1979 ), which caused immense suffering and loss of life . Post -Khmer Rouge, Cambodia has been rebuilding, and contemporary literature often reflects the themes of trauma, recovery, and cultural revival . # Cambodia Thailand's history dates back to early kingdoms such as the Dvaravati (6th to 11 th centuries) and the Khmer Empire's influence . The Sukhothai period (1238 -1438 ) is often considered the golden age of Thai culture and literature . Important works from the Ayutthaya period include the epic poem "Khun Chang Khun Phaen" and the "Ramakien," the Thai version of the Indian epic "Ramayana ." The Rattanakosin period, starting with the establishment of Bangkok as the capital in 1782 , saw a flourishing of literature and arts under the Chakri dynasty . any traditional works are influenced by Buddhist teachings and reflect themes of morality, karma, and the transient nature of life . The 20 th century brought significant political and social changes to Thailand, including the transition from absolute to constitutional monarchy in 1932 . Modern Thai literature often addresses contemporary social issues, globalization, and the impact of technology on society . The rise of Boys' Love (BL) literature and media in Thailand during the 21 st century has been a significant cultural phenomenon, reflecting broader social changes and increasing acceptance of LGBTQ+ identities . # Thailand Indonesia's early history includes the rise of Hindu -Buddhist kingdoms such as Srivijaya (7th to 13 th centuries) and Majapahit (13 th to 16 th centuries) . These periods saw the production of religious texts and epic poetry . Early literature was heavily influenced by Indian epics like the "Ramayana" and "Mahabharata," which were adapted into local versions such as the "Kakawin Ramayana ." From the 13 th century onward, Islam began to spread throughout the archipelago, bringing new literary forms, including religious poetry, didactic literature, and hikayat (prose narratives) . The arrival of Islam brought new literary genres, including hikayat and syair, which often combined Islamic themes with local folklore . Indonesia was colonized by the Dutch from the 17 th century until the mid -20 th century . This period saw the emergence of modern Indonesian literature influenced by Western literary forms . Indonesia gained independence in 1945 . Post -independence literature often dealt with themes of nationalism, social change, and identity . Modern Indonesian literature reflects the country's ongoing social, political, and cultural changes, exploring themes such as urbanization, gender, and globalization . # Indonesia West Asian literature encompasses the diverse literary traditions of countries in Western Asia, also commonly referred to as the Middle East. This region includes countries such as Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Saudi Arabia, and the Gulf states. The literature from this region is characterized by its rich history, complex cultural interactions, and profound influence on global literary traditions. The Hebrew Bible, or Tanakh, is one of the most significant contributions to world literature . It includes a wide range of genres, such as history, law, poetry, prophecy, and wisdom literature . After the biblical period, Jewish literature continued to flourish with texts such as the Talmud and Midrash, which are essential religious and legal writings . During the long period of Jewish diaspora, literature was produced in various languages, including Hebrew, Aramaic, Arabic, and later Yiddish and Ladino . he Jewish Enlightenment (Haskalah) of the 18 th and 19 th centuries led to a revival of Hebrew literature, with figures like Moses Mendelssohn and later Eliezer Ben -Yehuda, who spearheaded the revival of Hebrew as a spoken language . The late 19 th and early 20 th centuries saw the emergence of Zionist literature, which expressed the aspirations for a Jewish homeland in Palestine . Many Israeli writers have grappled with the themes of war and conflict, particularly the Arab - Israeli wars and the ongoing Israeli -Palestinian conflict . The Holocaust has been a central theme in Israeli literature, with writers like Aharon Appelfeld and Yehuda Amichai addressing the trauma and memory of the Holocaust . # Israel The region of Palestine, historically situated at the crossroads of the Middle East, has a long history of various cultures and civilizations . Under Islamic rule from the 7th century onward, Palestine was part of the larger Arabic - speaking world . From the 16 th to the early 20 th century, Palestine was part of the Ottoman Empire . During this time, Palestinian literature was influenced by the broader Arabic literary tradition and included works in poetry, prose, and essays . During the British Mandate (1920 -1948 ), Palestinian writers began to explore themes of nationalism and identity as the political situation in the region became increasingly tense . The creation of the State of Israel in 1948 led to the Nakba (Catastrophe), during which many Palestinians were displaced from their homes . This event profoundly influenced Palestinian literature, which began to address themes of exile, loss, and the struggle for identity . The subsequent occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip and the two Intifadas (uprisings) have also shaped Palestinian literature, reflecting the daily realities of living under occupation and the desire for freedom . # Palestine The Arabian Peninsula has a rich tradition of pre -Islamic poetry, known as "Jahiliyyah" poetry, which often celebrated themes of heroism, honor, and the desert life . With the advent of Islam in the 7th century, Arabic literature began to flourish under the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates . While this period is not specific to Saudi Arabia, it greatly influenced the literary culture of the region . From the 16 th to the early 20 th century, parts of the Arabian Peninsula were under Ottoman control . Saudi Arabia is a major oil producer and exporter, which has significantly influenced its economic and political development . Islam is the state religion, and Saudi Arabia is home to the two holiest cities in Islam, Mecca and Medina . In 1932 , the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was established under King Abdulaziz Al Saud . The formation of the modern state brought significant political, social, and economic changes, influencing the development of literature . The 20 th and 21 st centuries have seen the emergence of a vibrant Saudi literary scene, addressing themes related to modernity, tradition, and the complexities of Saudi society . # Saudi Arabia "Kimi no Na wa" ( ), also known as "Your Name," is a Japanese animated film directed by Makoto Shinkai. Released in 2016, it quickly became one of the highest -grossing anime films of all time. Born: F ebr uar y 9, 1973, in Nagano Prefectur e, J apan. Career : Shi nk ai began his career in the video gam e i ndus tr y, creating animati on and s tor y boards. He transiti oned to fi l m m ak i ng and gained recogni ti on w i th w or k s like "Voices of a Di stant Star" (2002) and "5 Centim eter s Per Sec ond" (2007). Style: Know n for hi s detailed and beautiful ani m ati on, emotional stor ytelling, and themes of di stance and longi ng. # Makoto Shinkai Releas e D ate: Augus t 26, 2016. Cultural Im pac t: "Your Name" came out during a time when ani m e w as gai ni ng global r ec ogni ti on. It r eflected contemporary issues such as r ur al depopul ati on and the 2011 T hok u earthquake and tsunami. Recepti on: It bec am e the highest - grossing anime film wor l dw i de, s ur pas s i ng Studio Ghi bl i s "Spi r i ted Away." Tessie an d Say ak a : M i tsu ha' s fr i ends w h o support h e r dur i ng t h e c r i s i s . Hitoha M iyamizu : Mitsuha ' s gr an dm oth er, w ho i s a shri ne maid en a n d u nde rsta nds t h e m y s ti c al el em ents affecting M i tsuha a n d Taki . Yotsuha Miyamiz u : M i ts uha' s younger sister. M itsuh a Miya miz u : A h i g h s c hoo l girl fro m t h e r ur al t o w n o f I tom or i who w i shes fo r a l i fe i n Tok y o . S he i s ki nd , r esp onsi bl e, and seeks m ore excitem ent i n h e r l i fe . Taki Tachib a n a : A hi g h s choo l b oy i n Tokyo w ho j ug gl es s c ho ol , a p a rt - time j ob, a n d dr e ams o f bec om i ng a n a rchitect . H e i s de ter min e d, compassi onat e, an d becomes deepl y c onnec ted t o M i tsuha .2. Discovery an d Connect ion : Thro ug h their b o d y - s w app i ng ex p er i enc e s , t h e y le arn a b out ea c h oth er s l i v es a n d deve lo p a d ee p bon d . T hey tr y t o ad apt a nd hel p e a ch oth e r, l e ad i ng t o hum o r o us an d touching moments . 1 . B o d y Swap p in g : M i ts uha a n d Taki be g in t o swap b odi es w i t h o u t a ny ex pl anat ion , waking u p i n e ach othe r ' s l i v es e v er y fe w days . They l eave notes a nd mes sages t o hel p each ot her n av i gat e their s wapp ed l i v es , gr a d ual ly bui ldi ng a connection des pi te nev er having met .4. Savi n g Itomori : Determi ned t o s av e M i tsuha a nd th e townsp eop le, Tak i us e s t h e b ody - sw app in g t o warn Mitsuha o f t h e i m pe ndi ng disaste r . Mitsuha , back i n he r own body, t r i es t o convince t h e tow ns peopl e t o evacuate . 3 . Mits uhas F ate : Ta ki di s c o v er s th at M i ts u ha' s town, Itomor i , was de str oyed by a comet th r ee years ear lie r, a n d ev er y one i n t h e tow n per ishe d, inc l udi ng Mits uha . T hi s m eans t h a t their b o d y - s wapp in g tr a n s c ends ti m e, w i th Mitsuha existing i n t h e pas t .6. R eu n i o n : Years late r, a s y ou ng ad ults, Taki an d Mitsuha f e e l a n i nex p l i c abl e sense o f l on gi n g a n d fa milia r i ty . T hey ev ent ua lly cros s p a t h s i n Toky o an d, driv en by a m utua l sense of reco gni tion, a s k eac h oth er, "Yo ur nam e i s ? 5 . Final Effor ts : De spi te s ev er al c hal l en ges , Mi tsuha and Taki ma nag e t o al ter t he ti me l i n e, lea din g t o th e successful ev a c uati o n o f Ito m or i . Howeve r, this disr up ts thei r c onn e c ti on, an d t h e y forget each other s nam es a n d ex per i enc es .The no n - line ar narra tiv e a nd t he conc ept o f b o d y - swapping across diff eren t timel in es highl igh t t h e com plexi ties o f time and memory . Th e cha rac ters s tr uggle to r emember each othe r a f ter t he timel ine i s al ter ed emp hasizes how me mories can b e both f le eti ng an d pro foun d . This reson a tes wi th the au dience 's own e xperienc es o f r emembering an d forgetting s ignif ic ant moments and people i n their lives . > Th e c e n t r a l t h e m e o f "Yo u r N a me " i s t h e id e a o f f a t e a n d t h e m y s t i c a l c o n n e c t i on b e t w e en > M it s u h a a n d Ta k i .Th e r e d t h r e a d o f f a t e , ac o mmo n mo t if i n Ea s t As i a n f o l k l o r e , s y m bo l i z e s > t h e in v is ib le b o nd t h a t t i e s t h e t wo p r o t a g o n is t s t o g e t h e r .Th is t h r e a d i s o f t e n d e p ic t e d i n t h e > m o v ie , r e in f o r c in g t h e id e a t h a t s o m e c o n n e c t io n s a r e m e a n t t o b e . Through the bo d y - swapping mechanism, Mitsuha and Tak i ge t to e xperienc e l i fe fro m each othe r s perspect ives, le ading to signi f icant pe rsonal gro wth . Thi s th eme explo re s how steppi ng in to so meone e lses sh oes ca n broad e n one s unders ta nding o f th emselves and the wo rl d . The f ilm cont rasts r ur al and u rban l i fe , showin g th e be auty a n d ch alle nges o f both settings . Time and Memory: Fate and Connection: Identity and Growth: Taki ' s j our ney thro ugh Mitsuh a' s wor l d teac hes him em