Understanding Parliament

Introduction

• Parliament affects many aspects of society: hospitals, schools, environment.
• Key question: What is Parliament and its origins?

Historical Background

• Magna Carta (1215):
  • King John agreed to 63 rules set by barons, establishing that no one, including the King, could break the law.
• Simon de Montfort (1265):
  • Invited town and shire representatives to Parliament, marking a shift of decision-making power from the monarchy to Parliament.

Role of Parliament

• Government vs. Parliament:
  • The government runs the country.
  • Parliament checks and challenges government actions.

Structure of Parliament

1. House of Commons:

   • Main chamber for debates and law discussions.
   • Composed of 650 Members of Parliament (MPs). Each MP represents a constituency.
   • Most MPs belong to political parties; some are independent.
   • General elections determine which MPs are elected.
   • The party with the most MPs forms the government.

2. House of Lords:

   • Shares law-making responsibilities with the House of Commons.
   • About 800 members, mostly life peers, nominated for their expertise.
   • Includes hereditary peers and bishops.

3. Monarch:

   • Mainly a ceremonial role, includes meeting the Prime Minister and signing new laws.

Law-Making Process

• Bills:
  • Proposals for new laws, initiated by various groups, including political parties.
  • A bill can start in either the House of Commons or the House of Lords.
  • MPs and Lords debate and suggest changes through discussions.
  • If agreed upon, the bill goes to the monarch to become an Act of Parliament.

Democracy and Voting

• Democracy:
  • Citizens have a say in governance through voting.
  • Eligible voters: aged 18 and over; registration possible at age 16.
  • Various elections: general, local, European.

General Elections

• Occur every five years.
• Polling day: voters select candidates in constituencies.
• Candidates campaign to gain votes, often through leaflets, public speaking, and TV broadcasts.
• The winning candidate becomes the MP for their area.
• A hung parliament may lead to coalition governments.

Civic Engagement

• Citizens can express views by:
  • Contacting MPs or Lords about local issues.
  • Starting petitions to gather support for a cause.
  • Joining campaign groups for advocacy.
  • Participating in school councils for student representation.

Conclusion

• Parliament is central to UK democracy, facilitating discussions, law-making, and government accountability.
• Encouragement for citizen involvement in democracy.