Atomic Theory and Structure

Alright, alright, what's up, what's up, mga kachimek? It's your kachimek Jello once again for another episode of our chemistry adventure. So last time, we've talked about the history of modern atomic theory, and hopefully I'm expecting that you've watched the video. video already so for this period what we are going to to do is to talk about the structure of an atom and then identify the subatomic particles so without further ado let's go Alright, so last time, a quick recall, we've learned about the different discovery created by the people in this picture. So I made mention that though these are some of the highlights, there are unsung heroes, people that has been named, and their co-workers that has not been mentioned. But nonetheless, these are the key points on the development of the history of modern atomic theory. So for those who failed to watch the video, let's get a quick recap. Or for those who've watched it already, just a refresher on the timeline of the atomic theory. So we started here with a Greek philosopher. So I did not include him anymore because he's not a scientist. But he was the father of the idea of the atom or the atomic thought. He was the father of the atomic thought, Democritus. with his teacher Leosipus there was a walking around and suddenly Democritus asked what is everything made of? So he tried cutting things and he realized that you'll come to a point that you cannot divide that something anymore into two or all of the stuff cannot, you will come to an end in cutting it and that particular thing is already uncuttable and in Greek the term for uncuttable is atomos. or indivisible. So he coined that word, that everything in the world, when you try to cut them down, you'll reach a point of atomos, meaning it cannot be cut anymore. However, another philosopher by the name, the famous Aristotle, he argued differently on the idea of what is everything or what made up everything. So he simply said, like an avatar, and it's a combination. of fire, earth, water. Some books would say ether. And then he was more famous. He had a lot more of accomplishments and people believed it was seemingly better, a better idea. So they believed Aristotle. Until in 1800, so after a very long century, more than 2,000 years, Dalton came into the picture. He was experimenting on molecules of water Then he realized that Dalton was correct. The Democritus, rather, was correct. Everything is made up of tiny, solid balls, he said. Billiard ball-like. So it was his model that atoms are fundamental, or the building blocks of things. So, yeah, Dalton. And then J.J. Thompson came into the picture where he discovered the electron. So again, you can go back to the video not to further understand. I will just be be pointing some of the highlights i realized that it was like a plum pudding or a raisin bun model where according to dalton it's correct it's spherical in nature however there are corpus cells or electrons negatively charged particles even smaller than atoms so na atom is not the fundamental yet it's a misnomer in english because when we say fundamental meaning it is not made up of anything else because it's already the basic And then Thomson said there are small particles there. And then Rutherford, a student of Thomson, was trying to prove further. Kasi may mga doubt sa J.J. Thomson's model. This was called the Raisin Bun or Plum Pudding model. Remember, maybe you'll encounter that in your entrance exam. Rutherford said through the gold foil experiment, J.J. Thomson discovered this through the cathode ray tube experiment. So, Rudder. Ford was the one who used gold foil experiment. He shoots alpha particles or positive particles to a gold foil sheet expecting that all will be reflected because it was a positive atom after all. made up of positive atom or positively charged spheres. But what he had seen was most of it passes through. Some were deflected an angle and some returned, but very few. So he realized that atoms are not a ball of positively charged sphere, but rather the atom is, yes, it's spherical in nature. However, the positively charged is centered. Now, or is placed in the center of the atom, while the electrons are equally scattered around it. So this was his model. It was called the nuclear model. I think I failed to mention this in the video. So nuclear model. This one was the plum pudding or raisin bun model. Then Bohr, a classmate of Rutherford, another student of Thomson, so they are all related, tried to simply rearrange Rutherford's model. Sabi niya, electrons are... are not stationary. They move like planets. By the way, J.J. Thompson won the Nobel Prize for discovering electrons. And Bohr was celebrated because I mentioned in the previous video this is the planetary model. It works like sun and the planets. And everyone believed the idea that small stuff behave like our large stuff. Or the microscopic and macroscopic rule of the universe is the same. So Bohr was celebrated because of the discovery of energy levels and how electrons behave. And then Chadwick added something that is missing in the picture. He questioned, why are we having a concentrated positively charged in the middle? They have learned in their time that positive charges will repel. so either there is something that's gluing them or there's something that serves as barrier. So he proposed that there must be a neutral charge in between the protons or the positively charged inside the nucleus. So Chadwick discovered the neutrons or the negatively charged. And Chadwick was the assistant researcher of Rutherford. So they are all connected. These