Community Psychology Overview

Okay, good day everyone. I'll be presenting the lecture, the continuation of the introductory lecture. This is lecture two, Community Psychology. So we would like to focus on from the individual to the community level. In this lecture, I'll be defining what is community psychology, talking about the elements of community psychology, the origins of community psychology. and the core values of community psychology and the main framework, theoretical framework that guides community psychology, which is the ecological framework. So what is community psychology? Community psychology goes beyond the individual and focus to integrate the social, cultural, economic, political, environmental, international influences to promote positive change, health, and empowerment at individual and systemic levels. Commonly in psychology, we are just focused in the individual. But in community psychology, we talk about societal factors, community factors that can influence the overall well-being and health of an individual. So what is in community psychology? We talk about a sense of community. And in the sense of community, there are four elements that we look forward to or look into. One is membership, the feeling that you belong in a community or a group. the second one is influence the feeling that you have the power to influence your co-members that they will listen to you. And the third one is integration. This is shared faith that members' needs will be met through their commitment to be together. You know that you are special or that you have a part to play in that community. And then lastly, sense of emotional connection. You have this emotional relationship with community that can affect your individual well-being. If there is a positive emotional connection, there's a feeling. that you want to contribute, that you want to stay. If there's a negative emotional connection, there's a feeling that you want to get out of that community or that find other communities that you would belong and that would accept you for who you are. So what are the origins of community psychology? So it started in the mid-20th century, around 1960s, 1970s. There was a shift in perspective. the risk there were new ways of doing and this was the time that many societies in America and around the world there were social movements going around. This was a time of feminism, of civil rights movements and so as you can see there are five important forces that help shape community psychology. One is in preventive perspective, you know shift in perspective now. Why do you wait? Why do we have to wait that one can... get sick why do we if we can prevent getting sick by perspective and then there were reforms in mental health care that you know mental health is if you are weak in your if you have issues mental health your practice of providing mental health care was not that good it started during the war divine during the world war americans were sent to help win the war against the monga Nazis against the Japanese. So during that time, and during the 1960s, 70s, this is also where the Americans were engaged in the Vietnam War. So once they reintegrate back to society, they had trauma from that war. They have mental health issues because of their trauma from that war. How do we address those mental health issues? So reform is needed. And at the same time, time, if you have read about the history of psychology and mental illness before, especially yung mga dark ages, alam natin na grabe ang how mentally ill people are treated. Sometimes, hindi na siya humane yung treatment sa kanila. And the third force is yung action research and group dynamics. This is yung the need for evidence-based practice na All the programs that we do, the programs that we design and implement should be backed up by evidence. Or the social movements, we have discussed that earlier. And then, the last is optimism for solving social problems. Bottom line, we see community psychology, the problems that we encounter in health and well-being. is a systemic one. It goes beyond the individual. There are societal factors, community factors that affect the health and well-being of the individual. So when we talk about the core values in community psychology, here are some of the seven core values in community psychology. There's individual and family wellness, there's sense of community, your feeling of you belong to a group or the community. Respect for human diversity, no matter how different we are, the height, the color, the beliefs. And social justice, the less privileged ones, they will be given the opportunity to improve their lives. Those who are poor, for example. Empowerment and citizen participation. Everyone's voice is listened to. And then your collaboration and community strengths. we focus on Each and everyone can contribute to the overall well-being of the individual and the society. And then, the empirical grounding or research-based or evidence-based practice. So, these are the core values of community psychology. Now, one of the heart of community psychology is social justice. As we can read here in the slide, it refers to the fair distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges that provide equal opportunities for all people to things such as education, healthcare, work, and housing. Again, I underline this, equal opportunities for all. Because for some, they cannot afford education, quality education. For others, they can. So what do we do? For social justice issues. So for those who cannot afford, we provide scholarships. or yung mga working student or yung mga access to education, yung mga ganon. Then there's the problem of, when we look at our world, there's a problem of social inequalities, which is the major cause of health issues and trauma, okay? So part of ditong social justice and sa community psychology, one of yung mga kumbaga umubog din. Sa practice ng community psychology is isa sa mga pinakasikat na readings noong time noong 1960s, 67, 68. Sinulat