pathy a nd a d eep er a ppr ecia tion fo r life beyo nd his ur ban ex i s tenc e . H i s determi n atio n t o save Mits uh a a nd h e r tow n sh ow cases his growt h fr om a somewh at di r ec ti onl ess teen ag er t o a proactiv e a n d c ar i ng i ndividual . Mitsuha ' s c har ac ter r epr es e n ts a year ni ng f o r chan ge an d e s c ape f r om th e conf i nes o f he r tradi t i o nal lif e . Her exper ien ces i n Tak i ' s bod y all ow h e r t o ex pl o r e t h e ind ep en denc e an d excitem ent s he c r av es , ul ti ma tely givi ng he r t h e courage t o ac t dec i s i v el y i n h e r own life .Soundt rack - T R adw i m ps so undt rac k plays a vital role i n c onv ey i ng t h e em oti o nal und er to nes of the movi e . The musi c c om pl em ent s th e nar r a t i v e, en hanc i n g momen ts o f j oy, tens i o n, a n d m el a nc h o ly . The songs Zenze n zense a n d N and em o nai y a ar e especially m em or abl e, addi ng d e p t h t o key scenes . Animat ion - The meti culo us and br e athtaki n g ani m a ti on by Makoto Shi nkai and h i s t e a m e nha nc e s t h e s to r y t e l l i ng . The detail e d dep iction o f l ands c a pes , w e athe r, a nd urb an e nvir onm ents i m m er s es viewe r s i n th e worl d o f t h e f ilm . T h e c om e t s c ene s , i n par ti cul ar, ar e v i s ual l y s tunning a n d serve a s a pivotal elem ent i n t h e nar r ati v e .Spir i tual El em ents : - The fi lm in co rpora te s eleme nt s o f Shin to spi ri tual i t y, par ti cula rly throu gh Mi tsu has fam ily s ro l e as s hr ine maid ens and th e r it u als t he y per form . This sp iri tua l la yer add s a my s ti cal qua li t y to t he s to ry a nd re in f orce s t h e theme of fate . Tra diti on al v s . M o de rn Jap an - The fi lm ju xta p o s e s th e tra d iti o n a l, sh r in e - c e n tr i c life o f Ito mo r i with th e fa st - p a ce d , co n te mp o r a r y life i n To k yo . Th is c o n tr a st n o t o n l y h ig h lig h ts th e d iv er sit y with in J apa ne se cu lture b u t a ls o re fle ct s th e te n s io n b e tw e e n p re s e r vin g tra d itio n s a n d e mb r a c in g m o d e rn ity . E m o t i o n a l R e s o n a n c e : " Yo ur N am e " r es on a t e s emo t i o n al ly w it h a u d ie n c e s d ue t o i ts un i v er s al th e m e s o f l ov e , l os s , an d t h e s e a rc h fo r c o n n ec t i o n . Th e c h ar ac t e rs em o ti o n a l j o u r n ey s a n d t h e h i g h st a ke s o f t h ei r si t u a tio n c r e ate a c omp e l li n g na rr a t iv e t h a t i s b o t h h e a r t w a r mi n g a n d h e a r t b r e a k i n g I m p a c t a n d L e g a c y : T h e f ilm s s u cc e ss h a s c em e n t e d its p l a c e as a m o d er n cl a ss ic i n t h e re a lm o f a n im a t e d ci n em a . I ts i n fl ue n c e ex te n d s b ey o n d J ap a n , c o nt ri b u ti n g t o t h e g l o b a l a p p r e c i a t i o n o f a n i m e a s a s o p h i s t i c a t e d a n d e m o t i o n a l l y r i c h a r t f o r m . I n c o n clu s i o n , I t p r om p ts vi ew e rs t o r e fl e c t o n t h e n at u r e of h u m a n c o n n e c tio n s a n d h o w t h e y c a n t r a ns c e n d p hy si c al a nd t e m p ora l b o u n da r i es . I t h i g h li g h ts t h e i mp o r t a n c e o f c h er is h i n g m om e n ts a nd t h e p eo p l e w e m e e t , as w e ll a s th e im p ac t o f s ee mi n g ly s m all ac ti o n s o n o u r li v es a n d t h e w orl d a r o u n d u s . T h e f ilm' s b l e n d o f f a n t a sy a n d r ea l it y all ow s f or a u n i q u e e x p l o r a t i o n o f f a t e , m e m o r y, a n d t h e e n d u r i n g p o w e r o f l o v e ." Your Name" (Kimi no Na wa) represents 21st - century literature through its innovative narrative techniques, blending of genres, exploration of contemporary themes, and emotional depth. Key elements include: 1. Bl en d i n g o f G en res an d M ed i a : Com bi nes rom anc e, f ant as y, dram a, a n d s c i enc e f i ct i on, and engages i n t rans m edi a s t ory t el l i ng wi t h adapt at i ons i n nov el s , m anga, and m erc handi s e . 2. Co m p l ex Nar r ati ve S tr u c tu res : F eat ures a non - l i n ear t i m eli ne and c har ac t er - d ri v en p l ot , c hal l engi ng v i ewers t o pi ec e t oget her t he s t ory . 3. T h em es Re fl ecti n g Co n te m p o rary I ssu es : E x pl ore s i dent i ty, urban v s . r u r a l l if e, and t he i nf l uenc e of t ec hnol ogy, addres s i ng s oc i et al t rans i t i ons and c ul t ural s hi f t s . 4. Gl obal i zati o n and Cu l tu ral E xch an g e : A c hi ev es i nter n at i ona l ac c l ai m, s howc a s i ng J apanes e c ul t ure whi l e res onat i ng wi t h a di v ers e gl obal audi enc e . 5. E m o ti o nal an d P sych o l o g i cal Dep th : D el v es i nt o t hem es of l ov e, l os s, longi n g, an d i nt erpers onal rel at i ons hi ps , pri ori t i z i ng t he ex pl orat i on of t he hum an c ondi t i on . 6. I n n o vative Vi sual an d Au d i to ry S to ryt e ll in g : Uti l i z es det ai l ed ani m at i on and a c urat e d s oundt rac k t o enhanc e t he narrat i v e and c reat e an i m m ers i v e ex peri enc e . 7. T h em es o f M em or y an d Im p erm an en ce : A d dres s es the eph e m eral nat ure of mem ory an d t he i m pac t of c at as t rophes , ref l ec t i ng m odern ex i s t ent i al c onc erns .21st Asian Literature refers to literary works produced by authors from Asia or those of Asian descent in the 21st century. This genre encompasses a wide range of themes, styles, and narratives that reflect the diverse cultures, histories, and contemporary experiences of Asian societies. The first Afr i c an l i ter atur e is circa 2300 - 2100, when ancient Egy pti ans begi n us i ng burial texts to ac c om pany their dead. These include the first w r i tten ac c ounts of creation - the M em phi te D eclaration of Deities. Not only that, but ' papy r us ' , fr om which we or i gi nate our w ord for paper, was invented by the Egy pti ans , and w r i ti ng flourished. In c ontr as t, Sub - Saharan Africa feature a vibrant and v ar i ed or al culture. Or al cul ture takes many for ms: pr over bs and r i ddl es, epi c nar r ati ves, or ati on and personal tes ti m ony, pr ai s e poetry and songs, chants and ritual s , s tor i es , l egends and folk tal es . T hi s i s pr es ent in the many proverbs told in T hi ngs F al l Apar t, and the rich cul tur al em phas i s of that book also is typically African. Som e of ex am pl es of pr e - col onial literature incl ude "Epi c of Sundi ata" composed i n medi eval Mal i , and the older "Epi c of D i nga" from the old Ghana Empire. C o l o n i z a t i o n P e r i o d : W i t h t he p e r i o d o f Co l o n i z a t i o n , A f r ic a n o r a l t r a d i t i o n s a n d w r i tt e n w o r k s ca m e u n d e r a se r i o u s o u t s i d e t h r e a t . E u r o p e a n s , j u s t i f y i n g t h e m s e l v e s w i t h t h e C h r i s t i a n e t h i c s , tr i e d t o d e s t r o y t h e "p a g a n " a n d " p r i m i t i v e " c u l t u r e o f t h e Afr ic a n s , t o m a k e t h e m m o r e p l i a b l e s l a v e s . Th i s h a p p e n e d i n t h e la t e 1 8 t h c e n t u r y w h e r e i n P o r t u g u e s e w h e r e t h e f i r s t m e n t o f i r m l y e s t a b l i s h s e t t l e m e n t s i n A f r i c a . S c r a m b l e f o r A f r i c a : T h e " S c r a m b l e fo r A fr i c a " ( a l s o k n o w n a s t h e " Ra c e f o r A f r i c a " o r t h e P a r t it i o n o f A fr i c a ) w a s t h e i n v a s i o n , o c c u p a t i o n , c o l o n i z a t i o n , a n d a n n e x a t i o n o f A fr i c a n t e r r i t o ry b y E u r o p e a n p o w e r s d u r i n g th e p e r i o d o f N e w I m p e r ia lis m b e t w e e n 1 8 8 1 a n d 1 9 1 4 . I n 1 8 7 0 , 1 0 % of Af r i c a w a s u n d e r E u r o p e a n co n t r o l ; b y 1 9 1 4 i t w a s 9 0 %, w i t h o n l y A b y s s i n i a ( E t h i o p i a ) a n d L i b e r i a s t i l l i n d e p e n d e n t .1 . A f r i c a a n d G l o b a l M a r k e t s S u b - S a h a r a n A f r i c a , o n e o f t h e l a s t re g i o n s o f t h e w o r l d l a r g e l y u n t o u c h e d b y " in f o r m a l i m p e r i a l i s m " , w as a l s o a tt r a ct i v e t o E u r o p e ' s r u l i n g e l i t e s f o r e c o n o m i c r e a s o n s . D u r i n g a t i m e w h e n B r i t a i n ' s b a l a n c e of t r a d e s h o w e d a g ro w i n g d e f i c i t , wi t h s h r i n k i n g a n d i n c r e a s i n g l y p r o t e c t i o n i s t c on t i n e n t a l m a r k e ts d u e t o t h e L o n g De p r e s s io n ( 1 8 7 3 9 6 ) , Af r ic a o ff e r e d Br it a in , G e r m a n y, F r a n c e , a n d o t h e r c o u n t r i e s a n o p e n m a r k e t th a t w o u l d g a r n e r t h e m a t r a d e s u r p l u s : a m a r k e t t h a t b o u g h t m o r e f r o m t h e c o l o n i a l p o w e r t h a n i t s o l d o v e r a l l . 2 . St r a t e g i c R i v a l r y T h e r i v a l r y b e t w e e n B r i t a i n , F r an c e , G er m a n y, a n d t h e o t h e r Eu r o p e a n p o w e r s a c c o u n t f o r a l a r g e p a r t of t h e c o l o n i z a t i o n . Wh i l e t r o p i c a l A f r i c a w a s n o t a l a r g e z o n e o f i n v e s t m e n t , o t h e r o v e r s e a r e g i o n s w e r e . Th e v a s t i n t e r i o r b e t w e e n t h e g o l d a n d d i a m o n d - r i c h S o u t h e r n A f r i c a a n d E g y p t ha d s t r ate g i c v a l u e i n s e c u r i n g t h e f l o w of o v e r s e a s t r ad e . B r i ta i n w a s u n d e r p o l i t i c a l p r e s s u r e t o s ec u r e l u c r a t i v e m a r k e t s a g a i n s t e n c r o a c h in g r iv a ls i n C h i n a a n d it s e a s t e r n c o l o n i e s , m o s t n o t a b l y I n d i a , M a l a y a , A u s t r a l i a , a n d N e w Ze a l a n d . T h u s , s e c u r i n g t h e k e y w a t e r w a y b e t w e e n E a s t a n d We s t t h e S u e z C a n a l w a s c r u c i a l .3 . G e r m a n y ' s We l t p o l i t ik G e r m a n y w a s h a r d l y a c o l o n i a l p o w e r b e f o r e th e N e w I m p e r i a l i s m p e r i o d , b u t w o u l d e a g e r l y p a r t i c i p a t e i n th i s r a c e . F r a g m e n t e d i n v a r i o u s st a t e s , i t w a s on l y u n i f i e d u n d e r P r u s s i a ' s r u l e a f t e r t he 1 8 6 6 B a t t l e o f S a d o w a a n d th e 1 8 7 0 Fr a n c o - P r u s s i a n Wa r . A r i s i n g i n d u s t r i a l p o w e r c l o s e o n t h e he e l s o f B r i t a i n , G e r m a n y b e g a n i t s w o rl d e x p a n s i o n i n t h e 1 8 8 0 s . We l t p o l i t i k ( Wo r l d P o l i c y ) w a s t h e f o r e i g n p o l i c y a d o p t e d b y K a i s e r W i l h e l m I I in 1 8 9 0 , w it h t he a i m o f t r a n s f o rm i n g Ge r m a n y i n t o a g l o b a l p o w e r t h ro u g h a g g r e s s i v e d i p l o m a c y, t h e a c q u i s i t i o n o f o v e r s e a s c o l o n i e s , a n d t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a la r g e n a v y . 