four people are connected. And then eventually, the modern model, the Electron cloud model. So remember the name. Electron cloud model. model was discovered by many scientists now with the help of of course the heisenberg uncertainty principle and the schrodinger's equation so again if you failed to watch the video please go back to the video to understand more in the history of modern atomic theory and again i didn't put an end in the timeline because we still continue developing the model and maybe it's it's your time to shine. Well anyways, that's it for the history. of modern atomic theory. We keep on searching. We keep on looking at the microscopic level to give us an understanding of the bigger scale. After all, we ourselves and everything in the universe is made up or most stuff in the universe is made up of atoms. So we keep on digging. And as of the moment, what we learned already are, to take note of this stuff, Atom is It's not the smallest particle of a matter, but rather it's the smallest particle of an element. So we will still follow the idea that it's a building block. But a building block not of a matter, but of a particular element. We learned that atoms are mostly empty space. So in our electron cloud model, we know that the nucleus is at the center and the first electron is far from it. So, nandito siya na it's not a donut, it's a wrap. representation of an atom. So it's mostly empty space. In fact, it's 99.9% empty space. So if I'll enlarge a nucleus into a grape size, my first electron would probably in Pasakaw or in just an estimate. It's very far. And then it is made up of even smaller particles. So it was a misnomer that atom is the fundamental or atom is indivisible. because Because if it's made up of even smaller things, therefore, it's still divisible. It's still cuttable. So the name atom from Atomos is actually misleading. But we still carry on to avoid confusion and, of course, to honor the father of the atomic thought, Democritus. So scientists discovered that atoms normally are neutral. What do we mean by this one? the number of protons in number of electrons are all always equal. So say for instance, a hydrogen having one proton will always have one electron. So with helium, with two protons, it will always have two electrons. Lithium, three protons, three electrons, and so on and so forth. So neutral ang atom in general, unless we try to charge it or to ionize it but that's that's another set of topic but always remember atoms are neutral so we've learned also the subatomic particles the protons again discovered by yes jj thompson Very good. Neutrons discovered by Chadwick. And then electrons discovered by J.J. Thompson as well. So we know that the protons and neutrons are inside the nucleus together while the electrons are revolving around it. So these are basically mere review, but a refresher as well in case you forgot. So the nucleus is small compared. So when we are to talk about their size, the... the atom itself is very small. If we compress the nucleus together with the electrons, it's insignificant as to the size of the atom. Why is that? Again, atom is mostly empty space. So they keep moving around. So they create this seemingly, though they are very microscopic, if we can enlarge them. Ito, parang yung mga ganitong model, it's a misrepresentation. Uh, But it's a hassle because if I'm going to draw the nucleus here, and the electron is close to reality, it won't fit in my PowerPoint presentation. So you won't see it. So these are the looks of the atom. It's just for representation. But the first electron in reality, if we will actually make the nucleus as large as this dark spot, the electron should be very far. So there, because atom is mostly empty space. However, it is extremely dense and the density or the mass of the atom lies solely on the nucleus. So even there are a lot of electrons, even it's the same number as the proton, dinidisregard natin minsan ang mass or ang weight ng electron because it's negligible. It's insignificant. Later we'll compare their sizes and their weight. And then, the nucleus is positively charged because of... of the protons in it. Neutrons, it doesn't bother the protons. So, positive ang nucleus natin. That's why electrons are revolving around it. So, quick review. We've learned that the proton, positive charge, it's a massive particle. And it is a nucleon. What do we mean by this one? Baka kasi may ma-encounter kayong question, what are the two nucleons? So, meaning, it's just what is inside the nucleus. Proton is one of the nucleons So it's also called a nucleon So similar with neutron It's also a nucleon Because it's found inside the nucleus It possesses zero charge It's also a massive particle So wala siyang charge Dinilit ko na yung nakasulat dito I don't give a sh... So si electron naman is very small And it possess a negative charge and when we compare them them. So charges of electrons are negatives, protons are positives, neutrons are zero or neutral charge. And then the weight or the mass in atomic mass unit, the basis is the proton. So neutron is slightly heavier because it serves as like a bouncer preventing the two protons. It should be heavier at least, even a little. While the electron, hindi siya kalahati. 