ni Paulo Freire, ito yung Pedagogy of the Oppressed, kung saan he is famous for quoting yung The Oppressed, having internalized the image of the oppressor and adopted his guidelines, are fearful of freedom. He grew up in Brazil, and Brazil was also very oppressive by their government, a controlling dictator. And actually, he became a refugee when he went to America. And when he wrote this book, he influenced a lot of movements, one is community psychology, that showed that we need to liberate people to work towards their own freedom. to work towards their own collective efficacy that they can better their lives. Hindi ka lang nagkihintay ng pwedeng gawin ng gobyerno para sa'yo. You and other individuals from the community can liberate yourselves and design what is good for you. In this case, itong book, mas more ang topic niya dito is yung context niya is education. Education can be liberating and at the same time oppressive. So, yung tinatakal niya dito is that we have to liberate our minds to look at things and to be critical. Yun yung keyword dito, being critical of the things that are going around. So, one assumption dito sa pedagogy of the oppressed is no one is free when others are oppressed. So that's what social justice is about. I hope everyone is treated humanely and are given equal opportunities for development and well-being. So in community psychology, when we apply social justice, we engage in people's difficulties. We look at the importance of dialogue because there can be change if we can change the system. systemic that it would be more feasible for the individual to flourish, okay? So we build on collective efficacy for constructive changes. When we say collective efficacy, it represents a group's shared belief in its ability to organize and execute courses of action to accomplish shared goals. When we look at self-efficacy, it's the ability to do it, and you are prepared to do that. Collective efficacy, we are preparing the community that they can do it, okay? to get execute the course of action and get their goals. So kasama sa collective efficacy, nandyan yung emotion, yung enacted experience, yung social persuasion and vicarious experience. At the same time na alam nilang kaya nila as a group to get what they want, yung dream nila. So yun yung pinaka-heart ng community psychology, itong social justice. Yung pinaka-framework naman ng community psychology is itong ecological perspective. Ang nagpauso dito is si Braunfenbrenner, ang hirap na po na was ito, Braunfenbrenner, the 1979 ecological model. So ang pinapakita lang dito is from the individual to the community to the society, may mga forces at play. These forces at play, this society community helps shape the individual and the individual also helps shape yung community and society and vice versa. Kaya ganun yung arrow. and we have to look at the things Kung titignan natin where ecological was taken from, the word mismo is to look at closely, to look at the situation. We cannot just judge the person as it is, yung personality niya. The person has societal factors that help shape his or her personality or yung mga behavior niya. So itong ecological perspective provides the theoretical and practical approach to social sciences that emphasizes the interaction. between an individual and environment. So, yung example dito, yung nurture and child development. So, for example, yung isang tao, alcoholic siya, naging lonely siya kasi lagi na lang siya sa bar, nagiinom, yun na lang ang kanyang ibangan. Ayon ng pamilya niya yun. So, iniwan siya or pwedeng buo pa yung pamilya nila pero dysfunctional na kasi siya bilang head of the family, lagi namang nasa bar. At the same time, kung titignan natin yung experience niya, pwedeng nung bata siya, lumaki din siya sa isang alcoholic father. At yung father niya, lumaki din sa pamilyang may alcoholic father. Yun yung mga systemic analysis of that case na he was influenced by his surrounding and nakuha niya at na-adopt ngayon. Looking at nurture in child development. So, dito, ito yung sinasabi nating Bonfren-Bredner's ecological system. Nandito yung person, nandito yung microsystem, which is yung face-to-face, yung family, peers, and school neighbors. Nandito yung SO system, medyo mas malaki kaysa doon sa microsystem. Nandito yung clan na siguro, yung social group, yung school, neighborhoods, and then yung macro, yung culture, yung law, economics, and regional resources. So, from person, micro, exo, and macro. So we have to look at and analyze the factors before understanding the phenomena. This is what is said here in the ecological perspective. Here in the ecological perspective, we can see that society helped shape the expectation of reinforcement and punishment. For example, when the setting of the situation. When the society rewards a particular behavior, mag-increase yung behavior. And when there's expectation of punishment, madi-decrease yung behavior. For example, nung nanalo si Carlos Yulo, di ba? Ang daming nagsiyulan yung kanyang mga blessings, yung kanyang mga rewards, ang daming rewards. Tapos naging uso yung meme na, ah, mag-gymnastic na tayo para maging tulad tayo ni Carlos Yulo. So, ito yung mga examples of society increases or decreases our behavior. Yan yung dito pumapasok yung ecological perspective. Under ecological perspective din, meron tayong as community psychologists kasi we need to develop programs and interventions that would help promote yung health and well-being ng individual and ng community. So meron dito sa, you know, yung Adapted by Bernal 2006 is yung framework for culturally-centered interventions. Kailangan alam natin yung language or native language ng community we are working with. Kailangan meron tayong personal relationships. And then meron, naiintindihan natin yung mga metaphors, the way in which meaning and concepts are conveyed. Naiintindihan natin yung cultural knowledge, yung traditions, customs, and values. and Meron tayong theoretical model for intervention na ito yung psychological