Overview
This lecture covers the basics of anatomy and physiology relevant to cosmetology, focusing on body systems, cells, tissues, major organs, and their functions.
Importance of Anatomy and Physiology in Cosmetology
- Understanding anatomy helps in safe, effective scalp, skin, and nail treatments.
- Recognizing normal versus abnormal body conditions is important for choosing appropriate cosmetic services.
- Knowledge of bone and muscle structure aids in designing flattering hairstyles and accurate product application.
Key Concepts and Definitions
- Anatomy studies body structures and their organization.
- Physiology studies the functions and activities of body structures.
- Histology examines microscopic structures in living tissues.
Cells and Cell Functions
- Cells are the fundamental units of all living things and perform all life processes.
- Basic cell structures: nucleus (controls activities), cytoplasm (surrounds nucleus), and cell membrane (controls entry/exit).
- Mitosis is the process of cell division creating two identical cells.
- Metabolism includes anabolism (building up) and catabolism (breaking down) of substances for growth and energy.
Tissues and Organs
- Four tissue types: connective (support), epithelial (cover/protect surfaces), muscle (movement), and nerve (signal transmission).
- Organs are specialized tissue groups that perform specific functions.
Major Body Systems and Their Functions
- Eleven main systems: skeletal (structure), muscular (movement), nervous (control), circulatory (blood flow), lymphatic/immune (defense), endocrine (hormones), digestive (nutrition), excretory (waste removal), respiratory (breathing), integumentary (skin), and reproductive (offspring).
The Skeletal and Muscular Systems
- The skeleton consists of 206 bones providing support, protection, mineral storage, and blood cell production.
- Major bones include the skull (cranium and facial bones), vertebrae, ribs, arms, hands, legs, and feet.
- Muscular system has over 630 muscles categorized as striated (voluntary), nonstriated (involuntary), and cardiac (heart muscle).
- Muscles are attached at the origin (fixed) and insertion (movable), working in groups for movement.
The Nervous, Circulatory, and Lymphatic Systems
- Nervous system includes the CNS (brain/spinal cord), PNS (peripheral nerves), and ANS (autonomic, involuntary control).
- Sensory (afferent) nerves carry messages to the brain; motor (efferent) nerves carry commands from the brain.
- Circulatory system pumps and circulates blood using the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries.
- Lymphatic/immune system transports lymph, removes waste, and assists immune defenses.
Endocrine, Digestive, Excretory, Respiratory, Integumentary, and Reproductive Systems
- Endocrine system regulates growth, metabolism, and sexual function via glands and hormones.
- Digestive system processes food into nutrients and wastes.
- Excretory system eliminates waste through kidneys, liver, lungs, skin, and intestines.
- Respiratory system enables gas exchange (oxygen in, carbon dioxide out) via lungs and diaphragm.
- Integumentary system (skin, hair, nails) protects and regulates temperature.
- Reproductive system produces offspring and hormones affecting secondary sexual characteristics.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Anatomy — Study of body structures and organization.
- Physiology — Study of body functions and activities.
- Histology — Study of microscopic structures in tissues.
- Mitosis — Cell division creating two identical daughter cells.
- Anabolism/Catabolism — Building up/breaking down molecules for metabolism.
- Organ — Structure of specialized tissues with a specific function.
- System — Group of organs working together (e.g., digestive system).
- Neuron — Nerve cell transmitting signals.
- Artery/Vein/Capillary — Blood vessels for circulation.
- Hormone — Chemical messenger from endocrine glands.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review chapter glossary for all key term definitions.
- Complete review questions on functions and structures of cells, tissues, organs, and systems.
- Study diagrams of body systems, major muscles, and bones as referenced in the chapter.