0.5 or even 0.05 or even 0.05. It's in the 5 ten-thousands of the mass of proton. So it's negligible. Even though we don't include the mass to its overall mass or its density, it will not really affect the mass or density of the atom. So that's how light the electron is. however you're supposed Supposedly, our discussion would end there, with a review of the subatomic particles. But this cute little duck is looking at us. Is it really the end of atom or the structure of the atom? Or is it already the end of the parts of the atom? Well, If you're a wide reader, you will know that the answer is no. It's the subatomic particles. We call them subatomic particles because they are the members or the particles which create the atom. is not really the subatomic particles or the smallest part of an atom because your subatomic particles is even made up of subatomic particles which we call the elementary particles so So, eto na, diba? Ang gulo. We thought atom was the smallest already. And scientists realized, starting from J.J. Thompson, that there are even smaller stuff than the atom, which we call subatomic particles. And then finally, or not yet final, as of the moment, we learned that there are even smaller particles than... Done. Add. these subatomic particles, which are the elementary particles. So how did they come up with these elementary particles? Going back to the sizes or mass, we could actually compare their sizes, proton and neutron. Hypothetically, if I'll draw, proton would look like this one, and neutron will be close to proton. proton but slightly bigger, the electron is a dot. So, ganyan sya. In terms of size, so hindi sya na, hindi pwede ang dot. So, nawawala. So, kunwari ganyan. Ala, nawawala talaga. So, yan, basta dot. Bakit sya nawawala? Yan. Dot. They realized that if these are the subatomic particles, electron might be. However, they thought that proton and neutron was large enough to be considered as one of the smallest thing in the world. in the universe. Yes, they celebrate that electron is one of the smallest thing in the universe, but they don't. They are actually doubtful of the size of protons and neutrons. So what they did was they thought of an idea of breaking a proton or a neutron. And how can they break a very small stuff, even smaller than atom itself? So they invented it's a very long story. It's another story on the history, the timeline. But to cut the story short, they created a particle accelerator. The one you are looking at is the largest Hadron Collider. It's a particle accelerator that revolves around Geneva, Switzerland. And to give you, though, it is in higher physics, it's in quantum physics, to give you an idea how this works. So, how will they break Proton and Neutron? We cannot simply smash them with hammer. They thought that maybe they can smash it with another particle, either an electron or a proton smashing another proton or a proton smashing a neutron. And how are they going to do that? They have to make this particle move at a certain speed. And how do they make something accelerate? So, you need a positive plate and a metal plate and a battery. that's in your physics sooner or later you'll talk about it create an electric field with it tapas the particle will move no Pagpatong patong mo in a straight line it will create no a fast-moving particle but we cannot create a very very long one so what they realize so what if we can create a seemingly oval or a track for our accelerator so that it can freely move around and gain its velocity. What they did is they connected it, but there's a problem. How can they turn it around? So they added magnetic field. So it's run by electric field and magnetic field. But that's an additional information. So the point is a particle, a moving particle, an electron or a proton is moving around here, gaining speed and speed with continuous loop on the particle accelerator, or the Large Hadron Collider in particular. Until such time. time that it's very close to the speed of light and we know that when an object now gains speed it gains momentum so that's the time no papa success on is on and I know some particle and then boom it's a magnificent engineering design by the physicist and the engineering world in the architecture of of course. So they will smash them. Mostly, hindi nagtatama. mostly nag babanda but some no surprisingly some exploded or some break some broke into smaller pieces that's it no that's hooray for the scientist for the physicist in particular because they realized that proton if it's fundamental it shouldn't break but since it broke down you know even the neutron that simply means it is made up of smaller particles and their research or their hunch is correct that the atom and neutron is too big to become an elementary particle so this is a at a certain data from a computer so many an explosion because of the collider and they realize that it is made up of smaller particle called quarks so see quarks though it's a very long discussion on our general chemistry will only focus on the dog Down and up quarks. To give you a trivia, it's just a useless word which came up from Finnegan's Wake, if I'm not mistaken. Parang three quarks for Master Mark or something like that. It's a word in a novel, the Finnegan's Wake. So they discovered six quarks. But I want you to focus lang on the down and up quarks. They are named strangely because of their behavior. this is strange that decay It looks cute. The bottom and up are like the counterpart of down and up. So down and up is based on the spin. When the proton and neutron are smashed together, they realize that some particles are always spinning up while some are spinning down. So they repeated the experiment with protons to protons, neutrons to neutrons, protons to neutrons, electrons to protons. They keep on smashing them until they realize that they are made up of down and up quarks. So quarks, in general, are one type of particle matter. It's an elementary particle along with