so hello and welcome to the first of eighty modules for the study of AP psychology I know it probably seems like crazy amount eighty modules but I swear ap psychology is such a fun course and we have a long journey covering 14 units but I promise you well I pretty much promise you that you will likely learn and likely enjoy it psychology after all is really about us what contributes to making us who we are how do we learn together why do we make the choices we do why do my friends act the way they do in groups versus individually all different kind of things that we're gonna be exploring as we journey through this course and just to introduce myself I'm dr. Jessica and I'm gonna be narrating through all of these slides that go sort of hand-in-hand with the textbook from David Myers and Nathan de Waal it's called Myers psychology for the AP course third edition so here we go in module one we're going to be talking about psychology in its history now in unit 1 which is unit 1 of 14 the whole overall unit is called psychology history and approaches so within unit 1 is about history today's approaches and subfields in psychology this is probably one of the shortest units within the whole entire textbook so what are some of the learning targets that we're gonna have for unit 1 I want to talk about these it eats the beginning of each module and then sort of loop back around and connect to them at the end of the module to make sure you understand these learning targets because these are very important if you decide to take the AP exam at any point so first of all you should be able at the end of this module to understand why psychology is a science and why the rat is always right next you should be able to describe the key elements of the scientific attitude and how these added and how these elements support scientific inquiry how critical thinking feeds aside scientific attitude you should be able to describe how psychology developed from its early understandings all the way back like the Greece to nap to modern science and how critical thinking feeds a scientific attitude and smart of thinking for everyday life so if think we're going to be connecting this idea of scientific thought to how you approach everyday life and then explain some of the things like behaviorism Freudian psychology and humanistic psychology and how they helped further develop the field of psychological science so how is psychology of science well um is it a silence yes it is a science why because it utilizes the tools of science to understand behavior in mental processes these tools what are they well they're things like description explanation prediction and especially control these are things that are part of science and definitely very embedded within the field of psychology so just to start off with the whole idea of why is the rat always right within the field of psychology facts speak for themselves researchers no matter what they hypothesize or what they believe have to accept the results of the study even if their own hypothesis has been proven wrong this can be really tough right when you really think you understand a concept or something and you make a hypotheses and it ends up being really wrong well that doesn't matter because you're utilizing science it doesn't matter what you thought ahead of time you have to use the results that you get what is one key element of the scientific attitude one very very very important element is curiosity asking questions okay so what if so what would be some good questions our stress levels related to healthy health and well-being that would be a good question a harder question could be can some people read minds you could definitely develop some sort of study about that but don't get too excited about what results you might find okay what is another key element of the scientific attitude scepticism I love this skepticism being a skeptic sifting reality from face to see in demanding evidence in psychology as in all Sciences we demand evidence we're just not taking what people believe or what they on their own interpretations of perceptions of something psychology demands evidence ok so some of these things these questions here to the lastly do our facial expressions and body postures affects how we actually feel we could design a study to figure that out two kinds of behaviors determine children's sexual orientation or not again we could design a study to figure that out may have some preconceived ideas but in psychology as an all scientists science science field we demand evidence what is the third key element of the scientific attitude haha this is a tough one for some of us humility we have to be willing to accept incorrect predictions a scientist sometimes we're wrong and that's ok we learn from it but that is we have to be humble and our attitude towards what we're studying the term critical thinking is often thrown around in lots of different fields especially in education but what is it what's its critical thinking mean well here are five things examining assumptions appraising the source discerning hidden biases we all have biases and we have to try to make ourselves be more aware of them evaluating evidence and really assessing our conclusions so what are the things that philosophers wonder about the mind ok things like how does our mind work how does our body relate to our mind how much of what we know is innate how much comes from our experiences there's a lot from the field of philosophy that has been translated into the field of psychology in some ways you can almost think about the field of psychology is a melding of philosophy and biology I heard I've heard someone say before and I think that's a really interesting basic way to understand so going back in history a little bit some of the first people interested in philosophy / psychology were the Greeks great thinkers at an early time three of them you've probably heard of throughout your education or Socrates Plato and Aristotle