4 . I t a l y ' s e x p a n s i o n I t a l y t o o k p o s s e s s i o n o f p a r t s of E r i t r e a i n 1 8 7 0 a n d 1 8 8 2 . F o l l o w i n g i t s d e f e a t i n t h e F i r st I t a l o E t h i o p i a n Wa r ( 1 8 9 5 1 8 9 6 ) , i t a c q u i r e d Ita l i a n S o m a l i l a n d i n 1 8 8 9 9 0 a n d t h e wh o l e o f E r i t r e a ( 1 8 9 9 ) . I n 1 9 11 , i t e n g a g e d i n a w a r w i t h t h e O tt o m a n E m p i r e , i n w h i c h i t a c q u i r e d Tr i p o l i t a n i a a n d C y r e n a i c a ( m o d e r n L i b y a ) . I n 19 1 9 E n r i c o C o r r a d i n i w h o f u l l y s u p p o r t e d t h e w a r, a n d l a t e r m e r g e d h i s g r o u p i n t h e e a r ly fa s c is t p a r t y ( PNF ) d e v e l o p e d t h e c o n c e p t o f P r o l e t a r i a n N a t i o n a l i s m , s u p p o s e d t o l e g i t i m i z e It a l y ' s i m p e r i a l i s m b y a m i x t u r e o f s o c i a l i s m w i t h n a t i o n a l i s m .B e l g i u m C o n g o F r e e S t a t e a n d B e l g i a n C o n g o ( t o d a y ' s D e m o c r a t i c R e p u b l i c o f t h e C o n g o ) R u a n d a - U r u n d i ( c o m p r i s i n g m o d e r n R w a n d a a n d B u r u n d i , 1 9 2 2 6 2 ) I t a l y I t a l i a n N o r t h A f r i c a I t a l i a n L i b y a I t a l i a n E r i t r e a I t a l i a n S o m a l i l a n d G e r m a n y G e r m a n K a m e r u n ( n o w C a m e r o o n a n d p a r t o f N i g e r i a , 1 8 8 4 1 9 1 6 ) G e r m a n E a s t A f r i c a ( n o w Rwa n d a , Bu r u n d i a n d m o s t o f Ta n z a n ia , 1 8 8 5 1 9 1 9 ) G e r m a n S o u t h - We s t A f r i c a ( n o w N a m i b i a , 1 8 8 4 1 9 1 5 ) G e r m a n To g o l a n d ( n o w To g o a n d e a s t e r n p a r t o f G h a n a , 1 8 8 4 1 9 1 4 )F r a n c e F r e n c h We s t A f r i c a : M a u r i t a n i a S e n e g a l A l b r e d a ( 1 6 8 1 1 8 5 7 , n o w p a r t o f G a m b i a ) F r e n c h S u d a n ( n o w M a li) F r e n c h G u i n e a ( n o w G u i n e a ) I v o r y C o a s t N i g e r F r e n c h U p p e r Vo l t a ( n o w B u r k i n a F a s o ) F r e n c h D a h o m e y ( n o w Be n in ) F r e n c h To g o l a n d ( 1 9 1 6 6 0 , n o w To g o ) F r e n c h E q u a t o r i a l A f r i c a : G a b o n R u s s i a S a g a l l o ( N o w D j i b o u t i , 1 8 8 9 ) > F r e n c h C a me r o u n (1 9 2 2 6 0 ) > F r e n c h Co n g o ( n o w R e p u b lic o f th e > C o n g o ) > O u b a n g u i -C h a r i ( no w C e n tr a l Afr ic a n > R e p u b lic ) > C h a d > F r e n c h N o r th Afr ic a : > F r e n c h Alg e r ia > Fr enc h Pr otec tor ate o f Tunis ia > F r e n c h Mo r o c c o > F r e n c h Ea s t Afr ic a : > Ma d a g a s c a r > C o mo r o s > Sc a tte r e d is la n d s i n th e In d ia n > O c e a n > F r e n c h So ma lila n d ( n o w D jib o u ti) S p ai n S pani s h Nort h A f r i c a Nort hern S pani s h M oroc c o Chef c haouen ( C h a u e n ) J ebal a (Yebal a) K ert Louk k os (Luc us ) Ri f S pani s h G ui nea ( n o w E quat ori al Gui nea) F ernando P > R o Mu n i > An n o b n > Sp a n is h We s t Afr ic a > Souther n Spanis h Mor oc c o > C a p e J u b y > Ifn i > Sp a n is h Sa h a r a ( n o w We s t e r n > Sa h a r a ) > R o d e O r o > Saguia e l -H amr a P o r tu g al P ort ugues e Wes t A f ri c a ( n o w A ngol a) M ai nl and A ngol a P ort ugue s e Congo ( n o w Ca bi nda P r ov i nc e of A ngol a) P ort ugues e E as t A f ri c a (now M oz am bi que) P ort ugues e G ui nea ( n o w Gui nea - B i s s au) > C ape Ver de Is lands > S o To m ePr n c ip e > S o To m Is la n d > Pr n c ip e Is la n d > F o r t o f S o J o o Ba p tis ta d e Aju d > ( n o w O u id a h , i n Be n in ) Un i ted Ki n g d o m E gy pt A ngl o - E gy pt i an S udan ( 1899 1956 ) B ri t i s h S om al i l and ( n o w part of S om al i a) B ri t i s h E as t A f ri c a : K eny a Col ony Uganda P rot ec t orat e Tanz ani a : Tangany i k Terri t ory ( 1919 61 ) Z anz i bar B ec huanal and (now B ot s wana) S out hern Rhodes i a ( n o w Z i m babwe) Nort hern Rhodes i a ( n o w Z am bi a) B ri t i s h S out h A f ri c a S out h A f ri c a : Trans v aal Col ony Cape Col ony > C o lo n y o f N a ta l Or ange R iv er C olony > So u th -We s t Afr ic a ( fr o m 1 9 1 5 ,n o w > N a mib ia ) > T h e G a mb ia > Sie r r a L e o n e > N ig e r ia > Br itis h To g o la n d (1 9 1 6 5 6 ,to d a y > p a r t o f G h a n a ) > C a me r o o n s (1 9 2 2 6 1 ,n o w p a r ts o f > C a me r o o n a n d N ig e r ia ) > Br itis h G o ld C o a s t ( n o w G h a n a ) N y as aland ( now Malaw i) > Ba s u to la n d ( n o w L e s o th o ) > Sw a z ila n d S l av ery, whi c h be c am e c om m on wit hi n t he B ri t i s h I sl es duri n g t he M iddl e A ge s , and i n whi c h B ri t ai n play ed a prom i nent rol e i n t he At l ant i c s l av e t rade es pec i al l y aft er 1600 , had al way s f i gured i n Af ri c an wri t i ng . S l av ery wa s endem ic i n Af ri ca and was t hus part of ev ery day l if e . B ut whi l e both poet ry and pros e depi c ted t he ens l av em ent of A f ric an peop l e, t he s lav e narr at i v es c om pri s ed t he m ajori t y of the earl y publ i s hed w o r k of A f ri c an - B ri t i s h wri ters i n t he 18 t h a n d 19 th c ent uri es . The narrat i v es of t hes e aut hors were c ul l ed f rom t hei r experi enc es and t he outc ry agai ns t the t y ranny, phy s i cal abus e, and hy poc ri s y of t he Chri s t i an m as t ers who benef i ted f rom t he N e g r o s l av es .One of the hi ghl i ght s i n the dev el opm ent of A f ri c an l i t erat ure was t he em ergen c e of t he Harl em Renai s s a nc e, f rom 1918 u n ti l 1937 . Thi s was a c ult ural m ov em ent s purre d by A f ri c an - A m eri c ans i n t he H a r l e m nei ghborho od i n M anhattan, New York , US A , duri ng whi c h blac k art, li t erat ure, and m us i c experi enc es reac hed t hei r arti s ti c f l oweri ng . I n poet ry, t here was Langs ton Hugh es wh o urge d bl ac k wri t ers t o wri t e di st i nct bl ac k art . I n f i cti on, Wal l ac e T hurm an wrot e a grou ndb r eak i ng nov el tit led T he B l ac k er the B erry : A Nov el of Negr o Lif e whi c h ex plored rac i al di s c rim i nat i on wi t hi n bl ac k c om muni t y . Me a n w hi l e, anot her l i t erary mov em ent aros e i n 1930 , f ounded i n Franc e by b l a c k i nt el l ect ual and w ri t ers . Cal l ed " Negri t ude, " the m ov em ent aimed at rehabi l i t at i ng an d res t ori ng t he A f ric a v al ues st am ped by F renc h c ol oni al i s m . Us i ng F renc h i n t hei r wri t i ngs , m em bers of t he Negri t ude f ound s ol i dari t y i n t hei r bl ac k i dent ity t hat was an eff ec t i v e res pons e agai ns t c ol oni al i s m . Today, A f ri c a f ac es a m i x t ure of pos t c ol oni al and new t hem es i n l i t erat ure . P rom i nent wri t ers s uc h as Chi m am anda Ngoz i A di c hi e and Ngugi wa T hi ong' o are l eadi ng t he group of gl obal l y rec ogni z ed A f ri c an wri t ers whos e work s c ont i nue t o c ham pi on t he perenni al i s s ue of rac i al di s c ri m i nat i on as wel l as ex pl ore t he c ul t ure of A f ri c a . T he nex t l i t erary m ov em ent m ay j us t em erge f rom t hi s c ont i nent not t oo l ong f rom now . Chi m am anda Ngo z i A di c hie i s a renown ed Ni geri a n aut hor born on S ept em ber 15 , 1977 , i n E nugu, Ni geri a . S he gre w up i n Ns uk k a, Ni geri a, wher e her f ather was a prof es s or an d her m ot her was t he fi rs t f em al e regi s t rar at the Uni v er s i t y of Ni geri a . A di c hi e m ov ed t o t he Uni ted S t at es at t he age of 19 f or c ol l ege . S he hol ds degree s f rom Eas t ern Connec t i c ut St at e Uni v ers i t y, J ohns Hopk i ns Uni v ers i t y, and Yal e Uni v ers i t y . Her wo rk s oft en ex pl ore t hem es of i dent i ty, di s pl ac em ent , and t he Af ri c an ex peri enc e, and s he i s k nown f or her i ns i ght f ul c om m ent ary o n gender and pol i t i c s . S om e of her not ab l e w o r k s i nc l ude "P urpl e Hi bi s c us , " "Hal f of a Yel l ow S un, " " Am eri c anah, " and t he es s ay " We S houl d A l l B e F em i ni s t s . " " Ch e c ki ng O ut " i s s et i n the e ar l y 20 00 s, a pe ri od ma r k e d b y in c re a s ed gl ob a l m ig r a t i o n a n d t h e c h a ll e n g e s fa c e d b y immigrant s, part icu la r l y t h o se f ro m d e ve lo p in g co untries . T he sto r y ref le ct s t h e s o ci o - e c o n o mi c a n d p o l it i c al i s s u e s i n N ig er ia, su c h a s co rr u pti on, l i m ite d o pp ort un i tie s, a n d th e allure o f a bette r lif e a b ro a d . T he b a c k dr op i n c lu d e s t h e U K ' s i m mi g r a t i o n p o li c ie s a nd t h e e xp er ie n ce s o f u n d o cu m e n t e d i m m ig ra n t s fa ci n g di s c ri m i nat io n, f e a r o f d e p o rt a t i o n , a n d t h e st r ug gl e t o establish a n e w life in a foreign land .Obinze's Mot her : A supp o r ti ve a nd str ong - wi l l ed w om an w h o influ enc es Obinze' s p ersp ecti v es o n l i fe a n d r es i l i ence . Nigel : Obinz e' s em pl oy er, w ho i s kind b ut ultimat ely powerless t o c hange Obi nz e' s situation .Vincent : A fe l l ow N i g er i an w ho p rov ides Ob inze wit h a fake i denti ty t o help him find wor k . O b i n z e : The prot ago nist, a n intell i g ent an d r efl ec t i v e Nige r i a n ma n who d r e am s of a bett er l i fe i n the U K but f a c e s t he h ar sh re al ity o f bei ng a n u nd oc um e n ted i m migrant . " Ch e c ki ng Out " f o l lo w s O b in z e , a Ni g e r ia n m a n w h o ha s o ve r sta y ed h i s vi s a i n t h e U K . S t r u g g l in g t o su r v i ve, h e w or k s m en ia l j o b s a nd l i ve s in c on st an t fea r o f be in g c a u g h t b y immigratio n a u t h o rit ie s . T he st o r y de l v e s i n t o O b i n ze ' s in n e r t u r mo il, h i s l on g in g for home, a n d the h a rs h re a lit y o f h is sit u a t io n . E ve ntu a ll y, O b i n ze i s deta in ed a nd fac e s d e p o rt a ti o n . D e sp ite the a d ve r sit y, h e r e f l e ct s o n h i s j ou rn e y an d maintains a sen se o f h o p e a n d re silie n ce . Immi gr ati o n a n d I d e nti ty : Th e st o r y e x pl o re s th e c ha ll en ge s i m m ig ra nt s fa c e, in cl ud i ng th e lo s s o f id e n tit y an d th e str ug g l e t o a d a p t t o a n e w cu lt u re w h il e ho l di ng o n t o their roots . H o p e a n d Re s i l i e nc e : De s p it e t h e d iff i cu lt c ir c u m s tan c e s, Ob in z e' s jo ur ne y hi gh li ght s t he hu m an c ap a cit y fo r h o p e a n d resilien ce . Is ola ti o n a n d B e l o n gi n g : O b i n ze ' s e x p e ri e n c e u nd e r s co re s the fe e l in g o f i s o l a t i o n ma n y i m m ig ra n t s e n d u r e a n d thei r longing for a se n se o f b e lo n g in g . E m p a thy and Un d erstan di ng : Adic hies s t ory enc our ages r e a d e r s t o em pat hiz e wit h t he plight of imm igr ant s and t o u n d e r s t a n d t he c om plex it ies of t heir ex per ienc es . Cri t i q ue o f I mmi g rat ion P o li ci es : T he st or y s ubt ly c r it iques t h e st r ingent imm igr at ion polic ies t hat of t en dehum anize and m a r g i n a l i z e indiv iduals s eek ing bet t er oppor t unit ies . U n i v e r sa l S t rugg l es : While s pec if ic t o O binz es ex per ienc e, t he st ory r ef lects univ ers al t hem es of s ear c hing f or ident ity, b e l o n g i n g , and t he pur s uit of a bet t er lif e . H u m a n Resi l i en ce : T he nar r ativ e em phas iz es t he r es ilienc e a n d s t r engt h of t he hum an s pir it i n t he f ac e of adv er s it y ."C h e c k i n g Ou t " e x e mp li fie s 2 1 s t - c e n tu ry li te ra tu re t h ro u g h i ts e x p lo ra t io n o f g lo bal themes , c ultura l ident i ty, s o c io -p o li t ic a l c o mme n ta ry, a n d th e re s il ie n c e o f th e h u m a n s p i ri t . Ad ic h i e ' s w o r k n o t o n ly re f le c ts th e re a li t i e s o f o u r c o n t e mp o rary w o r ld b u t a ls o c o n t ri b u te s to th e o n g o in g d ia l o g ue a b o u t m ig ra t io n , id e n ti ty, a n d th e h u m a n e x p e rie n c e in a g lo b a liz e d e ra .Redoblado. (2017). Contemporary Literature: 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World. Brilliant Creation Publishing, Inc. https://www.slideshare.net/kazumaki/asian -literature https://biography.yourdictionary.com/wang -wei https://www.slideshare.net/AbbieLaudato/korean -literature -23552326 http://sejongculturalsociety.org/writing/current/resources/sijo_samples.ph p