electron. With leptons, bosons, and mesons. You'll learn that in higher physics. But maybe information overload. I want you to focus on the up-down quark. They have fractional electric charge. And so that you won't get overwhelmed, Remember, lang the charge of an up quark and then the down quark. An up quark is positive two-thirds while a down quark is negative one-third. And later, we'll realize what's the use of that. A proton, when smashed, they realize that it has three quarks. May tatlong quarks. So this is not a monster. Now these are the quarks inside a proton. So again, they realize that proton is made up of three quarks. And it's a combination of the up quark and the down quark. So in the previous slide, scientists realized that up quarks has charge of fractional two-thirds, while the down quarks has a fractional charge of negative one-third. And upon smashing protons to... protons, they realize that protons has two up quarks, meaning two quarks spinning upward, and one down quark. It's like a meme. So, down quark. And they realize the reason why proton has a positive one charge is that when you combine two up, we have positive two-thirds plus another up quark, positive two-thirds this simple math and a one a negative one-third this will give you four-thirds minus one-third this will give you very good three-thirds which is equivalent to positive one so voila an amazing discovery the proton maybe have Have you ever wondered why there was a positive one? one charge ang proton. It's because of the three quarks in it. The up, up, down quarks. The U, U, D quarks. Or pwede naman siyang ma-rearrange. Okay lang naman kasi it's inside. Para mas di natin makalimutan. Uud or Udu. Pangit pakinggan. Kidding aside, U, U, D. Two ups and one down. And I think you know already how will this go. with the neutron. So neutron is made up of three components. quarks as well. The combination of the up and down quarks. Now, what do you think? You may pause the video. It will be the combination of the neutron if it has a zero charge or a neutral charge. Pause the video and try it in your paper. Okay, very good. If you answered up, dharma down, or UDD, or dude, if you rearrange them, DDU, okay lang naman, wag lang DDS, no? No, to DDU. UDDS, choose wisely. Sarot. So, no char. And UDD, you'll realize that the scientists discovered that there's one quark spinning up and two quarks spinning down. Again, this could be rearranged. It's just a representation that inside a neutron, there are three quarks in it. And then an up quark is positive two-thirds. So, remember these fractional charges of an up and down quarks. and it has negative one-third and another down quark negative one-third. So when you combine these two, this becomes negative two-thirds. So plus two-thirds. In mathematics, these two will cancel out, giving you zero or a neutral charge. That is why neutron is not born having a neutral charge. It was made up of one up and two down quarks, which makes it neutral. How amazing the universe is. And it serves as barrier between protons so that protons won't split. Protons would not detach from each other though there's still force inside the nucleus. And the electrons will be attracted to them and atoms which create matter, which create us, create all the elements are given by the complexity of the universe. And imagine a very tiny detail we are trying to discover. It's hard to think that there's no greatest architect. There's no such thing as God in this very wonderful universe. And if you will study more, before that, electron. What is the quarks of an electron? Pause the video. Hopefully, you've tried. Mathematically, probably you got it. But electron is already an elementary particle. So it is not made up of quarks. So you might have answered that. U, UDD? Or you've used the, how do you say it? One-third, one-third. I mean, you ask, three down, three down, so negative one-third plus negative one-third plus negative one-third is negative three-thirds. Though mathematically correct, it is not made up of quarks. Electron is very small already. So now, scientists realize that the smallest part or the elementary particles of an atom is the quarks and the electrons. electron so these one are the smallest because the proton in the nucleus is just made up of your up and down quarks combination so hopefully you get that right so quarks and electrons are the fundamental finally the basic as of the moment they are made up of even smaller stuff but i doubt I think it's the smallest of them all. So, again, it's very amazing. It's really amazing. And if you'll study physics further or chemistry further, and you'll be led to the quantum world, you'll realize that the matter, the atom, is created by up, down, quarks, and the electrons. And we also have counterpart of charm, strange, and then the mesons, if I'm not mistaken, and the tau. Then we have the top and bottom. we have the glue once the energy does the other particles, the neutrinos, etc. And one tweak of this particle could change the outcome of a universe. And multiverse string theory are given birth. And where this gravity came from. So again, science is beautiful. Though we are learning the basics, we are recalling what we've already learned. If you seek knowledge, if you seek wisdom, if you seek to pursue science, you have to read more though we're under general chemistry hopefully we're learning something we're learning uh than what we've already know so again thank you so much for always watching the video though not everyone is watching it Thank you very much. See you on our synchronous session. This has been Sir Zelo. Peace out.