from Socrates and Plato thought that the mind and body were separate the mind continues after dead death and but knowledge is innate that means born within look within you that's more of like the nature point of view of her thinking nature versus nurture Aristotle on the other hand thought that knowledge comes from observation he felt that knowledge was not Annie and he felt a strong need for data so the French with one prominent philosopher Rene Descartes agreed with Socrates and Plato about the concept that knowledge is innate and he had lots of dissection of animals he did lots of different things showing that fluid in the blood flows through nerves to muscles causing movements and he made a lot of advancements in our understanding of how people are thinking and just had some really fascinating takes on life and how we think about the world in an early point in our history so the British with Francis Bacon who is a very important name in the field of science because he came up with the idea of empiricism he sort of thought of ism founder of modern science and John Locke is another person whose idea is kind of her a little bit more similar to Aristotle and that idea that we're born a blank slate that's what tabula rasa means the mind at birth is a blank slate on which experience writes and later on in the course we're going to talk a lot about behaviorism which grew grew a lot out of this idea of tabula rasa and the mind being a blank slate so with Francis Bacon and that really important highlighted term of empiricism it's important for you to really understand what empiricism is it is the idea that knowledge is the result of experience and that this scientific knowledge is developed through observation and experimentation okay so empiricism is a fundamental concept of science so I'm going to move on to some of the famous early psychologists with the first one being Bill Hemant although some people call him Wilhelm wundt he was German and he actually established the first psychology lab he won in Leipzig Germany actually in the late 1800s he wanted to measure the atoms of the mind and understand the fastest mental processes so what did he do well once butch an experimental design question what did he test what was he curious about so in two separate trials subjects were asked things like to press a telegraph key as soon as they heard of the sound of a ball hitting a platform as soon as they were consciously aware of perceiving the sound so those were the types of things Bill hem Blount was studying and he was one of the first people to really be looking at any types of these questions in a scientific way so what did he find what were the results in the first trial the subjects pressed a button in one tenth of a second when they heard the sound of a ball hitting a platform but it took two-tenths of a second to wait until they were consciously aware of receiving the sound he had a student who actually maybe even became more famous than him um Edward Tichenor who basically brought his ideas across the Atlantic to United States I believe he was at Cornell and he introduced the concept of structuralism to study elements of the mind and he wanted to use this idea called introspection so structuralism was an early school focused on identifying the elements of thought and mind the structures of the mind the way early chemists developed the periodic table to classify elements that was titchener's hope that he could develop some sort of periodic table type thing to classify elements of the mind of course you kind of know he didn't really have success with that what was the idea of introspection what was the process of looking ingrid lee to directly observe one's own psychological processes there was a I think it's important to say here that this area while very intriguing and help an area that really helped to develop psychology is a scientific field it sort of stopped after a while because they didn't really have bunt and teach you didn't have that much success and really there this idea of a periodic table of the mind so to speak so let's enter this next guy you probably have heard of Charles Darwin Darwin of course came up with his theory of natural selection and the natural selection of mental and physical traits and the idea of adaptive evolution well he highly influenced a very very famous psychologist named William James who is up next William James introduced the concept of functionalism and he wrote an extremely important text in the field of psychology called the principles of psychology it's actually still used in certain universities to study psychology it's been so it was so well received and I think it took him a really long time to read it to write it even though he had not anticipated it with taking so long so what is the concept of functionalism well functionalism assumes a purpose smelling and thinking must have helped us evolve so that structure of the consciousness must serve a function so why is it that we smell why is it that we do things the way we do why is it that we have these thoughts or we behave in this way to William James and the functionalist it was because it must serve some sort of evolutionary evolutionary function smelling is what the nose does thinking is what the brain does but why so that was the kind of things that they were studying so another important person within the field of early psychology is Mary Witten Calkins and I think I wanted to stop at this point to tell you we're gonna be benching a bunch of these psychologists briefly here and then as we go throughout the course their names may come up again and again so what were additional important milestones in psychologies early development well Mary Witten Calkins is a famous early psychologist who has happened to be female and she was a student of William James brilliant but she was denied her PhD because she because she was a woman and back at that point that was just not okay she was not allowed to be in like these