Okay, class, we're going to chapter four, moving right along. I think you guys are getting the hang of it. So now we're going to do some prefixes in chapter four.
Chapter goals, same thing. Let's see, define basic prefixes used in medical language. So carpo is wrist. You've heard of carpal tunnel. All right, so what about cis?
Cis means to cut, and the whole point of all medical terminology is so you can read a medical chart with ease, right? We're going to use terminology that you're probably not familiar with, but it'll be good to have a good background on this. Cost means rib, costal, costal chondritis, cutaneous, skin, dactyl meaning fingers, duct meaning lead or carry.
Flex is bend, so flexion. Gloss is tongue, glossopharyngeal. Combining forms, glyc, sugar, immunoprotection, morph, shape, mort, death, like a mortuary, place of death. Nate, gnat, birth, norm, rule or order, ox, oxygen, pube, pubis, seps, infection, so sepsis, you've heard of that.
Somno, sleep, sun is sound, the, that, the, thele is nipple, tense is force, um, thyro is thyrogland, top, place, position, location, tox, poison, toxicology, study of poison, trach, windpipe, urethro, urethra, right? So getting used to all these combining forms. Now.
Now crin means to secrete, so you have endocrine and exocrine. Drome is run. Fusion is coming together.
Gia, substance that produces. So before we had the combining forms, now we're going to suffixes. We always start with the suffixes.
So this is where you pay attention. Lysis is breakdown. Meter is measure. Mission is send. Or is one who.
Oxia is oxygen. So hypo. hypoxia would be lack of oxygen.
Partum is birth or labor, so postpartum. Postpartum depression is depression after labor. Phoria, bear, fear, feeling, right?
Or euphoria, a feeling of well-being. Grow is physis. Plasia is development, formation, or growth. Plasm, structure or formation.
Breathing is... Apnea, so apnea would be difficulty breathing. Happening, tum, like a symptom. Ptosis, falling, drooping, prolapse. Rhea, flow discharge.
Stasis, stopping, controlling, trophic development. So you can see some of these carry over from chapter 3 and it's always good for repetition. So this is the prefixes. So now A or an means no, not or without. A B is away from so abnormal would be away from normal.
A D is toward a deduction. Anna is up or apart. Anti is before or forward.
Anti is against auto is self bias to Brady is slow. So Brady kinesia slow movement. Keta, down.
Ketabolism is breaking down. Con is with. Contra is against. D is down, lack of. Dia is through or complete.
Dis is abnormal. Ech is out or without. Endo is in or within. So some examples of contra would be contralateral.
Down or lack of dehydration. Diaphlow, I gave you that example of diarrhea. Dys would be dyspnea, difficulty breathing. Ectopic, out, outside.
So you know what an ectopic pregnancy is, pregnancy out of normal place. And endoscope would be instrument to view within the body. So epi would be upon, on, or above.
So epithelium. Right? Skin or surface.
U means good or normal. So euphoria, remember? Or eupnea is good normal breathing.
Euphoria is a good feeling or a high. X means outside. So let's say it's, what if you had a word that's exophthalmia. Exophthalmia. You know that aphthalmia is...
Related to eyeballs, so X would be outside. So yes, that would be a protrusion of the eyeball. Hemi is half.
Hemiparesis, you know that from strokes. Hyper is excessive. So hyperplasia, hypertrophy, hyperglycemia. And hypo would be deficient.
So hypoglycemia. And hypodermic. So hypodermic, like a hypodermic needle, would be... what pertaining to below the skin. So now you're getting it.
In is not. So insomniac is pertaining to inability to sleep. Incision is a process of cutting into. Infra is beneath. So infracostal would be below the ribs.
Inter is between and intra is in or within. So intercostal would be between the rim. the ribs and intravenous would be pertaining to within a vein. Right? So intratester versus intertester.
Intra would be I would be doing the test myself a couple times where inter would be two separate people doing the test. So it would be like a nurse taking the blood pressure. Intertester reliability would be two separate nurses and intratester reliability would be the same nurse doing the blood pressure. several times. Macro is large, so macrocephalic would be pertaining to an enlarged head.