But nonetheless, these are the key points on the development of the history of modern atomic theory. So for those who failed to watch the video, let's get a quick recap. Or for those who've watched it already, just a refresher on the timeline of the atomic theory.

So we started here with a Greek philosopher. So I did not include him anymore because he's not a scientist. But he was the father of the idea of the atom or the atomic thought. He was the father of the atomic thought, Democritus. with his teacher Leosipus there was a walking around and suddenly Democritus asked what is everything made of?

So he tried cutting things and he realized that you'll come to a point that you cannot divide that something anymore into two or all of the stuff cannot, you will come to an end in cutting it and that particular thing is already uncuttable and in Greek the term for uncuttable is atomos. or indivisible. So he coined that word, that everything in the world, when you try to cut them down, you'll reach a point of atomos, meaning it cannot be cut anymore. However, another philosopher by the name, the famous Aristotle, he argued differently on the idea of what is everything or what made up everything. So he simply said, like an avatar, and it's a combination.

of fire, earth, water. Some books would say ether. And then he was more famous.

He had a lot more of accomplishments and people believed it was seemingly better, a better idea. So they believed Aristotle. Until in 1800, so after a very long century, more than 2,000 years, Dalton came into the picture. He was experimenting on molecules of water Then he realized that Dalton was correct.

The Democritus, rather, was correct. Everything is made up of tiny, solid balls, he said. Billiard ball-like.

So it was his model that atoms are fundamental, or the building blocks of things. So, yeah, Dalton. And then J.J. Thompson came into the picture where he discovered the electron.

So again, you can go back to the video not to further understand. I will just be be pointing some of the highlights i realized that it was like a plum pudding or a raisin bun model where according to dalton it's correct it's spherical in nature however there are corpus cells or electrons negatively charged particles even smaller than atoms so na atom is not the fundamental yet it's a misnomer in english because when we say fundamental meaning it is not made up of anything else because it's already the basic And then Thomson said there are small particles there. And then Rutherford, a student of Thomson, was trying to prove further.

Kasi may mga doubt sa J.J. Thomson's model. This was called the Raisin Bun or Plum Pudding model.

Remember, maybe you'll encounter that in your entrance exam. Rutherford said through the gold foil experiment, J.J. Thomson discovered this through the cathode ray tube experiment. So, Rudder.

Ford was the one who used gold foil experiment. He shoots alpha particles or positive particles to a gold foil sheet expecting that all will be reflected because it was a positive atom after all. made up of positive atom or positively charged spheres.

But what he had seen was most of it passes through. Some were deflected an angle and some returned, but very few. So he realized that atoms are not a ball of positively charged sphere, but rather the atom is, yes, it's spherical in nature. However, the positively charged is centered. Now, or is placed in the center of the atom, while the electrons are equally scattered around it.

So this was his model. It was called the nuclear model. I think I failed to mention this in the video. So nuclear model.

This one was the plum pudding or raisin bun model. Then Bohr, a classmate of Rutherford, another student of Thomson, so they are all related, tried to simply rearrange Rutherford's model. Sabi niya, electrons are... are not stationary.

They move like planets. By the way, J.J. Thompson won the Nobel Prize for discovering electrons. And Bohr was celebrated because I mentioned in the previous video this is the planetary model.

It works like sun and the planets. And everyone believed the idea that small stuff behave like our large stuff. Or the microscopic and macroscopic rule of the universe is the same.

So Bohr was celebrated because of the discovery of energy levels and how electrons behave. And then Chadwick added something that is missing in the picture. He questioned, why are we having a concentrated positively charged in the middle?

They have learned in their time that positive charges will repel. so either there is something that's gluing them or there's something that serves as barrier. So he proposed that there must be a neutral charge in between the protons or the positively charged inside the nucleus.

So Chadwick discovered the neutrons or the negatively charged. And Chadwick was the assistant researcher of Rutherford. So they are all connected.

These four people are connected. And then eventually, the modern model, the Electron cloud model. So remember the name. Electron cloud model. model was discovered by many scientists now with the help of of course the heisenberg uncertainty principle and the schrodinger's equation so again if you failed to watch the video please go back to the video to understand more in the history of modern atomic theory and again i didn't put an end in the timeline because we still continue developing the model and maybe it's it's your time to shine.