basis for action pero dapat naka-ankla siya sa cultural knowledge and metaphor ng... ng community we are working with. So yung meron din tayong intervention goals, this is the need for agreement as to what is to be accomplished together with the community. We have intervention models, kailangan maging sensitive and respectful to the community. And we have to have consideration of the context. Yung historic, social, political, and economic setting are seen as important to the person, the setting, and the intervention. Karamihan tayo sa... We who are working the government, for example, the latest I remember is in the DNR, there are a lot of re-greening movements. And what they do is, okay, you plant, we will pay you. In that kind of top-down approach, they pay. This is a real case. What the communities did, they planted and after a time, they planted their trees. para magtatanim ulit sila at babayaran na naman sila ng government. That's not sustainable and that's not culturally sensitive or relevant na practice. Kasi, nung titignan natin, meron mang indigenous forest management, ang mga halimbawa dito sa Cordillera, they could have topped that. Or, yung mga other ways of doing, of encouraging people to plant without yun nga, doing things that are not sustainable. Nandito rin yung active citizen participation dito sa Community Psychology. We encourage them to be part of the process of decision-making, making their voices truly heard. So yun yung in-encourage natin sa Community Psychology. And our programs should also be evidence-based. We also have cultural humility to see things clearly. Because usually, we see ourselves as experts. Whatever we study, we impose them to the community without knowing that they have their own ways of doing too. And we have to understand the whole picture, the whole context. we have to have this cultural humility. When we say cultural humility, we are teachable, we are willing to learn the cultural context, traditions, rituals, beliefs. Because what it says here is when we are doing research and actually our programs, we are not really values-free. The values-free that it says, the unbiased. We have biases in life, in society. And that biases comes from the way we were trained, the way we grew up from society. And when we encounter people who are different from the way we are trained or from our own beliefs, we get judgment. And as much as possible, what we promote here is values-free, to be unbiased. So everything we do is influenced by our values, preconceptions, and life experiences. But take note as when we interact with people, you have to take into consideration date. issue. Iba yung karanasan natin, iba yung karanasan nila. So we have to be open-minded. But again, evidence-based practice. So community psychology, we use an interdisciplinary collaboration. Take note, we see community members as experts. We honor their life experiences, cultural traditions, and other resources and strengths. Like for example, when we do activities or programs and then we share it to the community. Tapos doon sa mga community members, mayroon mga retired teachers, retired police, mga ganun. So kung titignan natin, may kanya-kanyang mga expertise yung mga community members na we do some programs with and then we have to listen to that expertise then, okay? And we have to honor that. And heart. Kasama dito rin sa community psychology related dun sa social justice as in respect for diversity. Umuso dito yung curie ni Kimberly Crenshaw na yung intersectionality or yung intersection of race and gender. Sa kanya, if you see inequality as a damn problem or unfortunate other problem, that is a problem. And dito sa intersection of race and gender, sinasabi niya na... meron tayong kanya-kanyang vulnerabilities. For example, kapag ikaw ay babae tapos ikaw ay black, nagkaroon ka ng multiple vulnerabilities or in other words, intersectionality of vulnerabilities na yung power, halimbawa kasi kapag babae ka, In society, babae was treated less second class before. Kapag yung mga colored people like the black, the brown style, the yellow, Chinese, they were treated as someone who is less or yung nahi-hegemonize siya. So dito meron tayong mga kanya-kanyang buhay like for example race, ethnicity, gender identity class, language, religion, ability, sexuality, mental health, age. education, attractiveness, and many more that makes us more vulnerable or that gives us less power in society. When we say less power, we don't get to hear about it, we don't have many opportunities, and things like that. So, for Kimberly Crenshaw, we need to respect this, respect for diversity. At the same time, we need to understand that if there are problems of power between intersections of race and gender, then we need to do something to change so that magkaroon ng mas more social justice sa lipunan. So sabi dito ni Kimbril Kencho, intersectionality is a lens through which you can see where power comes and collides, where it clucks and intersects. It is the acknowledgement that everyone has their own unique experiences of discrimination and privilege. Sometime before na, if you're a member of the indigenous group dito sa Cordelia, ay, igurot ka, may buntot ka, mga ganon. So That is an example of yung intersectionality na, yung vulnerability na, ay, hindi ka tao, parang ganun ang pagtingin nila noon. Pero ngayon, with education, do you know, try na i-correct yan. Lahat tayo pareho, at lahat tayo may kanya-kanyang pamamaraan, pero part pa rin tayo ng Filipino society. So dito pumapasok yung empowerment, at nakita mo yung word dito, hegemony and minority. Ito yung mga sinasabi natin kanina yung mga... Itong intersections of race, gender, at yung mga different vulnerabilities. In terms of these categories kasi meron yung nangingibabaw sila yung hegemonic power. May mas power sila. Tapos meron yung mga walang power. Sila yung marginalized or minority. So nagkakaroon ng sa empowerment, binabalik natin yung power sa mga minority or marginalized. So we give them... empowerment