psychological circles they had and she was not allowed to get her PhD from Harvard now she met all of the requirements and like and believed outscore and all the males within within her studies but she was not allowed to actually get a PhD from Harvard they offered her one from Radcliffe and she said no thanks she was a memory researcher and then she went on to become the first female president of the American Psychological Association so mayor margaret Flo Washburn was actually a student of Edward Kitchener and she was the first female to earn a PhD in psychology and she did a lot of studies with animals and wrote a book called the animal mind to more psychologists that we're gonna hear a lot about that had a very strong influence early on in the field of psychology or two of the most famous probably two definitely of the most famous behavioral psychologists you may have actually heard of BF Skinner and John Watson Alvia Skinner is known a lot for his work with pigeons and animals and things like the Skinner box and those sorts of things and John Watson on the other hand did research at Johns Hopkins University in one of the most famous studies he is known for is the little Albert study which we will be learning a lot about in our chapter our unit on behaviorism so what is behaviorism behaviorist really felt that psychology should be an objective science observable behavior is important to study not the unseen mental processes okay so two behaviorist it was all about being objective the only thing you can study to them are the things you can see not what's going on in the mind now let's contrast that with this next guy who's probably something you definitely heard of was in the field of psychology Sigmund Freud um Freud of course was Austrian and working in a very different place than in the United States but you know was what I was talking about many of the previous psychologists they were mostly in the nine states except for Johann but so how did Freud further the development of psychological science early on well he developed an influential treatment process called psychoanalysis he came up with a pretty detailed personality theory so what is Freudian or psychoanalytic psychology well in contrast to behaviorism Freudian or psychoanalytic psychology believes that unconscious forces things you can't measure things that are internal to us and childhood experiences are what are really affecting our behavior and our mental processes another approach within the field of psychology that really came to prominence in around the 1960s 70s was humanistic psychology and it's still there's still some air pockets of popularity among humanists as well um Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers are two people that we will definitely be talking about later on when we touch upon humanistic psychology again and the basic underlying principles of chic human is a humanistic psychology or that humans strive to reach their full potential that we should have unconditional love for others when weren't especially where our therapeutic setting and that we should be really focused on personal growth so as opposed to behaviorism and psyche the Freudian psychoanalysis humanism is thought of as sort of the third force in psychology so we think about modern psychology we had early on in the early nineteen hundred's john watson and BF Skinner behaviorism parallel to that across the Atlantic Freud was coming up with his cycling lytic theories which became very popular as those sort of waned a tiny bit humanism really took off and became a third force in the field of psychology it rejected both behaviorism and psychoanalytic psychology and it was more about study of potential and personal growth so we're now at the end of our first module and let's review a little bit so how is psychology of science and why is the rat always right well psychologists are scientists they use the scientific method they think critically critically and they accept the results even if it goes against what they had hypothesized at the beginning so what are those three key elements of the scientific attitude and how do they support scientific inquiry well the scientific attitude encourages us to be curious skeptical and humble and testing ideas that don't agree with ours how does critical-thinking feed a scientific attitude and smart of thinking for everyday life well it puts ideas to the test we must examine assumptions appraise the sources discern hidden biases evaluate evidence and assess our conclusions so thinking about the history of psychology as a field how did it develop from early understandings of the mind in the body to the beginnings of modern science the Greeks thought a lot about whether or not our thoughts and ideas were innate nature based or they came from experience form or nurture base John Locke you know was a was someone who believed in the idea of the blank say late or tabula rasa and Sir Francis Bacon is sort of the founder of the science scientific method that we think of and he gave us the concept of empiricism so what are some important milestones in psychologies early development bill hamlet establishing the first scientific psychology lab in Leipzig Germany Boynton Tichenor together coming up with structuralism and introspection and then William James coming up with functionalism and be heavily influenced by Charles Darwin so how did behaviorism Freudian psychology and humanistic psychology further the development of psychological science well John Watson probably the founder of behaviorism most would consider him to be focused on studying observable behavior whereas Freud really focused on unconscious influences in psychoanalysis and Rogers and Maslow the third force of psychology are known for humanism and focused on human potential and human striving for growth so thank you for listening to our first module within our ap psychology selves our APM sorry it was in our ap psychology 80 modules that will be coming up thank you