sup people this is your boy Technology G you can just call me tech G so in this video you're gonna learn about various notational systems such as binary hexadecimal you're gonna learn about decimal in addition to learning about how data is represented in forms called ASC III in that of Unicode alright so let's get to it so first things first binary so in mathematics and digital electronics a binary number is a number expressed in the base-2 numeral system or simply referred to as the binary numeral system the system uses only two symbols typically the number zero and the number one to represent for off and on respectively this number system is the basis for all binary code which is used to write data such as computer processor instructions for every piece of data that is essentially processed so if we look at this chart over here you'll see on the left hand side you have numbers that represent decimal numbers going from 0 to 15 and on the right hand side you have a representation of binary binary basically is how a computer reads information it takes a bunch of information and converts it into a bunch of zeros and ones like I said that represents on and off and what you're looking at on this chart here is basically binary for one quote-unquote octet I guess you could say and each octet consists of eight individual bits now depending upon which bit is turned on is gonna represent this decimal equivalent so if you look at the decimal number 0 that means all of the 8 bits are turned off if you look at decimal number 1 that means the first 7 bits are turned off and the last bit is turned on and the last bit represents the number 1 now when you get to these 8 bits basically what this is trying to say is the very the very first bit at the very end of the chart represents the numerical value of 1 the second bit will two the third will represent four that you will go to eight 16 32 64 128 so on and so forth right so depending upon what bet you turn on is gonna represent its decimal value so if we look at the decimal value of number two here you'll see we have six bits turned off which represent zero then when we get to the seventh bit it is turned on showing you signify signified by the number one and then we have the 8th bit turned off so being that we have that second bit turned on the number 1 remember that 2nd place value represents then number 2 if you go all the way down to let's see is it on this chart I don't think I have it on this chart I'll show it on a few okay matter of fact you go all the way down to the decimal equivalent of the number 15 at the very bottom you'll see that the first 4 bits are turned off and the last 4 bits are turned on now if you take the last 4 bits one one one one you put them into their decimal equivalent that'll be the number one two four and eight if you add 8 plus 4 plus 2 plus 1 that'll give you the decimal value of 15 I know it sounds confusing remember you don't have to get into grave detail when it comes to this particular IT certification you just have to have a familiarization with these concepts ladies and gentlemen so how does binary work glad you asked lives and gentlemen so the zeros and the ones and binary represent off and on respectively like I said earlier meaning there is there is no flow of electricity moving which is the number zero or there is a flow of electricity moving which represents the number one or the binary digit number one the flow of the flow or restriction excuse me the flow or restriction of the flow of this electricity moves through a component which is known as a transistor which is the primary building block of all microchips now depending upon the arrangement of the transistors these things called logic gates are created which essentially tell a computer to either pass a current of electricity which would mean that it is turned on to the value of 1 or to restrict a current of electricity which means that the value number of to not to of zero will be turned on to prevent this information from flowing what is base 10 so we're still talking about notational systems here so to truly understand how binary works we must first discuss a numbering system known as base 10 now if you ever used your fingers to add numbers up you know 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 you know things you should have learned in kindergarten then you were already using the concept of base 10 you using stuff to count with your fingers or you're just counting random objects that's base 10 basically numbers 0 through 9 is the base 10 number in system and this also includes decimal numbers as well all right so now we're going to talk about the next notational system and that is called powers of 2 so by definition in mathematics a power of 2 is a number of the form 2 times the letter n where the letter n is an integer which is the result of an explanation of the number I know it sounds a little bit confusing but it's really not that confusing so when Lele me in Turners basically what I'm saying is this powers of 2 is simply the mathematical doubling of numbers stating starting with the base number of 2 so if we look at the chart here we got the decimal number 2 and I've already explained to you it's binary equivalent which is 10 or 1 0 now if we want to write 2 out in exponential form that'll be 2 to the first power and then that'll result in the number 2 we two four four written out in binary is the number 100 r100 if you write if you want to figure out the exponential form of the number four based off of the number two that'll be two squared our two to the second power which is two times two and we could just keep going on and on down the list if we look at the number eight that eight written in binary is the number 1000 r1000 also eight written in exponential form when using base 2 our powers of 2 is 2 cubed or 2 to the third and you see it written out in it's a multiplication form 2 times 2 times 2 equals the number 8 and you could just go on and on down the list that is how powers of 2 work ladies and gentlemen next we have hexadecimal also known as base 16 or simply hex and basically this is a positional system that represents numbers using a base of 16 so base 16 notation uses the following digits 0 through 9 which are equivalent to