comes at multiple levels. So, there's the individual. We empower them through their thoughts, emotions, and behavior. We organize the reciprocal helping and mutual influence. And empowerment occurs when people lacking an equal share of resources gain greater access to control over those resources. And lastly, empowerment is a social process of gaining greater control over one's life. critical reflection, caring for others, and mutual respect. Okay. Kung tingnan mo dun sa empowered, giving back the power to the individual and the community. Kasi those who are in the minority or in intersections of race and gender and yung mga other classifications, they lose yung power to decide over their own destiny or yung imbis na makuha nila yung 100% flourishing self nila, hindi nila makuha kasi ipinagkait ng community or pinagkait ng society sa kanila yung opportunity na yun. So as community psychologists, we empower these people and the community through helping them change their mindset, helping them develop programs that would include each and everyone. Inclusive siya. So yung power na pinag-usapan natin dito, nandito yung control of resources, influence in collective decision, making opportunities for participation, determining how problems are defined and addressed, and meron din yung power in relationship between person and group. So when we look at an empowered person, meron siyang critical awareness, participatory skills, values and commitment, and relational connections. At the same time, Empowering settings encourage solidarity, member participation, diversity, and collaboration. Let me... Okay, it's recording. I thought it wasn't recording. I'll do it again. Let's continue. So, that's it. As community psychologies, we look at... This is our end goal. Empowering the person and at the same time, the community. By changing the settings, we encourage the participation of each and everyone. So I placed here an example of Kevin Carter's Pulitzer Prize of a Starving Sudanese Child. kung sa kaya early dito, walang makain at malapit na siyang mamatay at yung vulture to, hinihintay na lang siyang mamatay para kakainin niya yung bata. So, nanalo itong picture na to, pero maraming nagtanong, anong ginawa mo pagkatapos? And actually, na-depress si Kevin Carter after yung visit niya dito sa Sudan. After three months yata, nagpakamatay itong si Kevin Carter because hindi niya nakayanan yung nakita niya sa Sudan. Here in the Philippines, we have Filipinos who are subjected to poverty. They cannot afford at least a healthy lifestyle and they are not given good opportunities. We can see this especially when you go to Manila. Although we can also see it here in the city, in La Trinidad and Baguio. And it's really sad. This is where social justice plays a role and what we could do for it. As community psychologists, we work also with other agencies, government, and institutions, and at the same time professionals, to look at what change that we can do so that we can improve the state of our society. And that those who have less in life can have a brighter future. So yung social justice is meron talagang social injustice, examples, race, gender, yung poverty, mga ganon. So we need to have, we need to do some social engineering to change yung society natin. And there's also yung change of perspective from promotion of wellness. We can promote wellness if we do prevention first. Hindi natin hintayin na magkasakit ang tao bago natin. may begin ng ban aid. Mas magandang i-prevent muna natin. Iyan yung sinasabi dito. Preventing something bad but also fostering something good. So it's beyond prevention. And when we look at prevention, we look at yung risk and protective factors. That's why there's a lot of studies looking at, ah, tayong mga, like for example, I went to New Zealand and may mga, when I was talking to my sister who was a nurse there, may mga studies daw na lumalabas doon na Ang mga Maori, those are the natives of New Zealand, meron silang risk factor sa mga cardiovascular health problems. Yun yung mga studies na lumalabas. So anong gagawin natin kung risk yung mga tao sa gantong health problems? Anong pwede natin gawin? So yun yung mga promotion of wellness na dito napapasok yung health psychology. Pero yung health psychology dito is dapat nakakonsider doon sa mga factors. that affect the community and others. So, dito rin nagkakaroon ng social change and movements. And one example is itong reforms in mental health system. Let me read you an excerpt from the book that ay yung main source dito sa lecture na to. Sabi ni Edgar Ton, They had more patients than beds, more patients than blankets. It was run like a feudal estate that turned money back to the state every year. One of our group documented all these things and brought it to the state legislature, which had special session and appropriated more money for all the state hospital. This is an example of how, if you take action, good things can happen. So, ito yung example nung ginawa nila at nakita natin na from bad societal condition, nagkaroon ng change because one took action through state legislature and then napunduhan. Ito yung good example. So let me just read yung istong paragraph na to din. A second force leading to the emergence of community psychology involved sweeping changes in the U.S. system of mental health care. This began with World War II and continued into the 1960s. After the war, a flood of veterans returned to civilian life traumatized by the war. The Veterans Administration was created to care for the unprecedented numbers of veterans with medical, including mental disorders. In addition, the National Institute of Mental Health was established to coordinate funding for mental health research and training. Both of these federal administrations decided to rely heavily on psychology. So these are reforms in the mental health system. Also, there is a social and political change in the mental health system in Portugal. So let me just read you the... part ng case study na