Well anyways, that's it for the history. of modern atomic theory. We keep on searching. We keep on looking at the microscopic level to give us an understanding of the bigger scale. After all, we ourselves and everything in the universe is made up or most stuff in the universe is made up of atoms.

So we keep on digging. And as of the moment, what we learned already are, to take note of this stuff, Atom is It's not the smallest particle of a matter, but rather it's the smallest particle of an element. So we will still follow the idea that it's a building block. But a building block not of a matter, but of a particular element. We learned that atoms are mostly empty space.

So in our electron cloud model, we know that the nucleus is at the center and the first electron is far from it. So, nandito siya na it's not a donut, it's a wrap. representation of an atom. So it's mostly empty space.

In fact, it's 99.9% empty space. So if I'll enlarge a nucleus into a grape size, my first electron would probably in Pasakaw or in just an estimate. It's very far. And then it is made up of even smaller particles. So it was a misnomer that atom is the fundamental or atom is indivisible.

because Because if it's made up of even smaller things, therefore, it's still divisible. It's still cuttable. So the name atom from Atomos is actually misleading. But we still carry on to avoid confusion and, of course, to honor the father of the atomic thought, Democritus. So scientists discovered that atoms normally are neutral.

What do we mean by this one? the number of protons in number of electrons are all always equal. So say for instance, a hydrogen having one proton will always have one electron. So with helium, with two protons, it will always have two electrons. Lithium, three protons, three electrons, and so on and so forth.

So neutral ang atom in general, unless we try to charge it or to ionize it but that's that's another set of topic but always remember atoms are neutral so we've learned also the subatomic particles the protons again discovered by yes jj thompson Very good. Neutrons discovered by Chadwick. And then electrons discovered by J.J.

Thompson as well. So we know that the protons and neutrons are inside the nucleus together while the electrons are revolving around it. So these are basically mere review, but a refresher as well in case you forgot.

So the nucleus is small compared. So when we are to talk about their size, the... the atom itself is very small.

If we compress the nucleus together with the electrons, it's insignificant as to the size of the atom. Why is that? Again, atom is mostly empty space.

So they keep moving around. So they create this seemingly, though they are very microscopic, if we can enlarge them. Ito, parang yung mga ganitong model, it's a misrepresentation.

Uh, But it's a hassle because if I'm going to draw the nucleus here, and the electron is close to reality, it won't fit in my PowerPoint presentation. So you won't see it. So these are the looks of the atom. It's just for representation. But the first electron in reality, if we will actually make the nucleus as large as this dark spot, the electron should be very far.

So there, because atom is mostly empty space. However, it is extremely dense and the density or the mass of the atom lies solely on the nucleus. So even there are a lot of electrons, even it's the same number as the proton, dinidisregard natin minsan ang mass or ang weight ng electron because it's negligible.

It's insignificant. Later we'll compare their sizes and their weight. And then, the nucleus is positively charged because of...

of the protons in it. Neutrons, it doesn't bother the protons. So, positive ang nucleus natin. That's why electrons are revolving around it.

So, quick review. We've learned that the proton, positive charge, it's a massive particle. And it is a nucleon.

What do we mean by this one? Baka kasi may ma-encounter kayong question, what are the two nucleons? So, meaning, it's just what is inside the nucleus.

Proton is one of the nucleons So it's also called a nucleon So similar with neutron It's also a nucleon Because it's found inside the nucleus It possesses zero charge It's also a massive particle So wala siyang charge Dinilit ko na yung nakasulat dito I don't give a sh... So si electron naman is very small And it possess a negative charge and when we compare them them. So charges of electrons are negatives, protons are positives, neutrons are zero or neutral charge.

And then the weight or the mass in atomic mass unit, the basis is the proton. So neutron is slightly heavier because it serves as like a bouncer preventing the two protons. It should be heavier at least, even a little.

While the electron, hindi siya kalahati. 0.5 or even 0.05 or even 0.05. It's in the 5 ten-thousands of the mass of proton. So it's negligible.

Even though we don't include the mass to its overall mass or its density, it will not really affect the mass or density of the atom. So that's how light the electron is. however you're supposed Supposedly, our discussion would end there, with a review of the subatomic particles. But this cute little duck is looking at us. Is it really the end of atom or the structure of the atom?

Or is it already the end of the parts of the atom? Well, If you're a wide reader, you will know that the answer is no. It's the subatomic particles.