Title: M6 21st Century Afro-Asian Literature

URL Source: file://pdf.7e275bdc0dac75e8a54a961c9b3adbfd/

Markdown Content:
# Students will compare and contrast the cultural themes present in

# African and Asian literature with those in Western literature .

# Students will analyze how historical events and movements have

# influenced African and Asian literature .

#  Students will explore and discuss recurring themes such as identity,

# colonialism, tradition vs . modernity, and resistance in African and Asian

# literature .

#  Students will develop critical thinking skills by interpreting and critiquing

# African and Asian literary texts .What is Asian Literature?

A brief introduction to the

characteristics and definition of

Asian Literature

# Sample Text

# African Literature

# Sample Texts

Discussion and Analysis of the

sample literature

Discussion and Analysis of the

sample literature

A brief introduction to the

characteristics and definition of

African Literature 21st Asian Literature refers to literary works produced by authors from Asia or

those of Asian descent in the 21st century. This genre encompasses a wide

range of themes, styles, and narratives that reflect the diverse cultures,

histories, and contemporary experiences of Asian societies. The 21st - c entur y l i ter atur es of Asia consists of writings from c ountr i es i n Eas t

Asia, South As i a, Southeast Asia, and West Asia. East Asian l i ter atur es i nc l ude

writings fr om C hi na, J apan, and Korea. While South Asian liter atur es c om pr i s e

works from Indi a, Pak i s tan, and Sri Lanka. On the other hand, l i ter ar y tex ts

from repres entati v e c ountr ies such as Malaysia, Singapore, T hai l and, and the

Philippines for m a par t of the literature from Southeast Asia w hi l e Ar abi c

literature and J ew i s h l i ter ature represent the writings from Wes t As i a. East Asian l i ter atur e enc ompasses the literary traditions of s ev er al c ountr i es i n

East Asia, i nc l udi ng C hi na, Japan, and Korea. Each of these c ountr i es has a r i c h

literary her i tage that has evolved over thousands of years, i nfl uenc ed by

historical , c ul tur al , and s ocial changes. China

China is known as The Red Dragon .

Any study of Asian literature must begin with China not just because of its power and dominance

in the region, but also because of its profound influence on the literatures of other countries .

China has one of the oldest existing literatures, which to date is 3,000 years old . Interestingly, too,

Chinese literature uses language consisting of script or characters that stand for ideas . Thus, this

makes Chinese writings understandable to all people at any time in any part of China without

regard for local and regional dialects . Even if there may be hundreds of varieties of dialects

spoken in China, there is only one written medium from which literature is read or understood .

Ancient Period : Texts like the "Shijing" and philosophical works by Confucius and Laozi .

Medieval Period : Flourishing of poetry during the Tang Dynasty and prose in the Song Dynasty .

Modern Period : Introduction of Western literary forms, leading to the emergence of modern

Chinese literature with authors like Lu Xun and the influence of the May Fourth Movement in

1919 .Dynasties of China

1. Xia Dynasty (c . 2070  c. 1600 BCE)

2. Shang Dynasty (c . 1600  c. 1046 BCE)

3. Zhou Dynasty (c . 1046  256 BCE)

4. Qin Dynasty (221  206 BCE)

5. Han Dynasty (206 BCE  220 CE)

6. Three Kingdoms (220  280 )

7. Jin Dynasty (266  420 )

8. Southern and Northern Dynasties (420  589 )

9. Sui Dynasty (581  618 )

10. Tang Dynasty (618  907 )

11. Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907  960 )

12. Song Dynasty (960  1279 )

13. Yuan Dynasty (1271  1368 )

14. Ming Dynasty (1368  1644 )

15. Qing Dynasty (1644  1912 )

16. Republic of China and

People's Republic of China

(1912  present) In modern times, Chinese writers have remained prolific . Though the social impact of literature

may be as monumental as it was in the past, the Chinese literary tradition is nevertheless

prosperous .

Notable writers :

Mo Yan

Yu Hua

Wang Shuo

Shi Tiesheng

Gao Xiaosheng

Wang Zengqi

Zhang Chengzhi

# Known Authors  Know as Land of The Rising Sun

Japanese literature is another important literature from Asia, and is considered one of the major

literatures in the world . In the beginning, Japan had no writing system until it developed its own

based on borrowed and modified Chinese characters or script . This Japanese system of writing is

called Kanji which, like the Chinese system of writing, grew alongside calligraphy  the stylized

and artistic writing of characters or script . It can be said, however, that the early Japanese

writings had been heavily influenced by Chinese literature, but Japan quickly developed a style

and quality of its own .

Japanese literary history is generally divided into four main periods : ancient, classic, medieval, and

modern . During the ancient era, before the 8th century, only oral traditions existed because of the

absence of a writing system . Consequently, written literature came with the introduction of the

Kanji, the Chinese writing system, which was followed by the publication of The Kojiki (Record of

Ancient Matters), the oldest extant chronicle in Japan .

Edo Period : Rise of popular literature and poetic forms like haiku and kabuki plays .

# Japan  The most significant development in 21 st -century Japanese literature is the rise of the manga, a

popular form of entertainment . Manga Japanese comics enjoy a broad patronage because people

of all ages read it . The genres cover a variety of types : action, adventure, romance, drama, science

fiction, fantasy, mystery, horror, comedy, and a lot more . Famous mangaka, or comic

artists/cartoonists, include Naoki Urasawa, an avant -garde mangaka who has been consistently

conferred the prestigious Manga Awards in Japan over the years ; Akira Toriyama, who has

earned immense popularity in Japan and in many countries for his Dragon Ball series ; and

Masashi Kishimoto, a popular household mangaka in and out of Japan known for his Naruto

series .

Despite its enormous popularity, the Japanese manga has been criticized for causing a decline in

the quality of Japanese writing . Ironically, the manga has encouraged the younger generation to

# Japan  Know as Land of The Morning calm in South Korea, while The hermit Kingdom in North

Korea

Korea was established in 918 by King Taejo of Goryeo dynasty .

The name Corea was attested in English in early 1614 and the name Korea was used in the

19 th century until today .

The English name Korea derives from the word Goryeo .

Korean is the official language of both North and South Korea .

Korean has borrowed much vocabulary from the Chinese .

In the 15 th century, the Hanja was replaced by Hangul

Korean alphabets are called as Hangul in South Korea and Chosungul in China and North Korea .

In 1945 , Korea became a divided protectorate in which North Korea  the part of the country

north of the 38 th parallel -fell under the

control of the former Soviet Union, while the region south of the 38 th parallel came under the

rule of the United States .

# Korea  Three Kingdoms Period (57 BCE -668 CE) : Development of early Korean literature, heavily

influenced by Chinese texts .

Joseon Dynasty (1392 -1910 ): Flourishing of Confucian literature, poetry, and the creation of the

Korean alphabet Hangul by King Sejong .

Classical Literature : Influenced by Chinese literature and Confucianism . Early works include

"Samguk Yusa" and "Samguk Sagi," historical texts from the Goryeo Dynasty (918 -1392 ).

Modern Period : Introduction of Western literary styles and the rise of modern Korean literature

post -Japanese occupation (1910 -1945 ).

Modern Literature : The 20 th century saw the influence of Western literature and the emergence

of modern Korean writers like Yi Kwang -su and Kim Sowol .

The rise of K-drama and K-pop has had a significant impact on Korean literature, both in South

Korea and internationally . These cultural phenomena, part of the broader "Korean Wave" or

"Hallyu," have brought global attention to various aspects of Korean culture, including literature .