ito at ano yung best practice na ito. So, the mental health system in Portugal during the 80s was structured around large psychiatric hospital or wards integrated in general hospitals and institutional facilities managed by religious congregations. In 1987, through a small grant provided by the State Mental Health Department, we began to organize group meetings with people in the community who were discharged to the community of Olivaes in Lisboa. Our group created a non-governmental organization named Association for the Study in Psychological Integration to implement a community-based service system which has involved over 750 mental health services users to date. Drawing upon the values and concepts from community psychology, we sought to promote opportunities for social integration of people with mental illness, accessibility to individualized housing, professional alternatives and participation in community life, as any other person. We wanted to create settings that would allow people with histories of psychiatric treatment to choose the location where they would leave, work, study, or socialize. In the housing area, we have helped create a range of options by providing a group of individualized opportunities with tailored professional intervention focused on maintenance of housing even in crisis situations. Again, look at this. Changing social engineering. Okay. The societal facts. that may affect well-being. Okay, let me just continue. Currently, one of the most relevant and recognized services provided by our organization is a supported employment program. It is a system that assists people with experience of mental illness to work in open labor market. The program promotes opportunities to reach the labor market and actively participate in society. It emphasizes the diversity of employment options depending on the person's interest, educational background, or specific training. The model is one person working in one company. The supported education program is focused on opportunities to return to school for this group that often has unfinished degrees. In creating opportunities to address the concerns of persons with mental illness, we seek to support the transformation of individual lives by emphasizing process of building or renewing social support system and participating in community life. The main lesson that we have learned over the past 25 years is that applying and him. empowerment paradigm to mental health services requires consistent attention and measurement of processes and results. While this new perspective has helped us to see how we needed to create new settings to address the interests of persons with mental illness to participate in community life, we realized that we need to collaborate with stakeholders, mental health services, consumers, families, and professionals at all ecological levels to promote individual family and community will be in the end. We have this case study, we see social justice at work, we see empowerment at work, we see ecological framework at work, yung mga binanggit natin kanina. So this is community, a best case study for community psychology, pero 25 years in the making. So other key concepts in community psychology na kailangan natin malaman, there's always yung blaming the victim and we have to correct that kasi ito yung bad. practice ng community that we have to correct. There's fair play and fair shares, contrasting definitions of equality. We should look at it. There's bottom-up and top-down approaches. When we say top-down approaches, from the government, from the top, we apply it to the down, okay, to the community. Or from the community, we apply it mapuntang sa taas. Kaya yung kalahit program ng DSWD is one of the best program ng DSWD. It's bottom-up. approach ang ginagawa kasi they involve the people in planning for development programs at the community level and from that the community identifies yung mga needs nila and then the government looks at yung feasible na if a fund nila unlike yung top-down approach halimbawa sa agriculture ah meron tayong traktor ibigay natin sa kundilyera boom binigay nila yung traktor pero when we look at yung topography, yung geography ng cordillera, hindi na babagay yung tractor, okay? Kaya hindi rin nagamit. Yun yung takdawn approaches. Kaya in community psychology, what we usually do is itong batang self-approach. Also in community psychology, we encourage divergent reasoning. We look at multiple truths in opposing perspectives. Kasi laging may conflict, okay? Hindi perfect na lahat. tayo iisa ang pag-iisip natin. Hindi ganun. And sometimes we have to do some dialogue, convincing each other, which is the best solution for a particular problem. So yun, yung mga kailangan natin malaman sa kuminti sa psychology. Kaya ay... I raised this question to you to summarize community psychology. What keywords would you choose to summarize this field? So I will be creating a separate link in which you would choose your keywords in summarizing the field of community psychology. At least choose three keywords. But you can go more than three keywords. Also, if you have questions, you can just type your questions or reserve your questions when we meet face-to-face. So maraming salamat. Maraming salamat sa pakikinig. I hope you took notes kasi I'll be checking your notes before the midterms. So here are my main references. Nantonio Cruz et al., Community Psychology, 2012. Moritz Sugo et al., 2019, Community Psychology. Meron akong nakitang 2023 post-colonial, post-human pala sa Community Psychology pero medyo complicated yung writing style niya at nakita ko mas okay itong dalawang box na ito. Also, nag-add ako yung sa American Psychological Association chapter ng Fundamentals of Community Psychology. At meron din yung Competencies for Community Psychology Practice, Social Justice through Collaborative Research Action. So these are my main references. So maraming salamat sa pakikinig and I'm also excited to hear yung reports ng inyong mga classmates later on.