values 0 through 9 in decimal notation so the numbers 0 through 9 is the same in hexadecimal notation now when you get to the symbols letters A through F they are going to be equivalent to the values 10 through 15 in decimal notation and so in hexadecimal you will have a grand total of 16 digits starting with the number 0 going all the way to the symbol F every hexadecimal digit is the equivalent of 4 bits in binary notation and AB it is also known as a nibble but hexadecimal is use quite commonly in the computing world such as expressing color values when it comes to something called hypertext markup language or most of you are familiar with this simply as HTML and basically this is a this is this type of stuff is used across various mediums all the way for like I say it from the internet all the way to IP addressing schemes particularly those dealing with IP version 6 which will I'll discuss in a few minutes and all the way down to this thing called a MAC address or a media access control address basically this is like an identification put onto every device in the world that has connectivity to the Internet somehow someway alright so let's see so let's get back to this chart over here so we got decimal binary in hexadecimal right on this left-hand chart so if we go down and we look at the number 15 decimal number 15 you'll see that it is written in binary as four ones 1 1 1 1 like I said if we go back to that other chart I don't think I have it up well anyways if we go back to that other chart if you guys would call what I said I said those basically represent the first 4 bits in an octet that are turned on so the first bit of one is turned on the second bit of the number 2 is turned on the third bit of number 4 is turned on and the fourth bit of number 8 is turned on if you take the numbers 8 plus 4 plus 2 plus 1 that's going to equal the number 15 when you convert that over into hexadecimal if you look at the chart on your right-hand side you will see that the value F or the number 15 represents the value F in hexadecimal form like I said you have to be subject matter experts with this you just have to be familiar with the concepts at least as far as this exam is concerned all right other places we see hexadecimal values is when it comes to color values ladies and gentlemen so when you're looking at your computer screen or your television screen or your smart screen you are basically looking at a spectrum of colors being represented by a mix of what is called RBG are red green and blue you're just looking at a mix of primary colors so for example the hexadecimal color code for red would be FF with 4 zeros that if you type that actually into Google it'll pull up a picture saying that this is what the color red looks like when you convert it into its hexadecimal equivalent balloon will be four zeros and two F's white will be six FS and then black would be six zeros right which means that there is a basically none of these colors are showing up essentially is what black means you're just going to be looking at black now when it comes to white where you have six s basically that means all the colors of light have been mixed together to produce the color white which comes out to be ffff now if you want to start Dibble in and dabbling and secondary colors like the color orange then you know basically that's when you mix whatever two colors it takes to make orange I can't think of off the top of my head but at least when you type it into Google this is what the hexadecimal value for horns is going to be it's going to be f f/a 500 all right we're going to talk about IP version 4 and IP version 6 addresses ladies and gentlemen so basically if you are trying to give access to a certain website most of you are familiar with just typing in the name of a website like amazon.com or YouTube or Facebook or whatever it is that you look at right you know what most of you are probably unfamiliar with is that the name amazon.com is directly tied to a number system used to help locate that website that numbering system is called an IP address which stands for Internet Protocol address and IP address has come in two different protocols the first protocol is called IP version 4 which looks like this IP address I have here on my screen of 172 that 16.25 4.1 each of those dots represents an individual octet in case you guys are wondering what an octet was when I mentioned it earlier in the slide so alright so anyways the IP address what happens next is this IP address is then compared up against compared with the name that is stored in what is called a DNS a domain name server or domain name system depending upon what you want to call it the easiest way to think of a domain name system is every last one of us has an iPhone right now how many of you out there have actually memorized people's phone numbers like back in the day we used to have to memorize phone numbers now what most of you guys do when you get a phone number you know type in that person's phone number and the yield of sign of the sign that person the name mom dad food gym work boss whatever the case may be so next time you want to call up your mother your father most of you guys are not reaching into your phone and dialing up their number by punching the number and you're just gonna scroll through look for mom hit mom boom it's gonna automatically route you to that phone number and start ringing your mother your father's cell phone number that is essentially how IP addresses work because essentially none of us have the patience to sit around here memorize IP addresses like 170 mm 16.25 4.1 but we can't remember yahoo.com Google Facebook Amazon such-and-such so basically when we typed those names into what it's called a URL at Universal you know Uniform Resource locator it takes amazon.com goes to this quote-unquote phonebook matches that name up against the IP address and then route you all the way to that website server so that you can go out there and do whatever it is that you were in Timmons intending to do with that website that is essentially in a nutshell how a domain name server works right now when it comes to IP for addresses there are 4.3 billion IP addresses in the world now I know that seems like a lot and then once upon a time we all