okay let's take a look at the urinary system now urinary system is one of the simplest of the systems that we have to work on basically we've got a couple of kidneys you know the tube from the kidneys to the bladder called the ureter then the urinary bladder is a storage vessel for the urine that's been produced by the kidneys and then there is a tube that extends out to the outside of the body called the urethra so kidneys your bladder and urethra okay so what are we doing in the unary system excretion we're removing these organic wastes from the body fluids okay part of that is going to be that urea that we created due to deamination of the brookings elimination we're gonna discharge this waste and in doing so it's going to be accompanied with the loss of water so we have got to do homeostatic regulation with respect to the blood plasma volume and how much of these solutes were willing to give up as well okay so we're gonna keep those in the kidneys these are the organs that excrete the ear and this is where we're gonna produce the urine and then there is a tract that once the urine is produced we are going to move it through this urinary tract and exit the body that's going to be the ureters the urinary bladder and the urethra our term for urination is also micturition those two terms are the process of eliminating the urine be the same thing okay and in doing so we've got to contract that bladder so it's very muscular and it's going to force the urea through or the urine excuse me through the urethra and out of the body so when we're doing homeostasis here remember we've got to all of this is connected all of these fluids in our body from the lymphatic system the blood right and the extracellular fluid that's what was the intercellular fluid as well these are all connected and we have got to maintain specific levels so that our blood volume doesn't drop or get too high that would affect blood pressure there's all of these things going on let's treat so we got to keep all of these in homeostasis so we're gonna regulate that blood volume in blood pressure we're gonna regulate the plasma ion concentration so things like sodium potassium chloride we can lose these from the body so we have to have those maintained as well as calcium ions we talked about before with the blood okay number three is gonna help us stabilize the blood pH okay we get to control the loss of ions in one of those ions we get to worry about is the hydrogen ion okay as well as the bicarbonate ion and these are going to help us maintain blood pH we're gonna conserve valuable nutrients here okay so when we filter the blood we're gonna have the ability to lose some nutrients that's what we need to be able to get these back so we're gonna move them back into the body and number five says the kidney can assist this liver in detoxifying proteins let's look at the of the anatomy here notice that this is the posterior view and we've got two kidneys we've got the left kidney and the right kidney notice the left kidney is a little bit higher than the right kidney they don't come off at exactly the same location and that's due to them the right side of our body we've got a big old liver that takes up a lot of room on the right side so it forces that kidney to be a little bit lower than the one on the left okay when you cut through the body in this lower view of the body okay we can see that it is alone here is our kidney right here and we'll try circlip didn't do a very good job but here's the kidney here okay and you can see beside it we've got spleen we've got the stomach in the front we've got the pancreas over here we're going to catch a little bit of the liver here and it's laying back here here is that vertebrae here okay so we can see that this is laid right along the edge of where the vertebrae are so it's it is along the back of our bodies okay I'm talking of the kidneys notice that there is a little adrenal gland up here and this is where we get our adrenaline release from when we go into fight or fall kind of thing we've got again three consent concentric layers of connective tissue we've got the renal capsule the renal capsule is what's made of collagen fibers that covers the outside of our kidney then there is an a post layer that is on the outside of this renal capsule and then we connect it all to the back where all of the surrounding structures aren't holding in place we call that the renal fashion okay so we find a lot of threes especially with respect to connective tissues okay our adult kidney it's about ten centimeters long excuse me centimeters thick and it weighs about 150 grams okay there is a portion of the kidney that is termed can this kidney here is this area that the blood vessels are coming in so draw some blood vessels and the urethra is gonna come out and that kind of stuff so all of this comes in here so this little indentation that you see here okay that gives it the beam shape you can see it here over here in loss picture here and I'll picture here this is considered the hilum okay sometimes Phyllis if they're making it okay okay so this shows that here is the hill um here and that's that region where all of these blood vessels are coming in here okay part of that is all of this space that you can see so if I we took out these white tubes that you can see this would be the renal capsule that is on the outside kidney so you can see around this edge here this thin membrane this is the renal capsule it's going to help stabilize everything that you're a nurse the blood vessels and that kind of stuff come in and it's going to be protective of our kidney renal cortex we talk about two different regions these would be big regions in the kidney the cortex is all of this light then we'll put a little bit this we call consider this cortical tissue okay now when we are talking about the cortex we really are just talking about this layer here okay so I'm gonna draw a boundary around it like this okay where I'm trying to stay in the paint good job but all of this pink that is on the outside get the darker color with it where the little all of that part his cortex we're going to talk about you're gonna hear me say salty medulla a lot okay so that's the cortex okay and what makes up this medulla are the renal pyramids and that's what you see here each one of these little upside down to me they've about candy corn okay the darker part of it those are the renal pyramids okay and many different numbers of these in a