and the core values of community psychology and the main framework, theoretical framework that guides community psychology, which is the ecological framework. So what is community psychology? Community psychology goes beyond the individual and focus to integrate the social, cultural, economic, political, environmental, international influences to promote positive change, health, and empowerment at individual and systemic levels. Commonly in psychology, we are just focused in the individual.

But in community psychology, we talk about societal factors, community factors that can influence the overall well-being and health of an individual. So what is in community psychology? We talk about a sense of community. And in the sense of community, there are four elements that we look forward to or look into.

One is membership, the feeling that you belong in a community or a group. the second one is influence the feeling that you have the power to influence your co-members that they will listen to you. And the third one is integration.

This is shared faith that members' needs will be met through their commitment to be together. You know that you are special or that you have a part to play in that community. And then lastly, sense of emotional connection.

You have this emotional relationship with community that can affect your individual well-being. If there is a positive emotional connection, there's a feeling. that you want to contribute, that you want to stay. If there's a negative emotional connection, there's a feeling that you want to get out of that community or that find other communities that you would belong and that would accept you for who you are.

So what are the origins of community psychology? So it started in the mid-20th century, around 1960s, 1970s. There was a shift in perspective.

the risk there were new ways of doing and this was the time that many societies in America and around the world there were social movements going around. This was a time of feminism, of civil rights movements and so as you can see there are five important forces that help shape community psychology. One is in preventive perspective, you know shift in perspective now.

Why do you wait? Why do we have to wait that one can... get sick why do we if we can prevent getting sick by perspective and then there were reforms in mental health care that you know mental health is if you are weak in your if you have issues mental health your practice of providing mental health care was not that good it started during the war divine during the world war americans were sent to help win the war against the monga Nazis against the Japanese.

So during that time, and during the 1960s, 70s, this is also where the Americans were engaged in the Vietnam War. So once they reintegrate back to society, they had trauma from that war. They have mental health issues because of their trauma from that war.

How do we address those mental health issues? So reform is needed. And at the same time, time, if you have read about the history of psychology and mental illness before, especially yung mga dark ages, alam natin na grabe ang how mentally ill people are treated.

Sometimes, hindi na siya humane yung treatment sa kanila. And the third force is yung action research and group dynamics. This is yung the need for evidence-based practice na All the programs that we do, the programs that we design and implement should be backed up by evidence. Or the social movements, we have discussed that earlier. And then, the last is optimism for solving social problems.

