Lecture: Digital Electronic Circuits and Binary System

Introduction to Digital Electronic Circuits

• Digital simplifies repetitive functions in electronic systems.
• Operations based on high voltage (on state) or low voltage (off state).
• Simplified logic: a circuit is either on or off.

Teaching Approach for Digital

• Use of slides and deviation to meet objectives.
• Quizzes scheduled after completion of all digital lectures.
• Tools allowed: Windows calculator and Multi-sim.

Quizzes and Assessments

• Not multiple choice, fill in the blank format.
• Everything must be correct to get the answer right.
• Emphasis on understanding logic gates.

Importance of Digital

• World is predominantly digital now.
• Binary number system is crucial.

Binary Number System

• Binary System: Base 2 system using digits 0 and 1.
• Decimal to Binary Conversion:
  • Binary numbers increase by powers of two.
  • Example: Decimal number 10 is 1010 in binary.
• BCD Code: Binary Coded Decimal (8421 codes).
• Hexadecimal System: Uses numbers and letters (0-9, A-F).

Windows Calculator and Digital Conversion

• Use Windows calculator in programmer mode for binary, decimal, and hexadecimal conversions.
• Important keys: binary, decimal, hex, octal.

Inductance and AC Circuits

Inductance Basics

• Inductance: Characteristic of opposing change in current flow.
• Symbol: L, measured in henries (H).
• Concepts: Magnetic field storage, lenses law, counter EMF.

Inductors Types

• Fixed Inductor: Single value, often air-core.
• Variable Inductor: Adjustable core material (e.g., ferrite or powdered iron).
• Toroid Core: High inductance, small size, magnetic field contained within the core.
• Shielded Core: Protects from external magnetic fields.
• Laminated Core: Often called chokes; used in noise filters.

Inductors in Circuits

• Series Inductance: Add inductances like resistances in series.
• Parallel Inductance: Reciprocal formula like resistors in parallel.
• Time Constants in RL Circuits: Defined as L/R, reaches stability after five time constants.

Practical Usage and Calibration

• Adjustment Tools: Non-magnetic alignment tools needed.
• Oscilloscope: Fundamental tool for measuring and analyzing AC signals.
• Frequency Counters: Used to measure frequency, often in counter-surveillance.

AC and Digital Oscilloscopes

• AC Oscilloscopes: Display voltage over time; useful for viewing waveform shapes.
• Digital Oscilloscopes: Combine analog and digital displays, often used in modern labs.
• Bode Plotters: Used for amplifier feedback, not commonly available here but simulated.

Oscilloscope Use and Calibration

• Initial Setup: Set intensity, focus, and position to center range.
• Triggering: Automatic internal triggering recommended for stable images.
• Measurement: Use oscilloscope graticules for voltage and time measurement.

AC Measurements and Practical Applications

• DMM Limitations: Digital Multimeters are accurate for AC power but not high-frequency signals.
• AC to DC Conversion: Important for accurate readings in traditional meters.
• Practical Applications: Ensure correct impedance matching for maximum power transfer.

Digital Applications in Real World

• Consumer Electronics: Predominantly digital systems for efficiency and performance.
• Audio Systems: Proper filtering and impedance matching crucial for high-quality sound.

Conclusion

• Understanding binary and digital logic is foundational in electronics.
• Practical skills with tools like oscilloscopes and calculators are essential.
• The digital world necessitates a strong grasp of these fundamental concepts and tools.