# Korea South Asian literature refers to the body of literary works produced in the South

Asian region, which includes countries like India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka,

Nepal, Bhutan, and the Maldives. This literature is characterized by its rich diversity,

encompassing a multitude of languages, cultures, and traditions  Indus Valley Civilization : One of the world's oldest civilizations, flourishing around 2500 -1500

BCE, known for its advanced urban planning and writing system (yet undeciphered) .

Vedic Period : Marked by the composition of the Vedas and the formation of early Hindu society .

Maurya and Gupta Empires : Golden ages of Indian history (circa 322 BCE - 550 CE) with

significant advancements in arts, science, and literature .

Medieval Period : Characterized by the rise of various regional kingdoms, the spread of Islam, and

the establishment of the Mughal Empire .

British Colonial Period : Lasted from the 18 th century until India's independence in 1947 . It

brought about significant cultural, social, and political changes .

Independence and Partition : India gained independence from British rule in 1947 , leading to the

partition of India and Pakistan, a traumatic event that has been a major theme in Indian

literature .

# India  The earliest form of Indian literature is the Vedic literature, comprising the Vedas, which are a

collection of hymns, rituals, and philosophical texts . The four Vedas are Rigveda, Samaveda,

Yajurveda, and Atharvaveda .

The two great Indian epics, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, are central to Indian culture and

literature . The Mahabharata, attributed to Vyasa, is the longest epic poem in the world, while the

Ramayana, attributed to Valmiki, narrates the life and adventures of Prince Rama .

Classical Sanskrit literature includes works of drama, poetry, and prose .

Other significant works include the "Arthashastra" by Kautilya, a treatise on statecraft, and

"Kamasutra" by Vatsyayana, a text on human relationships .

Medieval India saw the flourishing of literature in regional languages like Tamil, Telugu, Kannada,

Malayalam, Marathi, Bengali, and others .

The British colonial period introduced English as a literary language in India . Writers like Raja Rao,

R.K. Narayan, and Mulk Raj Anand wrote in English, addressing themes of colonialism, social reform,

and cultural identity .

Post -independence Indian literature explores themes of partition, independence, social justice, and

the complexities of modern Indian society .

# India  Pakistani literature encompasses the diverse literary traditions of Pakistan, written in multiple

languages including Urdu, Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto, Balochi, and English . Reflecting the country's

rich cultural heritage and complex history, Pakistani literature has evolved through various

periods, each marked by distinctive themes and styles .

The region now known as Pakistan was historically part of various ancient civilizations,

including the Indus Valley Civilization (circa 2500 -1500 BCE) .

The British colonial era began in the mid -19 th century, significantly influencing the region's

social, cultural, and political landscape .

Pakistan was initially comprised of West Pakistan (present -day Pakistan) and East Pakistan

(present -day Bangladesh) . The country experienced political turmoil, leading to the secession of

East Pakistan in 1971 .

# Pakistan  Literature in the region before partition was heavily influenced by Persian and Urdu literary

traditions, with prominent poets like Mirza Ghalib and Allama Iqbal, whose works explored

themes of identity, nationalism, and spirituality .

The trauma of partition and the creation of Pakistan in 1947 profoundly impacted its literature,

with writers like Saadat Hasan Manto capturing the horror and human cost of this event in his

short stories .

Contemporary Pakistani literature addresses various themes, including identity, politics, social

issues, and the diaspora experience .

The rise of English -language literature in Pakistan has led to a new wave of writers who bridge

the gap between Eastern and Western literary traditions .

# Pakistan  The history of Sri Lanka dates back to the ancient period, with evidence of human settlement as

early as 125 ,000 years ago . The ancient civilization was influenced by Indian culture and the spread

of Buddhism, which was introduced in the 3rd century BCE

Portuguese and Dutch Colonies : In the 16 th and 17 th centuries, Sri Lanka was colonized by the

Portuguese and later the Dutch . This period saw the introduction of Western literary forms and

influences .

Independence and Ethnic Conflict : After gaining independence in 1948 , Sri Lanka experienced

significant political and social changes, including ethnic conflicts between the Sinhalese majority

and Tamil minority, culminating in a civil war that lasted until 2009 .

Sinhala Literature : Modern Sinhala literature addresses social issues, politics, and cultural identity .

Tamil Literature : Tamil literature in Sri Lanka includes classical and modern works

English Literature : English -language literature has flourished with works by authors like Michael

Ondaatje, whose novel "The English Patient" won the Booker Prize, and Romesh Gunesekera, known

for his novels reflecting Sri Lankan identity and conflict .

# Sri Lanka Southeast Asian literature encompasses the diverse literary traditions of the

countries in the Southeast Asian region, which includes nations like Indonesia,

Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Brunei, and

Singapore. This literature is characterized by its variety of languages, cultures, and

historical influences.  Early Vietnamese culture was influenced by Chinese civilization due to long periods of Chinese

rule .

Works were often written in Classical Chinese or in "Nom," a script used for writing Vietnamese .

During the Tang and Song dynasties, Chinese cultural and literary traditions profoundly

influenced Vietnam . The Vietnamese court adopted Classical Chinese as the language of

administration and literature .

In 1651 , a Jesuit priest, Alexandre de Rhodes, introduced a new set of script that eventually

became Vietnam's national alphabet . Called Quoc -ngu, this was much simpler than the Chinese

script and Chu Nom

French colonization (from the late 19 th century to 1954 ) introduced new literary forms and

languages .

After the end of French rule and the subsequent division of Vietnam, the country experienced

significant upheaval during the Vietnam War (1955 -1975 ). This period produced literature that

reflects the trauma and resistance of the war years .

# Vietnam  Cambodian literature is rich and diverse, reflecting the country's ancient heritage, religious

influences, and contemporary social changes . It includes works written in Khmer, the official

language, as well as French and English .

Cambodia's history dates back to the early Funan and Chenla kingdoms (circa 1st to 6th

centuries CE), which were influenced by Indian culture and religion .

The Khmer Empire (802 -1431 CE), with its capital at Angkor, was a dominant force in Southeast

Asia .

After the fall of Angkor in the 15 th century, Cambodia experienced periods of decline and

foreign domination by neighboring Thailand and Vietnam .

Cambodia became a French protectorate in 1863 , which lasted until 1953 . This period introduced

French language and literary forms to Cambodia, influencing local literature .

After gaining independence in 1953 , Cambodia experienced political instability, culminating in

the Khmer Rouge regime (1975 -1979 ), which caused immense suffering and loss of life .

Post -Khmer Rouge, Cambodia has been rebuilding, and contemporary literature often reflects the

themes of trauma, recovery, and cultural revival .

# Cambodia  Thailand's history dates back to early kingdoms such as the Dvaravati (6th to 11 th

centuries) and the Khmer Empire's influence .

The Sukhothai period (1238 -1438 ) is often considered the golden age of Thai

culture and literature .

Important works from the Ayutthaya period include the epic poem "Khun Chang

Khun Phaen" and the "Ramakien," the Thai version of the Indian epic "Ramayana ."

The Rattanakosin period, starting with the establishment of Bangkok as the capital

in 1782 , saw a flourishing of literature and arts under the Chakri dynasty .

any traditional works are influenced by Buddhist teachings and reflect themes of

morality, karma, and the transient nature of life .

The 20 th century brought significant political and social changes to Thailand,

including the transition from absolute to constitutional monarchy in 1932 .

Modern Thai literature often addresses contemporary social issues, globalization,

and the impact of technology on society .

The rise of Boys' Love (BL) literature and media in Thailand during the 21 st

century has been a significant cultural phenomenon, reflecting broader social

changes and increasing acceptance of LGBTQ+ identities .

# Thailand  Indonesia's early history includes the rise of Hindu -Buddhist kingdoms such as

Srivijaya (7th to 13 th centuries) and Majapahit (13 th to 16 th centuries) . These periods

saw the production of religious texts and epic poetry .

Early literature was heavily influenced by Indian epics like the "Ramayana" and

"Mahabharata," which were adapted into local versions such as the "Kakawin

Ramayana ."

From the 13 th century onward, Islam began to spread throughout the archipelago,

bringing new literary forms, including religious poetry, didactic literature, and hikayat

(prose narratives) .

The arrival of Islam brought new literary genres, including hikayat and syair, which

often combined Islamic themes with local folklore .

Indonesia was colonized by the Dutch from the 17 th century until the mid -20 th

century . This period saw the emergence of modern Indonesian literature influenced by

Western literary forms .

Indonesia gained independence in 1945 . Post -independence literature often dealt with

themes of nationalism, social change, and identity .

Modern Indonesian literature reflects the country's ongoing social, political, and

cultural changes, exploring themes such as urbanization, gender, and globalization .

# Indonesia West Asian literature encompasses the diverse literary traditions of countries in

Western Asia, also commonly referred to as the Middle East. This region includes

countries such as Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Saudi Arabia, and the Gulf

states. The literature from this region is characterized by its rich history, complex

cultural interactions, and profound influence on global literary traditions.  The Hebrew Bible, or Tanakh, is one of the most significant contributions to world literature . It

includes a wide range of genres, such as history, law, poetry, prophecy, and wisdom literature .

After the biblical period, Jewish literature continued to flourish with texts such as the Talmud

and Midrash, which are essential religious and legal writings .

During the long period of Jewish diaspora, literature was produced in various languages,

including Hebrew, Aramaic, Arabic, and later Yiddish and Ladino .

he Jewish Enlightenment (Haskalah) of the 18 th and 19 th centuries led to a revival of Hebrew

literature, with figures like Moses Mendelssohn and later Eliezer Ben -Yehuda, who spearheaded

the revival of Hebrew as a spoken language .

The late 19 th and early 20 th centuries saw the emergence of Zionist literature, which expressed

the aspirations for a Jewish homeland in Palestine .

Many Israeli writers have grappled with the themes of war and conflict, particularly the Arab -

Israeli wars and the ongoing Israeli -Palestinian conflict .

The Holocaust has been a central theme in Israeli literature, with writers like Aharon Appelfeld

and Yehuda Amichai addressing the trauma and memory of the Holocaust .

# Israel  The region of Palestine, historically situated at the crossroads of the Middle East, has a long

history of various cultures and civilizations .

Under Islamic rule from the 7th century onward, Palestine was part of the larger Arabic -

speaking world .

From the 16 th to the early 20 th century, Palestine was part of the Ottoman Empire . During this

time, Palestinian literature was influenced by the broader Arabic literary tradition and included

works in poetry, prose, and essays .

During the British Mandate (1920 -1948 ), Palestinian writers began to explore themes of

nationalism and identity as the political situation in the region became increasingly tense .

The creation of the State of Israel in 1948 led to the Nakba (Catastrophe), during which many

Palestinians were displaced from their homes . This event profoundly influenced Palestinian

literature, which began to address themes of exile, loss, and the struggle for identity .

The subsequent occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip and the two Intifadas (uprisings)

have also shaped Palestinian literature, reflecting the daily realities of living under occupation

and the desire for freedom .

# Palestine  The Arabian Peninsula has a rich tradition of pre -Islamic poetry, known as "Jahiliyyah" poetry, which

often celebrated themes of heroism, honor, and the desert life .

With the advent of Islam in the 7th century, Arabic literature began to flourish under the Umayyad

and Abbasid caliphates . While this period is not specific to Saudi Arabia, it greatly influenced the

literary culture of the region .

From the 16 th to the early 20 th century, parts of the Arabian Peninsula were under Ottoman control .

Saudi Arabia is a major oil producer and exporter, which has significantly influenced its economic and

political development .

Islam is the state religion, and Saudi Arabia is home to the two holiest cities in Islam, Mecca and

Medina .

In 1932 , the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was established under King Abdulaziz Al Saud . The formation

of the modern state brought significant political, social, and economic changes, influencing the

development of literature .

The 20 th and 21 st centuries have seen the emergence of a vibrant Saudi literary scene, addressing

themes related to modernity, tradition, and the complexities of Saudi society .