Bottom line, we see community psychology, the problems that we encounter in health and well-being. is a systemic one. It goes beyond the individual. There are societal factors, community factors that affect the health and well-being of the individual. So when we talk about the core values in community psychology, here are some of the seven core values in community psychology.

There's individual and family wellness, there's sense of community, your feeling of you belong to a group or the community. Respect for human diversity, no matter how different we are, the height, the color, the beliefs. And social justice, the less privileged ones, they will be given the opportunity to improve their lives.

Those who are poor, for example. Empowerment and citizen participation. Everyone's voice is listened to. And then your collaboration and community strengths. we focus on Each and everyone can contribute to the overall well-being of the individual and the society.

And then, the empirical grounding or research-based or evidence-based practice. So, these are the core values of community psychology. Now, one of the heart of community psychology is social justice.

As we can read here in the slide, it refers to the fair distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges that provide equal opportunities for all people to things such as education, healthcare, work, and housing. Again, I underline this, equal opportunities for all. Because for some, they cannot afford education, quality education.

For others, they can. So what do we do? For social justice issues. So for those who cannot afford, we provide scholarships.

or yung mga working student or yung mga access to education, yung mga ganon. Then there's the problem of, when we look at our world, there's a problem of social inequalities, which is the major cause of health issues and trauma, okay? So part of ditong social justice and sa community psychology, one of yung mga kumbaga umubog din.

Sa practice ng community psychology is isa sa mga pinakasikat na readings noong time noong 1960s, 67, 68. Sinulat ni Paulo Freire, ito yung Pedagogy of the Oppressed, kung saan he is famous for quoting yung The Oppressed, having internalized the image of the oppressor and adopted his guidelines, are fearful of freedom. He grew up in Brazil, and Brazil was also very oppressive by their government, a controlling dictator. And actually, he became a refugee when he went to America. And when he wrote this book, he influenced a lot of movements, one is community psychology, that showed that we need to liberate people to work towards their own freedom.

to work towards their own collective efficacy that they can better their lives. Hindi ka lang nagkihintay ng pwedeng gawin ng gobyerno para sa'yo. You and other individuals from the community can liberate yourselves and design what is good for you. In this case, itong book, mas more ang topic niya dito is yung context niya is education. Education can be liberating and at the same time oppressive.

So, yung tinatakal niya dito is that we have to liberate our minds to look at things and to be critical. Yun yung keyword dito, being critical of the things that are going around. So, one assumption dito sa pedagogy of the oppressed is no one is free when others are oppressed. So that's what social justice is about.

I hope everyone is treated humanely and are given equal opportunities for development and well-being. So in community psychology, when we apply social justice, we engage in people's difficulties. We look at the importance of dialogue because there can be change if we can change the system. systemic that it would be more feasible for the individual to flourish, okay? So we build on collective efficacy for constructive changes.

When we say collective efficacy, it represents a group's shared belief in its ability to organize and execute courses of action to accomplish shared goals. When we look at self-efficacy, it's the ability to do it, and you are prepared to do that. Collective efficacy, we are preparing the community that they can do it, okay? to get execute the course of action and get their goals.

So kasama sa collective efficacy, nandyan yung emotion, yung enacted experience, yung social persuasion and vicarious experience. At the same time na alam nilang kaya nila as a group to get what they want, yung dream nila. So yun yung pinaka-heart ng community psychology, itong social justice. Yung pinaka-framework naman ng community psychology is itong ecological perspective.

Ang nagpauso dito is si Braunfenbrenner, ang hirap na po na was ito, Braunfenbrenner, the 1979 ecological model. So ang pinapakita lang dito is from the individual to the community to the society, may mga forces at play. These forces at play, this society community helps shape the individual and the individual also helps shape yung community and society and vice versa.

Kaya ganun yung arrow. and we have to look at the things Kung titignan natin where ecological was taken from, the word mismo is to look at closely, to look at the situation. We cannot just judge the person as it is, yung personality niya. The person has societal factors that help shape his or her personality or yung mga behavior niya.

So itong ecological perspective provides the theoretical and practical approach to social sciences that emphasizes the interaction. between an individual and environment. So, yung example dito, yung nurture and child development.