Mal is bad, we don't like that, so malignant, harmful, bad, cancerous. Malace, malace, feeling of discomfort. Meta, metamorphosis, your condition of change or form. Micro, small, so microscope, right, instrument to view small objects. Neo is a microcosm.
New growth, neoplasm, pan. So pancytopenia would be a condition of decrease in all cells, usually blood cells. Para is abnormal, you know, paranormal. Paralysis, abnormal destruction of nerves. Per is through, so percutaneous, pertaining to through the skin.
Peri is surrounding, so a pericardium would be like a membrane surrounding the heart. Poly, or let's say it's polyneuritis is inflammation of many nerves. Post, postnatal, pertaining to afterbirth.
Pre is prenatal, pertaining to before birth. And pro is before or forward. So prodrome or prolapse, prolapse, sliding forward or downward.
Pros is before or forward. Re. is back again, so like a relapse, somebody goes back into a relapse of their cancer. Retro would be behind, so retroperitoneal would be behind the peritoneum.
Sub is underneath, so subcutaneous, under the skin. Supra is above, so like a suprathoracic pertaining to above the chest. Syn or sym is together with, so synthesis or syndrome, a group of symptoms. that run together.
We'll talk about down syndrome a little bit. But synthesis would be to put place together as in protein synthesis or photosynthesis. And then we go tachy, fast, tachycardia.
Trans, like transurethral, pertaining to through the urethra. We'll talk about that. I'll show you a diagram of that. Ultra is beyond, like ultrasonography, process of recording ultrasound beyond the normal range of waves. and uni is pertaining to one side so unilateral quick quiz hot shot which term means a muscle that draws a limb toward the body watch the ceiling adductor adductor adductor or abductor and it's adductor c is in cat which term means painful breathing dyspnea dysplasia apnea or cephalgia so dyspnea So let's take a closer look at some antigens and antibodies, the Rh condition, background Rh condition.
Antigen is a substance usually foreign to the body that stimulates the production of antibodies. So antibodies are protein substances made by white blood cells in response to the presence of foreign antigens. We like antibodies. Anytime you get a vaccine, you'll probably make antibodies. But an antigen, we don't like antigens.
That's a substance usually foreign to the body that stimulates the production of antibodies. production of antibodies. So with COVID-19 you're talking about a lot of antigen and antibodies, right?
We want antibodies for COVID-19 if you've been exposed. Now the RH condition is an antigen antibody condition that develops when there is a difference in RH blood factor between the pregnant mother, RH negative, and that of the fetus, which is RH positive. So that's like the RUB positive, A positive, OH, I'm sorry, O positive, AB positive, RU negative, O negative, A negative. So that is the RH condition. In anatomy class, you'll learn more about that.
Again, medical terminology, we're not, I'm not going to describe the condition or how it happens. That's, that'd be beyond the scope of this class. So the first pregnancy is RH negative, babies, red blood cells. Rh negative is the mother.
At delivery of the first pregnancy, Rh positive antigen passed from baby to mother. Why antibody made by mother responds to Rh positive antigen from baby, usually no problems for the baby. In the second pregnancy, now you have antibodies from the mother pass to the baby and destroy red blood cells of baby.
This occurs early in the pregnancy if the mother has not received Rh immunoglobulin. So again, I'm not going to quiz you on the the physiology of rh condition this is just a kind of a good introduction to really i want you to know the difference between antigen and antibodies at the end of the day antibodies are made by what type of cells platelets leukocytes thrombocytes or erthrocytes so if you go back antibodies are made by white blood cells so white blood cells are leukocytes What's a congenital anomaly? Congenital meaning a birth irregularity in structure organ that an infant is born with. Examples are wet fingers or toes, syndactyl, heart defects, and clubbed feet.
Usually a congenital anomaly is very rare in the United States because we have good prenatal care, but in countries where prenatal care they don't have access to, you'll see a large portion of congenital anomalies. Some congenital anomalies are hereditary. others are produced by factors present during frequency for example fetal alcohol syndrome if a mother is drinking while pregnant drinks high levels of alcohol resulting in physical and mental defects so here's some congenital anomalies a little webbed hands here and then they forgot to separate here so again not the end of the world you could probably have surgery to fix these probably have surgery to fix this but you know something people think it's cool Closer look at recombinant DNA.
