AP World History Review: Units 6-9

Introduction

• Review of AP World History covering Units 6-9
• Units 1-5 covered previously
• The lecture is approximately two hours long
• Mention of super chats and shout-outs, mostly read at the end

Unit 6: 1750-1900

Big Idea 1: Ideologies and Imperialism

• Various ideologies contributed to imperialism
  • Belief in the superiority of the white race and European culture (e.g., "White Man's Burden")
  • Social Darwinism
  • Desire to spread Christianity
  • Nationalist motives drove powerful states to expand empires (e.g., Britain, France, Japan)
• Economic motives: need for raw materials and new markets

Big Idea 2: Imperial Expansion and Power Consolidation

• Methods of imperial consolidation
  • Non-state to state control (e.g., Congo, India)
  • New powers replacing old ones (e.g., US, Japan, Russia)
• The Scramble for Africa: diplomatic division of Africa among European powers

Big Idea 3: Resistance to Imperialism

• Colonized peoples resisted through direct resistance and creation of new states
  • Examples: Peru (Tupac Amaru), India (Sepoy Mutiny)
  • Balkan states' independence through nationalism
• Religious-inspired rebellions (e.g., Ghost Dance, Xhosa Cattle Killing)

Big Idea 4: Economic Transformation

• Shift from subsistence farming to cash crop farming
  • Examples: cattle ranching in Uruguay and Argentina, guano extraction in Peru and Chile
• Colonial economies served imperial needs over local ones

Big Idea 5: Economic Imperialism

• Economic control without direct political control
  • Example: Opium Wars in China
  • Division of China into spheres of influence

Big Idea 6: Migration Patterns

• Migration driven by work and poor conditions
  • Labor systems: indentured servitude, contract laborers, penal colonies
  • Example: Irish migration during the Potato Famine
• Settlement in ethnic enclaves and urbanization
• Discrimination and restrictive legislations (e.g., Chinese Exclusion Act)

Unit 7: 1900-Present

Big Idea 1: State Changes Post-1900

• Russian Revolution: Bolsheviks and establishment of Soviet Union
• China's shift from Qing Dynasty to Republic under Sun Yat-sen
• Mexican Revolution due to wealth gap and cooperation with US investors

Big Idea 2: Causes of World War I

• M.A.I.N. acronym: Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism
• Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand as the spark for war

Big Idea 3: World War I Strategies

• Total war leveraging domestic assets
• Use of propaganda and new weaponry (e.g., poison gas, trench warfare)

Big Idea 4: Economic Role of Governments

• Great Depression led to government intervention (e.g., New Deal in the US)
• Examples of intervention: Germany (Nazi Party), Soviet Union (Five-Year Plans)

Big Idea 5: Causes of World War II

• Unsustainable Treaty of Versailles, economic crisis, rise of fascism
• Nazi Germany's grievances and territorial expansion

Big Idea 6: World War II as a Total War

• Similar strategies to WWI but with new tactics (e.g., firebombing, atomic bomb)
• Repression of civil liberties and mobilization of resources

Big Idea 7: Genocide and Ethnic Violence

• Nazi Holocaust (Final Solution)
• Ethnic violence in Ukraine (Holodomor)

Unit 8: Cold War and Decolonization

Big Idea 1: Cold War Ideological Struggle

• Conflict between US (capitalism) and Soviet Union (communism)
• Non-Aligned Movement resisting Cold War rivalry

Big Idea 2: Cold War Effects

• Arms race and nuclear stockpiles
• Military alliances: NATO and Warsaw Pact
• Proxy wars in Asia, Latin America, and Africa

Big Idea 3: Communist States

• China's communist revolution led by Mao Zedong
• Comparison of Chinese policies to Soviet policies

Big Idea 4: Decolonization

• Methods: negotiated independence (e.g., India) vs. armed conflict (e.g., Algeria)

Big Idea 5: Redrawing Political Boundaries

• Example: Israel and Palestine partition leading to ongoing conflict

Big Idea 6: Government Role in Economy

• Examples: Nasser in Egypt, Indira Gandhi in India

Big Idea 7: Resistance Movements

• Nonviolent leaders: Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., Nelson Mandela
• Violent resistance and intensified oppression (e.g., Pinochet in Chile)

Big Idea 8: End of the Cold War

• US military advancements, Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, Gorbachev's reforms

Unit 9: Globalization 1900-Present

Big Idea 1: Technological Advancements

• Communication technologies (internet, radio)
• Energy technologies (petroleum, nuclear power)
• Medical innovations (birth control, vaccines)

Big Idea 2: Global Health Threats

• Diseases associated with poverty, pandemics, and old age

Big Idea 3: Environmental Challenges

• Deforestation, desertification, air quality, water consumption, climate change

Big Idea 4: Economic Changes

• Free market economics, knowledge economies, multinational corporations

Big Idea 5: Human Rights and Inequality

• Reform in areas of race, class, gender, religion

Big Idea 6: Global Culture

• Music (reggae, K-pop), movies (Hollywood, Bollywood), consumer culture

Big Idea 7: Resistance to Globalization

• Protests against institutions like the WTO and IMF

Big Idea 8: International Cooperation

• Formation of the United Nations and its roles in peace, economy, and human rights

Conclusion

• Final remarks and good luck wishes for the AP World History exam