We call them subatomic particles because they are the members or the particles which create the atom. is not really the subatomic particles or the smallest part of an atom because your subatomic particles is even made up of subatomic particles which we call the elementary particles so So, eto na, diba? Ang gulo.

We thought atom was the smallest already. And scientists realized, starting from J.J. Thompson, that there are even smaller stuff than the atom, which we call subatomic particles.

And then finally, or not yet final, as of the moment, we learned that there are even smaller particles than... Done. Add.

these subatomic particles, which are the elementary particles. So how did they come up with these elementary particles? Going back to the sizes or mass, we could actually compare their sizes, proton and neutron.

Hypothetically, if I'll draw, proton would look like this one, and neutron will be close to proton. proton but slightly bigger, the electron is a dot. So, ganyan sya. In terms of size, so hindi sya na, hindi pwede ang dot.

So, nawawala. So, kunwari ganyan. Ala, nawawala talaga. So, yan, basta dot. Bakit sya nawawala?

Yan. Dot. They realized that if these are the subatomic particles, electron might be.

However, they thought that proton and neutron was large enough to be considered as one of the smallest thing in the world. in the universe. Yes, they celebrate that electron is one of the smallest thing in the universe, but they don't.

They are actually doubtful of the size of protons and neutrons. So what they did was they thought of an idea of breaking a proton or a neutron. And how can they break a very small stuff, even smaller than atom itself?

So they invented it's a very long story. It's another story on the history, the timeline. But to cut the story short, they created a particle accelerator. The one you are looking at is the largest Hadron Collider. It's a particle accelerator that revolves around Geneva, Switzerland.

And to give you, though, it is in higher physics, it's in quantum physics, to give you an idea how this works. So, how will they break Proton and Neutron? We cannot simply smash them with hammer.

They thought that maybe they can smash it with another particle, either an electron or a proton smashing another proton or a proton smashing a neutron. And how are they going to do that? They have to make this particle move at a certain speed. And how do they make something accelerate?

So, you need a positive plate and a metal plate and a battery. that's in your physics sooner or later you'll talk about it create an electric field with it tapas the particle will move no Pagpatong patong mo in a straight line it will create no a fast-moving particle but we cannot create a very very long one so what they realize so what if we can create a seemingly oval or a track for our accelerator so that it can freely move around and gain its velocity. What they did is they connected it, but there's a problem. How can they turn it around?

So they added magnetic field. So it's run by electric field and magnetic field. But that's an additional information. So the point is a particle, a moving particle, an electron or a proton is moving around here, gaining speed and speed with continuous loop on the particle accelerator, or the Large Hadron Collider in particular.

Until such time. time that it's very close to the speed of light and we know that when an object now gains speed it gains momentum so that's the time no papa success on is on and I know some particle and then boom it's a magnificent engineering design by the physicist and the engineering world in the architecture of of course. So they will smash them. Mostly, hindi nagtatama.

mostly nag babanda but some no surprisingly some exploded or some break some broke into smaller pieces that's it no that's hooray for the scientist for the physicist in particular because they realized that proton if it's fundamental it shouldn't break but since it broke down you know even the neutron that simply means it is made up of smaller particles and their research or their hunch is correct that the atom and neutron is too big to become an elementary particle so this is a at a certain data from a computer so many an explosion because of the collider and they realize that it is made up of smaller particle called quarks so see quarks though it's a very long discussion on our general chemistry will only focus on the dog Down and up quarks. To give you a trivia, it's just a useless word which came up from Finnegan's Wake, if I'm not mistaken. Parang three quarks for Master Mark or something like that. It's a word in a novel, the Finnegan's Wake. So they discovered six quarks.

But I want you to focus lang on the down and up quarks. They are named strangely because of their behavior. this is strange that decay It looks cute. The bottom and up are like the counterpart of down and up.

So down and up is based on the spin. When the proton and neutron are smashed together, they realize that some particles are always spinning up while some are spinning down. So they repeated the experiment with protons to protons, neutrons to neutrons, protons to neutrons, electrons to protons. They keep on smashing them until they realize that they are made up of down and up quarks. So quarks, in general, are one type of particle matter.

It's an elementary particle along with electron. With leptons, bosons, and mesons. You'll learn that in higher physics. But maybe information overload. I want you to focus on the up-down quark.

They have fractional electric charge. And so that you won't get overwhelmed, Remember, lang the charge of an up quark and then the down quark. An up quark is positive two-thirds while a down quark is negative one-third. And later, we'll realize what's the use of that.