You know what that deoxyribonucleic acid. Those are found in chromosomes. Remember humans have 46 chromosomes.
23 from mama, 23 from papa. Makes the beautiful creature as you. So you look a little like your mom, a little like your papa.
Recombinant DNA is taking a gene from one organism and inserting it into the DNA of another organism. So we got some crazy technology. Recombinant techniques are used to manufacture insulin outside the body. This new technique called the CRISPR is an acronym for a technique to change DNA sequences and turn off genes or replace them with new versions.
So you know that they've mapped the entire human genome. So imagine this, if you knew that you had a gene for diabetes, what if you could go in there and turn that gene off and then your offspring would not be prone to diabetes? Now you raise some ethical questions, but you know, that's just diabetes, but what about some severe life-threatening diseases if you knew that, hey, your baby might have Tay-Sachs disease, and we know what gene that is in, if we go in and turn that off, would you be willing to do that?
Or are you playing God there, right? So there's some ethical questions there that we want to, it's a tough question, it's a tough situation, and only you can answer it when you're put in that situation. So a syndrome is a group of signs or symptoms that commonly occur together and indicate a particular disease or abnormal condition.
Ray syndrome is characterized by vomiting, swelling of the brain, increased intracranial pressure, hypoglycemia, and dysfunction of the liver may occur in children after a viral infection that has been treated with aspirin. So that's why you shouldn't give aspirin to young children. You can give them Tylenol, but not aspirin because it could happen. It's like an allergic reaction. Steven Johnson's disease is also another one where kids can have an allergic reaction to that.
So be careful with giving kids aspirin. Now what's the difference between sign and symptom? People think that it's interchangeable, but no.
There is a difference between sign and symptom. So again, make sure you know the difference between a sign and a symptom. Usually a sign or the definition, the sign is objective evidence. So sign is their blood pressure is 120 over 80. Their sign is their heart rate is 90. A symptom would be something that a patient would say, you know, it's like I'm feeling dizzy, I'm feeling lightheaded, I'm feeling queasy in the stomach.
You really can't measure that objectively. So that would be a symptom that a patient reports, but a sign could be something that you could objectively measure. So make sure you know the difference between a sign and symptom.
They are not the same. Here's Down syndrome. Trisomy 21 occurs when you have an extra chromosome. So usually the patients have 47 chromosomes. Remember I said for humans, we have 46. So in Down syndrome, you have an extra chromosome.
It's called trisomy 21 because it occurs on the 21st chromosome. But some of those flat facial features, that would be a sign, small head and ears sign because that's something that we could see, short neck we can measure, bulging tongue we can measure, eyes that slant upward. atypically shaped ears, we can measure that, and poor muscle tone. Okay, so these are all signs.
Again, symptoms would be headaches, nausea, not feeling well. So those are some things that we couldn't measure, but signs we can objectively measure. What is a transurethral resection of the prostate glands called a TURP?
A portion of the prostate gland is removed with an instrument passed through the trans, the urethra. This doesn't look very pleasant at all. The procedure is indicated with prosthetic tissue increases.
Hyperplasia interferes with urination. So you would be a terp. So you'd go in there and work that out. Yeah, this doesn't look pleasant at all. And then what's ultrasonography?
Ultrasonography is a diagnostic technique using... ultrasound waves to produce an image or a photograph of an organ or tissue. Now you can use an echocardiogram, that's ultrasound image of the heart, or a sonogram, which is a fetal ultrasound image. So when you get pregnant, you might have a sonogram, but people use the word ultrasound. I'm going to go get an ultrasound because I'm in my fourth trimester, but you're really getting a sonogram, which is a fetal ultrasound image.
And then an echocardiogram is an ultrasound image of the heart. So using the terminology correctly will make you sound much smarter and more accepted in the medical community. So chapter four is done.
Good job.