# Saudi Arabia "Kimi no Na wa" (  ), also known as "Your Name," is a Japanese animated

film directed by Makoto Shinkai. Released in 2016, it quickly became one of the

highest -grossing anime films of all time.  Born: F ebr uar y 9, 1973, in Nagano

Prefectur e, J apan.

Career : Shi nk ai began his career in

the video gam e i ndus tr y, creating

animati on and s tor y boards. He

transiti oned to fi l m m ak i ng and gained

recogni ti on w i th w or k s like "Voices of a

Di stant Star" (2002) and "5

Centim eter s Per Sec ond" (2007).

Style: Know n for hi s detailed and

beautiful ani m ati on, emotional

stor ytelling, and themes of di stance

and longi ng.

# Makoto Shinkai  Releas e D ate: Augus t 26, 2016.

Cultural Im pac t: "Your Name" came out during a time when ani m e w as gai ni ng

global r ec ogni ti on. It r eflected contemporary issues such as r ur al depopul ati on

and the 2011 T hok u earthquake and tsunami.

Recepti on: It bec am e the highest - grossing anime film wor l dw i de, s ur pas s i ng

Studio Ghi bl i s "Spi r i ted Away." Tessie an d Say ak a : M i tsu ha' s fr i ends w h o

support h e r dur i ng t h e c r i s i s .

Hitoha M iyamizu : Mitsuha ' s gr an dm oth er, w ho i s a

shri ne maid en a n d u nde rsta nds t h e m y s ti c al el em ents

affecting M i tsuha a n d Taki .

Yotsuha Miyamiz u : M i ts uha' s younger sister. M itsuh a Miya miz u : A h i g h s c hoo l

girl fro m t h e r ur al t o w n o f I tom or i

who w i shes fo r a l i fe i n Tok y o . S he

i s ki nd , r esp onsi bl e, and seeks

m ore excitem ent i n h e r l i fe .

Taki Tachib a n a : A hi g h s choo l b oy i n

Tokyo w ho j ug gl es s c ho ol , a p a rt - time j ob,

a n d dr e ams o f bec om i ng a n a rchitect . H e

i s de ter min e d, compassi onat e, an d

becomes deepl y c onnec ted t o M i tsuha .2. Discovery an d Connect ion :

Thro ug h their b o d y - s w app i ng ex p er i enc e s ,

t h e y le arn a b out ea c h oth er s l i v es a n d

deve lo p a d ee p bon d . T hey tr y t o ad apt a nd

hel p e a ch oth e r, l e ad i ng t o hum o r o us an d

touching moments .

1 . B o d y Swap p in g : M i ts uha a n d Taki be g in t o

swap b odi es w i t h o u t a ny ex pl anat ion , waking u p

i n e ach othe r ' s l i v es e v er y fe w days . They l eave

notes a nd mes sages t o hel p each ot her n av i gat e

their s wapp ed l i v es , gr a d ual ly bui ldi ng a

connection des pi te nev er having met .4. Savi n g Itomori :

Determi ned t o s av e M i tsuha a nd th e

townsp eop le, Tak i us e s t h e b ody - sw app in g t o

warn Mitsuha o f t h e i m pe ndi ng disaste r .

Mitsuha , back i n he r own body, t r i es t o

convince t h e tow ns peopl e t o evacuate .

3 . Mits uhas F ate : Ta ki di s c o v er s th at M i ts u ha' s

town, Itomor i , was de str oyed by a comet th r ee

years ear lie r, a n d ev er y one i n t h e tow n

per ishe d, inc l udi ng Mits uha . T hi s m eans t h a t

their b o d y - s wapp in g tr a n s c ends ti m e, w i th

Mitsuha existing i n t h e pas t .6. R eu n i o n :

Years late r, a s y ou ng ad ults, Taki an d

Mitsuha f e e l a n i nex p l i c abl e sense o f l on gi n g

a n d fa milia r i ty . T hey ev ent ua lly cros s p a t h s

i n Toky o an d, driv en by a m utua l sense of

reco gni tion, a s k eac h oth er, "Yo ur nam e

i s  ?

5 . Final Effor ts : De spi te s ev er al c hal l en ges ,

Mi tsuha and Taki ma nag e t o al ter t he ti me l i n e,

lea din g t o th e successful ev a c uati o n o f Ito m or i .

Howeve r, this disr up ts thei r c onn e c ti on, an d

t h e y forget each other s nam es a n d ex per i enc es .The no n - line ar narra tiv e a nd t he conc ept o f b o d y - swapping across diff eren t timel in es

highl igh t t h e com plexi ties o f time and memory . Th e cha rac ters s tr uggle to r emember each

othe r a f ter t he timel ine i s al ter ed emp hasizes how me mories can b e both f le eti ng an d

pro foun d . This reson a tes wi th the au dience 's own e xperienc es o f r emembering an d

forgetting s ignif ic ant moments and people i n their lives .

> Th e c e n t r a l t h e m e o f "Yo u r N a me " i s t h e id e a o f f a t e a n d t h e m y s t i c a l c o n n e c t i on b e t w e en
> M it s u h a a n d Ta k i .Th e r e d t h r e a d o f f a t e , ac o mmo n mo t if i n Ea s t As i a n f o l k l o r e , s y m bo l i z e s
> t h e in v is ib le b o nd t h a t t i e s t h e t wo p r o t a g o n is t s t o g e t h e r .Th is t h r e a d i s o f t e n d e p ic t e d i n t h e
> m o v ie , r e in f o r c in g t h e id e a t h a t s o m e c o n n e c t io n s a r e m e a n t t o b e .

Through the bo d y - swapping mechanism, Mitsuha and Tak i ge t to e xperienc e l i fe fro m each

othe r s perspect ives, le ading to signi f icant pe rsonal gro wth . Thi s th eme explo re s how

steppi ng in to so meone e lses sh oes ca n broad e n one s unders ta nding o f th emselves and

the wo rl d . The f ilm cont rasts r ur al and u rban l i fe , showin g th e be auty a n d ch alle nges o f

both settings .

Time and Memory:

Fate and Connection:

Identity and Growth: Taki ' s j our ney thro ugh Mitsuh a' s wor l d teac hes

him em pathy a nd a d eep er a ppr ecia tion fo r life

beyo nd his ur ban ex i s tenc e . H i s determi n atio n

t o save Mits uh a a nd h e r tow n sh ow cases his

growt h fr om a somewh at di r ec ti onl ess teen ag er

t o a proactiv e a n d c ar i ng i ndividual .

Mitsuha ' s c har ac ter r epr es e n ts a year ni ng f o r

chan ge an d e s c ape f r om th e conf i nes o f he r

tradi t i o nal lif e . Her exper ien ces i n Tak i ' s bod y

all ow h e r t o ex pl o r e t h e ind ep en denc e an d

excitem ent s he c r av es , ul ti ma tely givi ng he r t h e

courage t o ac t dec i s i v el y i n h e r own life .Soundt rack - T R adw i m ps  so undt rac k plays a vital role i n c onv ey i ng t h e em oti o nal

und er to nes of the movi e . The musi c c om pl em ent s th e nar r a t i v e, en hanc i n g momen ts

o f j oy, tens i o n, a n d m el a nc h o ly . The songs  Zenze n zense  a n d  N and em o nai y a ar e

especially m em or abl e, addi ng d e p t h t o key scenes .

Animat ion - The meti culo us and br e athtaki n g ani m a ti on by Makoto Shi nkai and h i s

t e a m e nha nc e s t h e s to r y t e l l i ng . The detail e d dep iction o f l ands c a pes , w e athe r, a nd

urb an e nvir onm ents i m m er s es viewe r s i n th e worl d o f t h e f ilm . T h e c om e t s c ene s ,

i n par ti cul ar, ar e v i s ual l y s tunning a n d serve a s a pivotal elem ent i n t h e nar r ati v e .Spir i tual El em ents : - The fi lm in co rpora te s eleme nt s o f Shin to spi ri tual i t y,

par ti cula rly throu gh Mi tsu has fam ily s ro l e as s hr ine maid ens and th e r it u als t he y

per form . This sp iri tua l la yer add s a my s ti cal qua li t y to t he s to ry a nd re in f orce s t h e

theme of fate .

Tra diti on al v s . M o de rn Jap an - The

fi lm ju xta p o s e s th e tra d iti o n a l, sh r in e -

c e n tr i c life o f Ito mo r i with th e fa st -

p a ce d , co n te mp o r a r y life i n To k yo . Th is

c o n tr a st n o t o n l y h ig h lig h ts th e

d iv er sit y with in J apa ne se cu lture b u t

a ls o re fle ct s th e te n s io n b e tw e e n

p re s e r vin g tra d itio n s a n d e mb r a c in g

m o d e rn ity . E m o t i o n a l R e s o n a n c e :

" Yo ur N am e " r es on a t e s emo t i o n al ly w it h a u d ie n c e s d ue t o i ts un i v er s al th e m e s

o f l ov e , l os s , an d t h e s e a rc h fo r c o n n ec t i o n . Th e c h ar ac t e rs em o ti o n a l

j o u r n ey s a n d t h e h i g h st a ke s o f t h ei r si t u a tio n c r e ate a c omp e l li n g na rr a t iv e

t h a t i s b o t h h e a r t w a r mi n g a n d h e a r t b r e a k i n g

I m p a c t a n d L e g a c y :

T h e f ilm s s u cc e ss h a s c em e n t e d its p l a c e as a m o d er n cl a ss ic i n t h e re a lm o f

a n im a t e d ci n em a . I ts i n fl ue n c e ex te n d s b ey o n d J ap a n , c o nt ri b u ti n g t o t h e

g l o b a l a p p r e c i a t i o n o f a n i m e a s a s o p h i s t i c a t e d a n d e m o t i o n a l l y r i c h a r t f o r m .

I n c o n clu s i o n , I t p r om p ts vi ew e rs t o r e fl e c t o n t h e n at u r e of h u m a n

c o n n e c tio n s a n d h o w t h e y c a n t r a ns c e n d p hy si c al a nd t e m p ora l b o u n da r i es . I t

h i g h li g h ts t h e i mp o r t a n c e o f c h er is h i n g m om e n ts a nd t h e p eo p l e w e m e e t , as

w e ll a s th e im p ac t o f s ee mi n g ly s m all ac ti o n s o n o u r li v es a n d t h e w orl d

a r o u n d u s . T h e f ilm' s b l e n d o f f a n t a sy a n d r ea l it y all ow s f or a u n i q u e

e x p l o r a t i o n o f f a t e , m e m o r y, a n d t h e e n d u r i n g p o w e r o f l o v e ." Your Name" (Kimi no Na wa) represents 21st - century literature through

its innovative narrative techniques, blending of genres, exploration of

contemporary themes, and emotional depth. Key elements include:

1. Bl en d i n g o f G en res an d M ed i a : Com bi nes rom anc e, f ant as y, dram a, a n d s c i enc e f i ct i on, and

engages i n t rans m edi a s t ory t el l i ng wi t h adapt at i ons i n nov el s , m anga, and m erc handi s e .

2. Co m p l ex Nar r ati ve S tr u c tu res : F eat ures a non - l i n ear t i m eli ne and c har ac t er - d ri v en p l ot ,

c hal l engi ng v i ewers t o pi ec e t oget her t he s t ory .

3. T h em es Re fl ecti n g Co n te m p o rary I ssu es : E x pl ore s i dent i ty, urban v s . r u r a l l if e, and t he

i nf l uenc e of t ec hnol ogy, addres s i ng s oc i et al t rans i t i ons and c ul t ural s hi f t s .

4. Gl obal i zati o n and Cu l tu ral E xch an g e : A c hi ev es i nter n at i ona l ac c l ai m, s howc a s i ng J apanes e

c ul t ure whi l e res onat i ng wi t h a di v ers e gl obal audi enc e .

5. E m o ti o nal an d P sych o l o g i cal Dep th : D el v es i nt o t hem es of l ov e, l os s, longi n g, an d

i nt erpers onal rel at i ons hi ps , pri ori t i z i ng t he ex pl orat i on of t he hum an c ondi t i on .