human's kidney anywhere from six to eighteen of these can be found and they terminate the tip of this is called the renal papilla and that's this structure right here this structure right here the tip of our pyramid yes the renal papilla real columns this is the things that are between our pyramids you can see this big space here this big space here this big space here these are all the renal columns and it is cortical tissue okay it is cortical tissue in this area but we're saying it is in the medulla okay extends into the medulla and it is cortical tissue so it's the same tissue that we're seeing out on the outside now our functional area in the kidney I don't call it a unit but a real load it's half of the cortex on this side it's half of the column on both sides and then it is that cortex above and it includes the pyramid okay so this structure here is our renal lobe and Arenal lobe is what its gonna take to produce the urine we're gonna need the cortex portion and the medulla portion in order to earn okay the renal papilla like I said calyx is one of these things that you see here one of these little tubes right here and one of these little tubes here these are all minor teyla sees if we're gonna say it plural okay Lex is a singular each one of these so each one of these pyramids has its own drain and that individual drain for our pyramid okay that's gonna accept it from the papilla that is the liner cakes you put a few of these calluses together and we call it a major calyx so notice that we've got this minor and this minor in this minor and then there's another minor coming in from the backside here that's gonna make this area here for major cakes okay down here again we've got where several of these are coming together major calyx here major calyx feel okay the mate so those are minor Felix two major calyx and there's a major calyx goes into the renal pelvis okay and that is our area here okay the big area here where the major kayla sees come together okay this renal pelvis is hooked to the tube the ureter is gonna lead down to the bladder okay there's an interesting blood supply here when I look at this picture I can see these pyramids very well and notice that there's not a lot of blood supply here in the pyramids here's the real pyramid over here okay not a lot of blood supply here the blood supply stays out here on the outside where the cortical tissue is okay and then even above here's the cortex up here a lot of blood supply up there okay and it's interesting that we get a tremendous amount of blood going to these kidneys at any time about 20 to 25 percent of the cardiac output meaning about 1/4 of what's in the blood or excuse me in the heart it's gonna make its way 25% it's gonna end up in the kidneys milliliters of blood per minute that's a leader and 1/5 going to it every minute okay and he comes in through this renal artery okay so renal artery it's gonna come in and then it's going to go through a series of branches and again you know that as it branches we're gonna give it a new name okay so let's look at this blood supply okay here it is coming in from our renal artery and the renal artery comes in and as soon as it branches and here we are kind of in that sign this portion of the kidney the renal sinus it's gonna branch into the segmental arteries so that's the ones going here the red ones okay and then they're gonna make their way up in between the pyramids okay so when they're here in between the pyramids we call these the internal loadbar arteries that are going this way okay and once you get through the inter loadbar arteries then we straighten up along the top okay and we call this the rq8 arteries okay the rq8 arteries traveling along here and then from the arcuate artery there's gonna be a little branch of the artery and notice we're getting smaller and smaller it's gonna head up that's this portion here each one these little red ones here okay those are called the internal lobular arteries okay so enter low bar here enter lobular here then there is a little so if this is my interval Bob Mueller artery will grow in here draw one right here okay there is a little branch that comes off like this each one of those branches okay or are a fan arterioles and efferent arterioles lead to this little ball this little red ball that you see on the outside of these that we called the glomerulus okay and you can see pretty well over here at the end of that there is a bed that we call the glomerulus okay so basically we have this whole system down to right here okay and once it goes through the glomerulus that's where filtration is gonna happen and then the blood is going to basically go out the same way it came okay we're going to now enter the efferent arteriole it's still an artery here okay and it's gonna leave and then it's gonna head down okay around that you see here we call that the peritubular capillaries and then it's gonna make its way back at the to a venule it's gonna make its way into the inter lobular vein interloper I said lobular intern lobar vein it makes its way down here so that's this portion that's coming this way then we go rq8 enter low bar and then out okay so we kind of go basically the same way the whole system okay because the blood supply is very important okay so we're coming in renal artery branches into the segmental arteries segmental arteries branch into the inter the low bar arteries enter low bar orders ripped away then we turn and make the rq8 rq8 change into interlock give our arteries then there's a little branch that comes off on the switch to the picture of above that little tiny branch right here that's the efferent arteriole into the glomerulus that's the ball that you can see right there then it's going to turn into the efferent as it leaves that and once it leaves that it hits all along the outside of this nephron now we call that the peritubular capillaries okay once it leaves the capillaries it's in a venule okay then we come back down this portion this would be the inter lobular vein it hooks into an arc you ate that goes across like this and then inter lobar okay and the inter low bars are gonna make their way down and they're gonna hook it to this renal vein right here okay so we did a pretty good job on the anatomy of the kidney this way so it stopped us here and we will pick up with a more detailed look at what's going on on the inside so we're gonna get down into the structures that are going to generate the urine for us so