A proton, when smashed, they realize that it has three quarks. May tatlong quarks. So this is not a monster. Now these are the quarks inside a proton. So again, they realize that proton is made up of three quarks.

And it's a combination of the up quark and the down quark. So in the previous slide, scientists realized that up quarks has charge of fractional two-thirds, while the down quarks has a fractional charge of negative one-third. And upon smashing protons to...

protons, they realize that protons has two up quarks, meaning two quarks spinning upward, and one down quark. It's like a meme. So, down quark.

And they realize the reason why proton has a positive one charge is that when you combine two up, we have positive two-thirds plus another up quark, positive two-thirds this simple math and a one a negative one-third this will give you four-thirds minus one-third this will give you very good three-thirds which is equivalent to positive one so voila an amazing discovery the proton maybe have Have you ever wondered why there was a positive one? one charge ang proton. It's because of the three quarks in it. The up, up, down quarks. The U, U, D quarks.

Or pwede naman siyang ma-rearrange. Okay lang naman kasi it's inside. Para mas di natin makalimutan.

Uud or Udu. Pangit pakinggan. Kidding aside, U, U, D. Two ups and one down. And I think you know already how will this go. with the neutron.

So neutron is made up of three components. quarks as well. The combination of the up and down quarks.

Now, what do you think? You may pause the video. It will be the combination of the neutron if it has a zero charge or a neutral charge. Pause the video and try it in your paper. Okay, very good.

If you answered up, dharma down, or UDD, or dude, if you rearrange them, DDU, okay lang naman, wag lang DDS, no? No, to DDU. UDDS, choose wisely.

Sarot. So, no char. And UDD, you'll realize that the scientists discovered that there's one quark spinning up and two quarks spinning down. Again, this could be rearranged.

It's just a representation that inside a neutron, there are three quarks in it. And then an up quark is positive two-thirds. So, remember these fractional charges of an up and down quarks.

and it has negative one-third and another down quark negative one-third. So when you combine these two, this becomes negative two-thirds. So plus two-thirds. In mathematics, these two will cancel out, giving you zero or a neutral charge. That is why neutron is not born having a neutral charge.

It was made up of one up and two down quarks, which makes it neutral. How amazing the universe is. And it serves as barrier between protons so that protons won't split. Protons would not detach from each other though there's still force inside the nucleus. And the electrons will be attracted to them and atoms which create matter, which create us, create all the elements are given by the complexity of the universe.

And imagine a very tiny detail we are trying to discover. It's hard to think that there's no greatest architect. There's no such thing as God in this very wonderful universe. And if you will study more, before that, electron.

What is the quarks of an electron? Pause the video. Hopefully, you've tried.

Mathematically, probably you got it. But electron is already an elementary particle. So it is not made up of quarks. So you might have answered that.

U, UDD? Or you've used the, how do you say it? One-third, one-third.

I mean, you ask, three down, three down, so negative one-third plus negative one-third plus negative one-third is negative three-thirds. Though mathematically correct, it is not made up of quarks. Electron is very small already. So now, scientists realize that the smallest part or the elementary particles of an atom is the quarks and the electrons. electron so these one are the smallest because the proton in the nucleus is just made up of your up and down quarks combination so hopefully you get that right so quarks and electrons are the fundamental finally the basic as of the moment they are made up of even smaller stuff but i doubt I think it's the smallest of them all.

So, again, it's very amazing. It's really amazing. And if you'll study physics further or chemistry further, and you'll be led to the quantum world, you'll realize that the matter, the atom, is created by up, down, quarks, and the electrons. And we also have counterpart of charm, strange, and then the mesons, if I'm not mistaken, and the tau. Then we have the top and bottom.

we have the glue once the energy does the other particles, the neutrinos, etc. And one tweak of this particle could change the outcome of a universe. And multiverse string theory are given birth.

And where this gravity came from. So again, science is beautiful. Though we are learning the basics, we are recalling what we've already learned. If you seek knowledge, if you seek wisdom, if you seek to pursue science, you have to read more though we're under general chemistry hopefully we're learning something we're learning uh than what we've already know so again thank you so much for always watching the video though not everyone is watching it Thank you very much. See you on our synchronous session.

This has been Sir Zelo. Peace out.

Transcript for:Atomic Theory and Structure

Transcript for:
Atomic Theory and Structure