6. I n n o vative Vi sual an d Au d i to ry S to ryt e ll in g : Uti l i z es det ai l ed ani m at i on and a c urat e d

s oundt rac k t o enhanc e t he narrat i v e and c reat e an i m m ers i v e ex peri enc e .

7. T h em es o f M em or y an d Im p erm an en ce : A d dres s es the eph e m eral nat ure of mem ory an d t he

i m pac t of c at as t rophes , ref l ec t i ng m odern ex i s t ent i al c onc erns .21st Asian Literature refers to literary works produced by authors from Asia or

those of Asian descent in the 21st century. This genre encompasses a wide

range of themes, styles, and narratives that reflect the diverse cultures,

histories, and contemporary experiences of Asian societies. The first Afr i c an l i ter atur e is circa 2300 - 2100, when ancient Egy pti ans begi n us i ng

burial texts to ac c om pany their dead. These include the first w r i tten ac c ounts of

creation - the M em phi te D eclaration of Deities. Not only that, but ' papy r us ' , fr om

which we or i gi nate our w ord for paper, was invented by the Egy pti ans , and w r i ti ng

flourished. In c ontr as t, Sub - Saharan Africa feature a vibrant and v ar i ed or al

culture.

Or al cul ture takes many for ms: pr over bs and r i ddl es, epi c nar r ati ves, or ati on and

personal tes ti m ony, pr ai s e poetry and songs, chants and ritual s , s tor i es , l egends

and folk tal es . T hi s i s pr es ent in the many proverbs told in T hi ngs F al l Apar t, and

the rich cul tur al em phas i s of that book also is typically African. Som e of ex am pl es

of pr e - col onial literature incl ude "Epi c of Sundi ata" composed i n medi eval Mal i , and

the older "Epi c of D i nga" from the old Ghana Empire.  C o l o n i z a t i o n P e r i o d :

W i t h t he p e r i o d o f Co l o n i z a t i o n , A f r ic a n o r a l t r a d i t i o n s a n d

w r i tt e n w o r k s ca m e u n d e r a se r i o u s o u t s i d e t h r e a t . E u r o p e a n s ,

j u s t i f y i n g t h e m s e l v e s w i t h t h e C h r i s t i a n e t h i c s , tr i e d t o d e s t r o y

t h e "p a g a n " a n d " p r i m i t i v e " c u l t u r e o f t h e Afr ic a n s , t o m a k e t h e m

m o r e p l i a b l e s l a v e s . Th i s h a p p e n e d i n t h e la t e 1 8 t h c e n t u r y

w h e r e i n P o r t u g u e s e w h e r e t h e f i r s t m e n t o f i r m l y e s t a b l i s h

s e t t l e m e n t s i n A f r i c a .

S c r a m b l e f o r A f r i c a :

T h e " S c r a m b l e fo r A fr i c a " ( a l s o k n o w n a s t h e " Ra c e f o r A f r i c a " o r

t h e P a r t it i o n o f A fr i c a ) w a s t h e i n v a s i o n , o c c u p a t i o n ,

c o l o n i z a t i o n , a n d a n n e x a t i o n o f A fr i c a n t e r r i t o ry b y E u r o p e a n

p o w e r s d u r i n g th e p e r i o d o f N e w I m p e r ia lis m b e t w e e n 1 8 8 1 a n d

1 9 1 4 . I n 1 8 7 0 , 1 0 % of Af r i c a w a s u n d e r E u r o p e a n co n t r o l ; b y

1 9 1 4 i t w a s 9 0 %, w i t h o n l y A b y s s i n i a ( E t h i o p i a ) a n d L i b e r i a s t i l l

i n d e p e n d e n t .1 . A f r i c a a n d G l o b a l M a r k e t s

S u b - S a h a r a n A f r i c a , o n e o f t h e l a s t re g i o n s o f t h e w o r l d l a r g e l y u n t o u c h e d b y " in f o r m a l

i m p e r i a l i s m " , w as a l s o a tt r a ct i v e t o E u r o p e ' s r u l i n g e l i t e s f o r e c o n o m i c r e a s o n s . D u r i n g a t i m e

w h e n B r i t a i n ' s b a l a n c e of t r a d e s h o w e d a g ro w i n g d e f i c i t , wi t h s h r i n k i n g a n d i n c r e a s i n g l y

p r o t e c t i o n i s t c on t i n e n t a l m a r k e ts d u e t o t h e L o n g De p r e s s io n ( 1 8 7 3  9 6 ) , Af r ic a o ff e r e d Br it a in ,

G e r m a n y, F r a n c e , a n d o t h e r c o u n t r i e s a n o p e n m a r k e t th a t w o u l d g a r n e r t h e m a t r a d e s u r p l u s : a

m a r k e t t h a t b o u g h t m o r e f r o m t h e c o l o n i a l p o w e r t h a n i t s o l d o v e r a l l .

2 . St r a t e g i c R i v a l r y

T h e r i v a l r y b e t w e e n B r i t a i n , F r an c e , G er m a n y, a n d t h e o t h e r Eu r o p e a n p o w e r s a c c o u n t f o r a

l a r g e p a r t of t h e c o l o n i z a t i o n . Wh i l e t r o p i c a l A f r i c a w a s n o t a l a r g e z o n e o f i n v e s t m e n t , o t h e r

o v e r s e a r e g i o n s w e r e . Th e v a s t i n t e r i o r b e t w e e n t h e g o l d a n d d i a m o n d - r i c h S o u t h e r n A f r i c a a n d

E g y p t ha d s t r ate g i c v a l u e i n s e c u r i n g t h e f l o w of o v e r s e a s t r ad e . B r i ta i n w a s u n d e r p o l i t i c a l

p r e s s u r e t o s ec u r e l u c r a t i v e m a r k e t s a g a i n s t e n c r o a c h in g r iv a ls i n C h i n a a n d it s e a s t e r n

c o l o n i e s , m o s t n o t a b l y I n d i a , M a l a y a , A u s t r a l i a , a n d N e w Ze a l a n d . T h u s , s e c u r i n g t h e k e y

w a t e r w a y b e t w e e n E a s t a n d We s t  t h e S u e z C a n a l  w a s c r u c i a l .3 . G e r m a n y ' s We l t p o l i t ik

G e r m a n y w a s h a r d l y a c o l o n i a l p o w e r b e f o r e th e N e w I m p e r i a l i s m p e r i o d , b u t w o u l d e a g e r l y

p a r t i c i p a t e i n th i s r a c e . F r a g m e n t e d i n v a r i o u s st a t e s , i t w a s on l y u n i f i e d u n d e r P r u s s i a ' s r u l e

a f t e r t he 1 8 6 6 B a t t l e o f S a d o w a a n d th e 1 8 7 0 Fr a n c o - P r u s s i a n Wa r . A r i s i n g i n d u s t r i a l p o w e r

c l o s e o n t h e he e l s o f B r i t a i n , G e r m a n y b e g a n i t s w o rl d e x p a n s i o n i n t h e 1 8 8 0 s . We l t p o l i t i k

( Wo r l d P o l i c y ) w a s t h e f o r e i g n p o l i c y a d o p t e d b y K a i s e r W i l h e l m I I in 1 8 9 0 , w it h t he a i m o f

t r a n s f o rm i n g Ge r m a n y i n t o a g l o b a l p o w e r t h ro u g h a g g r e s s i v e d i p l o m a c y, t h e a c q u i s i t i o n o f

o v e r s e a s c o l o n i e s , a n d t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a la r g e n a v y .

4 . I t a l y ' s e x p a n s i o n

I t a l y t o o k p o s s e s s i o n o f p a r t s of E r i t r e a i n 1 8 7 0 a n d 1 8 8 2 . F o l l o w i n g i t s d e f e a t i n t h e F i r st

I t a l o  E t h i o p i a n Wa r ( 1 8 9 5  1 8 9 6 ) , i t a c q u i r e d Ita l i a n S o m a l i l a n d i n 1 8 8 9  9 0 a n d t h e wh o l e o f

E r i t r e a ( 1 8 9 9 ) . I n 1 9 11 , i t e n g a g e d i n a w a r w i t h t h e O tt o m a n E m p i r e , i n w h i c h i t a c q u i r e d

Tr i p o l i t a n i a a n d C y r e n a i c a ( m o d e r n L i b y a ) . I n 19 1 9 E n r i c o C o r r a d i n i  w h o f u l l y s u p p o r t e d t h e

w a r, a n d l a t e r m e r g e d h i s g r o u p i n t h e e a r ly fa s c is t p a r t y ( PNF )  d e v e l o p e d t h e c o n c e p t o f

P r o l e t a r i a n N a t i o n a l i s m , s u p p o s e d t o l e g i t i m i z e It a l y ' s i m p e r i a l i s m b y a m i x t u r e o f s o c i a l i s m

w i t h n a t i o n a l i s m .B e l g i u m

C o n g o F r e e S t a t e a n d B e l g i a n C o n g o ( t o d a y ' s D e m o c r a t i c R e p u b l i c o f t h e C o n g o )

R u a n d a - U r u n d i ( c o m p r i s i n g m o d e r n R w a n d a a n d B u r u n d i , 1 9 2 2  6 2 )

I t a l y

I t a l i a n N o r t h A f r i c a

I t a l i a n L i b y a

I t a l i a n E r i t r e a

I t a l i a n S o m a l i l a n d

G e r m a n y

G e r m a n K a m e r u n ( n o w C a m e r o o n a n d p a r t o f N i g e r i a , 1 8 8 4  1 9 1 6 )

G e r m a n E a s t A f r i c a ( n o w Rwa n d a , Bu r u n d i a n d m o s t o f Ta n z a n ia , 1 8 8 5  1 9 1 9 )

G e r m a n S o u t h - We s t A f r i c a ( n o w N a m i b i a , 1 8 8 4  1 9 1 5 )

G e r m a n To g o l a n d ( n o w To g o a n d e a s t e r n p a r t o f G h a n a , 1 8 8 4  1 9 1 4 )F r a n c e

F r e n c h We s t A f r i c a :

M a u r i t a n i a

S e n e g a l

A l b r e d a ( 1 6 8 1  1 8 5 7 , n o w p a r t o f G a m b i a )

F r e n c h S u d a n ( n o w M a li)

F r e n c h G u i n e a ( n o w G u i n e a )

I v o r y C o a s t

N i g e r

F r e n c h U p p e r Vo l t a ( n o w B u r k i n a F a s o )

F r e n c h D a h o m e y ( n o w Be n in )

F r e n c h To g o l a n d ( 1 9 1 6  6 0 , n o w To g o )

F r e n c h E q u a t o r i a l A f r i c a :

G a b o n

R u s s i a

S a g a l l o ( N o w D j i b o u t i , 1 8 8 9 )

> F r e n c h C a me r o u n (1 9 2 2 6 0 )
> F r e n c h Co n g o ( n o w R e p u b lic o f th e
> C o n g o )
> O u b a n g u i -C h a r i ( no w C e n tr a l Afr ic a n
> R e p u b lic )
> C h a d
> F r e n c h N o r th Afr ic a :
> F r e n c h Alg e r ia
> Fr enc h Pr otec tor ate o f Tunis ia
> F r e n c h Mo r o c c o
> F r e n c h Ea s t Afr ic a :
> Ma d a g a s c a r
> C o mo r o s
> Sc a tte r e d is la n d s i n th e In d ia n
> O c e a n
> F r e n c h So ma lila n d ( n o w D jib o u ti)

S p ai n

S pani s h Nort h A f r i c a

Nort hern S pani s h M oroc c o

Chef c haouen ( C h a u e n )

J ebal a (Yebal a)

K ert

Louk k os (Luc us )

Ri f

S pani s h G ui nea ( n o w E quat ori al Gui nea)

F ernando P

> R o Mu n i
> An n o b  n
> Sp a n is h We s t Afr ic a
> Souther n Spanis h Mor oc c o
> C a p e J u b y
> Ifn i
> Sp a n is h Sa h a r a ( n o w We s t e r n
> Sa h a r a )
> R o d e O r o
> Saguia e l -H amr a