thought that that was enough IP addresses to cover every device in the world that is not the case ladies and gentlemen why because every day there was some new piece of technology coming out that can connect to the internet through some manner whether it's your phone whether it's a honing of your car you got frigerators and washing machines that could connect to the internet using this concept called IOT the Internet of Things the webcam you're looking at me on all this stuff all this stuff that needs to connect to the Internet they all have to get a sign in IP address of sorts in order to allow for it to go out there and do what it's supposed to do when it's time to get you out there surfing the World Wide Web so being that that is the case we simply ran out of IP addresses because we have too many devices that are trying to connect to the Internet so how do we solve that problem well we came out with the concept called IP version 6 and IP version 6 what you're looking at on your screen is this is an example of an IP version 6 IP address now can you imagine sitting around here every time you want to visit a website you'd have to type this long character string into your URL to visit Facebook Amazon or whatever site that you're going to who in the world are gonna sit here and try to memorize all these numbers not me and definitely not you but we can memorize amazon.com Google Yahoo YouTube etc etc and then like I said earlier the dns will take that name match it up against this IP address that's stored into into a machine somewhere on the internet called the DNS and then it'll help forward you to that website so that you can go out there and do what it do whatever it is that you're trying to do now when it comes to IP version 6 addresses there are currently 340 undecillion addresses that's a number I'm pretty sure when you ever heard of so basically that is 3.4 billion billion billion billion addresses in the world theoretically we should never ever ever have to worry about running out of IP addresses again but there is a possibility that in the future we might actually run out of IP addresses when it comes to IP version 6 some of you like how how is that possible well if scientists ever start perfecting this thing called micro machines not knock the little racing cars from back in the day but Micro Machines in terms of microscopic robots that can go inside of your bloodstream and then repair cells and and and you know extract cancer cells and all the stuff that scientists are currently working on if whatever gets to the point where that stuff is a mass production this rather large number pertaining to IP version 6 IP addresses might it might disappear to where we have to come up with another system because just think about if you got somebody who's who's fighting some type of element right now and they decided hey let's go ahead and eject a bunch of little micro machines and through his bloodstream and go out there and start fixing all the bad cells so this person you can get healthy all of those machines are gonna need an IP address and you think they're just gonna stick one microscopic machine into a human no they might stick about a hundred into that person so that means they're probably gonna have tens of thousands hundreds of thousands to the millions of these microscopic machines laying around ready to go out there and do whatever it is that they were designed to do and guess what they're all going to need an IP address but right now we're currently not there in society to my knowledge so this three point four billion billion billion billion IP addresses for the stuff that you and I utilize in our everyday lives is more than enough IP addresses to make us all happy so we can do what we want to do on the Internet for the most part now when we get to looking at these IP version 6 addresses so basically these things come in what is known as a basically an IP version 6 address is a hundred and twenty eight bits long comprised of eight 16-bit sections so this IP version 6 address right here that you guys are seeing that starts with the number 2001 if I were to convert every single section of this IP address into its binary equivalent this is what it's going to look like written out in binary so you go down to block 1 you see the number 1 which with 14 0 followed by the number one that is how you will write the number 2001 out in binary if you get down to the second portion the second block where it says 0 DB 8 in block 2 that is how you will write it out and it's a binary equivalent so like I said once again an IP version 6 address is broken up into it's 128 bits long of 8 16-bit sections so basically you multiply the numbers 8 times 16 you get 128 bits IP version 4 is essentially just four octet 172 that 16.2 48.1 each octet consists of 8 bits alright so now we're going to move on to the best bo notation ladies and gentlemen so as mentioned earlier the most common numbering system used in everyday life is that of base 10 we all have 10 fingers we all have 10 toes assuming you were born with 10 fingers and 10 toes and assuming you still have 10 fingers and 10 toes right base 10 also encompasses the decimal system as well so when we use the decimal system we use it to count money so as you can see in the example on the screen if you were to write a hundred dollars and five cents out you're gonna actually end up with a decimal number we use it when we're dealing with percentages so if you look at the screen again you have 7.4 percent when you write it out in this decimal notation it's actually zero point zero zero seven four you know the stuff should have learned in fourth or fifth grade also we use decimals when we are looking at the properties associated with hard drives on our computer system here so if we get a screen here and you see where it says capacity it'll it'll show something like the screens a little blurry but 442 what does that million or billion or something 442 something but basically is showing you what how many bytes is written on this drive in this decimal form and then the other one that circle shows you the bike the by and written in the drive capacity in binary written out in its gigabyte gigabit form so basically decimals are everywhere is what I'm trying to say