P o r tu g al

P ort ugues e Wes t A f ri c a ( n o w A ngol a)

M ai nl and A ngol a

P ort ugue s e Congo ( n o w Ca bi nda P r ov i nc e

of A ngol a)

P ort ugues e E as t A f ri c a (now M oz am bi que)

P ort ugues e G ui nea ( n o w Gui nea - B i s s au)

> C ape Ver de Is lands
> S o To m ePr n c ip e
> S o To m Is la n d
> Pr n c ip e Is la n d
> F o r t o f S o J o  o Ba p tis ta d e Aju d 
> ( n o w O u id a h , i n Be n in )

Un i ted Ki n g d o m

E gy pt

A ngl o - E gy pt i an S udan ( 1899  1956 )

B ri t i s h S om al i l and ( n o w part of S om al i a)

B ri t i s h E as t A f ri c a :

K eny a Col ony

Uganda P rot ec t orat e

Tanz ani a :

Tangany i k Terri t ory ( 1919  61 )

Z anz i bar

B ec huanal and (now B ot s wana)

S out hern Rhodes i a ( n o w Z i m babwe)

Nort hern Rhodes i a ( n o w Z am bi a)

B ri t i s h S out h A f ri c a

S out h A f ri c a :

Trans v aal Col ony

Cape Col ony

> C o lo n y o f N a ta l

Or ange R iv er C olony

> So u th -We s t Afr ic a ( fr o m 1 9 1 5 ,n o w
> N a mib ia )
> T h e G a mb ia
> Sie r r a L e o n e
> N ig e r ia
> Br itis h To g o la n d (1 9 1 6 5 6 ,to d a y
> p a r t o f G h a n a )
> C a me r o o n s (1 9 2 2 6 1 ,n o w p a r ts o f
> C a me r o o n a n d N ig e r ia )
> Br itis h G o ld C o a s t ( n o w G h a n a )

N y as aland ( now Malaw i)

> Ba s u to la n d ( n o w L e s o th o )
> Sw a z ila n d

S l av ery, whi c h be c am e c om m on wit hi n t he B ri t i s h I sl es duri n g t he M iddl e A ge s , and i n whi c h

B ri t ai n play ed a prom i nent rol e i n t he At l ant i c s l av e t rade es pec i al l y aft er 1600 , had al way s

f i gured i n Af ri c an wri t i ng . S l av ery wa s endem ic i n Af ri ca and was t hus part of ev ery day l if e . B ut

whi l e both poet ry and pros e depi c ted t he ens l av em ent of A f ric an peop l e, t he s lav e narr at i v es

c om pri s ed t he m ajori t y of the earl y publ i s hed w o r k of A f ri c an - B ri t i s h wri ters i n t he 18 t h a n d 19 th

c ent uri es . The narrat i v es of t hes e aut hors were c ul l ed f rom t hei r experi enc es and t he outc ry

agai ns t the t y ranny, phy s i cal abus e, and hy poc ri s y of t he Chri s t i an m as t ers who benef i ted f rom

t he N e g r o s l av es .One of the hi ghl i ght s i n the dev el opm ent of A f ri c an l i t erat ure was t he em ergen c e of t he Harl em

Renai s s a nc e, f rom 1918 u n ti l 1937 . Thi s was a c ult ural m ov em ent s purre d by A f ri c an - A m eri c ans i n

t he H a r l e m nei ghborho od i n M anhattan, New York , US A , duri ng whi c h blac k art, li t erat ure, and

m us i c experi enc es reac hed t hei r arti s ti c f l oweri ng . I n poet ry, t here was Langs ton Hugh es wh o

urge d bl ac k wri t ers t o wri t e di st i nct bl ac k art . I n f i cti on, Wal l ac e T hurm an wrot e a grou ndb r eak i ng

nov el tit led T he B l ac k er the B erry : A Nov el of Negr o Lif e whi c h ex plored rac i al di s c rim i nat i on

wi t hi n bl ac k c om muni t y . Me a n w hi l e, anot her l i t erary mov em ent aros e i n 1930 , f ounded i n Franc e

by b l a c k i nt el l ect ual and w ri t ers . Cal l ed " Negri t ude, " the m ov em ent aimed at rehabi l i t at i ng an d

res t ori ng t he A f ric a v al ues st am ped by F renc h c ol oni al i s m . Us i ng F renc h i n t hei r wri t i ngs ,

m em bers of t he Negri t ude f ound s ol i dari t y i n t hei r bl ac k i dent ity t hat was an eff ec t i v e res pons e

agai ns t c ol oni al i s m .

Today, A f ri c a f ac es a m i x t ure of pos t c ol oni al and new t hem es i n l i t erat ure . P rom i nent wri t ers s uc h

as Chi m am anda Ngoz i A di c hi e and Ngugi wa T hi ong' o are l eadi ng t he group of gl obal l y rec ogni z ed

A f ri c an wri t ers whos e work s c ont i nue t o c ham pi on t he perenni al i s s ue of rac i al di s c ri m i nat i on as

wel l as ex pl ore t he c ul t ure of A f ri c a . T he nex t l i t erary m ov em ent m ay j us t em erge f rom t hi s

c ont i nent not t oo l ong f rom now . Chi m am anda Ngo z i A di c hie i s a renown ed Ni geri a n aut hor

born on S ept em ber 15 , 1977 , i n E nugu, Ni geri a . S he gre w

up i n Ns uk k a, Ni geri a, wher e her f ather was a prof es s or an d

her m ot her was t he fi rs t f em al e regi s t rar at the Uni v er s i t y of

Ni geri a .

A di c hi e m ov ed t o t he Uni ted S t at es at t he age of 19 f or

c ol l ege . S he hol ds degree s f rom Eas t ern Connec t i c ut St at e

Uni v ers i t y, J ohns Hopk i ns Uni v ers i t y, and Yal e Uni v ers i t y .

Her wo rk s oft en ex pl ore t hem es of i dent i ty, di s pl ac em ent ,

and t he Af ri c an ex peri enc e, and s he i s k nown f or her

i ns i ght f ul c om m ent ary o n gender and pol i t i c s .

S om e of her not ab l e w o r k s i nc l ude "P urpl e Hi bi s c us , " "Hal f

of a Yel l ow S un, " " Am eri c anah, " and t he es s ay " We S houl d

A l l B e F em i ni s t s . " " Ch e c ki ng O ut " i s s et i n the e ar l y 20 00 s, a pe ri od ma r k e d b y

in c re a s ed gl ob a l m ig r a t i o n a n d t h e c h a ll e n g e s fa c e d b y

immigrant s, part icu la r l y t h o se f ro m d e ve lo p in g co untries .

T he sto r y ref le ct s t h e s o ci o - e c o n o mi c a n d p o l it i c al i s s u e s i n

N ig er ia, su c h a s co rr u pti on, l i m ite d o pp ort un i tie s, a n d th e

allure o f a bette r lif e a b ro a d .

T he b a c k dr op i n c lu d e s t h e U K ' s i m mi g r a t i o n p o li c ie s a nd t h e

e xp er ie n ce s o f u n d o cu m e n t e d i m m ig ra n t s fa ci n g

di s c ri m i nat io n, f e a r o f d e p o rt a t i o n , a n d t h e st r ug gl e t o

establish a n e w life in a foreign land .Obinze's Mot her : A supp o r ti ve a nd str ong - wi l l ed

w om an w h o influ enc es Obinze' s p ersp ecti v es o n l i fe

a n d r es i l i ence .

Nigel : Obinz e' s em pl oy er, w ho i s kind b ut ultimat ely

powerless t o c hange Obi nz e' s situation .Vincent : A fe l l ow N i g er i an w ho p rov ides Ob inze wit h a

fake i denti ty t o help him find wor k .

O b i n z e : The prot ago nist, a n intell i g ent an d r efl ec t i v e

Nige r i a n ma n who d r e am s of a bett er l i fe i n the U K but

f a c e s t he h ar sh re al ity o f bei ng a n u nd oc um e n ted

i m migrant . " Ch e c ki ng Out " f o l lo w s O b in z e , a Ni g e r ia n m a n w h o ha s

o ve r sta y ed h i s vi s a i n t h e U K . S t r u g g l in g t o su r v i ve, h e

w or k s m en ia l j o b s a nd l i ve s in c on st an t fea r o f be in g c a u g h t

b y immigratio n a u t h o rit ie s .

T he st o r y de l v e s i n t o O b i n ze ' s in n e r t u r mo il, h i s l on g in g for

home, a n d the h a rs h re a lit y o f h is sit u a t io n .

E ve ntu a ll y, O b i n ze i s deta in ed a nd fac e s d e p o rt a ti o n .

D e sp ite the a d ve r sit y, h e r e f l e ct s o n h i s j ou rn e y an d

maintains a sen se o f h o p e a n d re silie n ce . Immi gr ati o n a n d I d e nti ty : Th e st o r y e x pl o re s th e

c ha ll en ge s i m m ig ra nt s fa c e, in cl ud i ng th e lo s s o f id e n tit y

an d th e str ug g l e t o a d a p t t o a n e w cu lt u re w h il e ho l di ng o n

t o their roots .

H o p e a n d Re s i l i e nc e : De s p it e t h e d iff i cu lt c ir c u m s tan c e s,

Ob in z e' s jo ur ne y hi gh li ght s t he hu m an c ap a cit y fo r h o p e a n d

resilien ce .

Is ola ti o n a n d B e l o n gi n g : O b i n ze ' s e x p e ri e n c e u nd e r s co re s

the fe e l in g o f i s o l a t i o n ma n y i m m ig ra n t s e n d u r e a n d thei r

longing for a se n se o f b e lo n g in g . E m p a thy and Un d erstan di ng : Adic hies s t ory enc our ages

r e a d e r s t o em pat hiz e wit h t he plight of imm igr ant s and t o

u n d e r s t a n d t he c om plex it ies of t heir ex per ienc es .

Cri t i q ue o f I mmi g rat ion P o li ci es : T he st or y s ubt ly c r it iques

t h e st r ingent imm igr at ion polic ies t hat of t en dehum anize and

m a r g i n a l i z e indiv iduals s eek ing bet t er oppor t unit ies .

U n i v e r sa l S t rugg l es : While s pec if ic t o O binz es ex per ienc e,

t he st ory r ef lects univ ers al t hem es of s ear c hing f or ident ity,

b e l o n g i n g , and t he pur s uit of a bet t er lif e .

H u m a n Resi l i en ce : T he nar r ativ e em phas iz es t he r es ilienc e

a n d s t r engt h of t he hum an s pir it i n t he f ac e of adv er s it y ."C h e c k i n g Ou t " e x e mp li fie s 2 1 s t - c e n tu ry li te ra tu re t h ro u g h i ts

e x p lo ra t io n o f g lo bal themes , c ultura l ident i ty, s o c io -p o li t ic a l

c o mme n ta ry, a n d th e re s il ie n c e o f th e h u m a n s p i ri t . Ad ic h i e ' s w o r k n o t

o n ly re f le c ts th e re a li t i e s o f o u r c o n t e mp o rary w o r ld b u t a ls o c o n t ri b u te s

to th e o n g o in g d ia l o g ue a b o u t m ig ra t io n , id e n ti ty, a n d th e h u m a n

e x p e rie n c e in a g lo b a liz e d e ra .Redoblado. (2017). Contemporary Literature: 21st Century Literature from the Philippines

and the World. Brilliant Creation Publishing, Inc.

https://www.slideshare.net/kazumaki/asian -literature

https://biography.yourdictionary.com/wang -wei

https://www.slideshare.net/AbbieLaudato/korean -literature -23552326

http://sejongculturalsociety.org/writing/current/resources/sijo_samples.ph p

Transcript for:Exploring 21st Century Afro-Asian Literature

Transcript for:
Exploring 21st Century Afro-Asian Literature