ladies and gentlemen decimals are everywhere all right now we're going to get to data representation so when it comes to data data can be stored it can be transmitted and it can also be displayed the text that you are currently looking at on your screen is numeric codes that are mapped to characters to make them understandable now there are two broad categories of character sets that have been used in computer storage and they are called ASC III and Unicode ASCI stands for American Standard Code for information interchange in ASC III basically is a 7-bit character set that includes 128 characters of which 97 of those characters are printable and these characters include upper and lower case English alphabet numbers 0 through 9 and it also includes punctuation marks so basically this is one of the first systems to allow for us to type letters that are visible on the screen we also have what is called a NSI stands for American National Standards Institute and this is an extension of the ASC III standard and this extension allows for us to display things like copyright symbols trademark symbols currency symbols mathematical symbols and language accents so this is an extension of asci I and it also has 255 characters next we have what is called code pages so here's a thing an issue that the standard and extended ASCI characters present is that they cannot display characters used by languages that do not use the Latin alphabet you know the letters A through Z the alphabet that we all learned in kindergarten or preschool right now to solve this problem for operating systems to work with non-latin alphabets or to work with Latin alphabets that use accents vendors produce what is called code pages which are language specific collections of characters that are mapped to code so to explain this in another way when you are loading up in operating system so you get you over you get you a brand new computer and you got to go through the steps of bringing that computer to life by loading up the operating system there's gonna come a point where this operating system is going to ask you to just to uh select the region that you live in and the language that you speak and based on your response that you entered the operating system will then select the correct code page for your region or language so that you can get out there on these internet streets to start typing away with no problem so if you live in the length so let's just say you live in a Latin America somewhere and you know they always used those letters with the accent symbols over them instead of you having to type in a special code or so special characters like we have to do here in America they could just run through and just start typing on their keyboard and that a with the accent over it would just automatically appear when their spelling certain words that has that accent and finally we get to Unicode basically Unicode is uh is basically Unicode has replaced the ASC III in the ANS I which is ASC I I extended and it has replaced it with a print and display language known as Unicode so Unicode it supports ASC III and it also supports the extended ASC I I and it supports both Latin and non-latin alphabets and special characters and Unicode supports up to 500 in 76 printable and displayable font characters ladies and gentlemen so unicode is essentially the replacement for ASC III everybody got that good all right now it's time for some check on learning ladies and gentlemen and make sure you guys are soaking up this information and getting smarter with every slide that I click I so first question decimal 15 is equivalent to which of the following in binary would it be zero one would it be one one zero one would it be fifteen would it be one one one one if you were to take the number fifteen and convert it into binary which one of these would be the correct answer the correct answer would be one one one one and how this works is one one one one all of those are bits that have been turned on each bit represents the number 8 4 2 and 1 respectively when you add all of those bits up is going to equal the decimal number 15 50 decimal number 15 when written in hexadecimal is the value the letter F see how that works ladies and gentlemen next question which of the following statements is true about the relationship between ASC III and unicode is it a Unicode contains fewer characters than ASC III is it B all fonts contain the same number of Unicode characters would it be C you can only use Unicode if you are not using a Latin alphabet or would it be d Unicode contains all ASC III characters the correct answer would be Unicode contains all ASC III character so if you guys recall us told you Unicode essentially replaced ASC III and ASC III extended to make life easier out there for people clicking and clacking away trying to type the little love letters to people up in the DMS and finally a third question which of the following statements is correct about IP version 6 addresses they are 64 bits long with eight groups of eight bits each they are a hundred and twenty eight bits long with sixteen groups of eight bits each they are 128 bits long with eight groups of 16 bits each or D they are normally expressed in decimal octet the correct answer would be they are eight hundred and twenty eight bits long with eight groups of 16 bits each so as you can see on the picture here we take our IP version 6 address and it was going to be broken down into eight separate blocks each block is going to consist of 16 bits you multiply the number 16 times 8 and that's gonna get you a hundred and twenty eight bits ladies and gentlemen if you to take an IP version 6 and write it out and it's full beautiful binary form that none of us want to do alright so there you have it ladies and gentlemen there you have it we have discussed notational systems everything from binary to hexadecimal to decimal - talking about data representation such as ASCI eye and unicode now if you want to get more information on this just visit my website below technology g.com and have all this stuff on the website written out in beautiful English using Unicode so that you guys can go out there and study to your heart's content and pass this certification all right so stay tuned for the next video peace