So, for example, yung isang tao, alcoholic siya, naging lonely siya kasi lagi na lang siya sa bar, nagiinom, yun na lang ang kanyang ibangan. Ayon ng pamilya niya yun. So, iniwan siya or pwedeng buo pa yung pamilya nila pero dysfunctional na kasi siya bilang head of the family, lagi namang nasa bar.

At the same time, kung titignan natin yung experience niya, pwedeng nung bata siya, lumaki din siya sa isang alcoholic father. At yung father niya, lumaki din sa pamilyang may alcoholic father. Yun yung mga systemic analysis of that case na he was influenced by his surrounding and nakuha niya at na-adopt ngayon.

Looking at nurture in child development. So, dito, ito yung sinasabi nating Bonfren-Bredner's ecological system. Nandito yung person, nandito yung microsystem, which is yung face-to-face, yung family, peers, and school neighbors.

Nandito yung SO system, medyo mas malaki kaysa doon sa microsystem. Nandito yung clan na siguro, yung social group, yung school, neighborhoods, and then yung macro, yung culture, yung law, economics, and regional resources. So, from person, micro, exo, and macro.

So we have to look at and analyze the factors before understanding the phenomena. This is what is said here in the ecological perspective. Here in the ecological perspective, we can see that society helped shape the expectation of reinforcement and punishment.

For example, when the setting of the situation. When the society rewards a particular behavior, mag-increase yung behavior. And when there's expectation of punishment, madi-decrease yung behavior. For example, nung nanalo si Carlos Yulo, di ba?

Ang daming nagsiyulan yung kanyang mga blessings, yung kanyang mga rewards, ang daming rewards. Tapos naging uso yung meme na, ah, mag-gymnastic na tayo para maging tulad tayo ni Carlos Yulo. So, ito yung mga examples of society increases or decreases our behavior.

Yan yung dito pumapasok yung ecological perspective. Under ecological perspective din, meron tayong as community psychologists kasi we need to develop programs and interventions that would help promote yung health and well-being ng individual and ng community. So meron dito sa, you know, yung Adapted by Bernal 2006 is yung framework for culturally-centered interventions. Kailangan alam natin yung language or native language ng community we are working with. Kailangan meron tayong personal relationships.

And then meron, naiintindihan natin yung mga metaphors, the way in which meaning and concepts are conveyed. Naiintindihan natin yung cultural knowledge, yung traditions, customs, and values. and Meron tayong theoretical model for intervention na ito yung psychological basis for action pero dapat naka-ankla siya sa cultural knowledge and metaphor ng... ng community we are working with.

So yung meron din tayong intervention goals, this is the need for agreement as to what is to be accomplished together with the community. We have intervention models, kailangan maging sensitive and respectful to the community. And we have to have consideration of the context.

Yung historic, social, political, and economic setting are seen as important to the person, the setting, and the intervention. Karamihan tayo sa... We who are working the government, for example, the latest I remember is in the DNR, there are a lot of re-greening movements. And what they do is, okay, you plant, we will pay you. In that kind of top-down approach, they pay.

This is a real case. What the communities did, they planted and after a time, they planted their trees. para magtatanim ulit sila at babayaran na naman sila ng government. That's not sustainable and that's not culturally sensitive or relevant na practice.

Kasi, nung titignan natin, meron mang indigenous forest management, ang mga halimbawa dito sa Cordillera, they could have topped that. Or, yung mga other ways of doing, of encouraging people to plant without yun nga, doing things that are not sustainable. Nandito rin yung active citizen participation dito sa Community Psychology. We encourage them to be part of the process of decision-making, making their voices truly heard.

So yun yung in-encourage natin sa Community Psychology. And our programs should also be evidence-based. We also have cultural humility to see things clearly.

Because usually, we see ourselves as experts. Whatever we study, we impose them to the community without knowing that they have their own ways of doing too. And we have to understand the whole picture, the whole context.

we have to have this cultural humility. When we say cultural humility, we are teachable, we are willing to learn the cultural context, traditions, rituals, beliefs. Because what it says here is when we are doing research and actually our programs, we are not really values-free. The values-free that it says, the unbiased. We have biases in life, in society.

And that biases comes from the way we were trained, the way we grew up from society. And when we encounter people who are different from the way we are trained or from our own beliefs, we get judgment. And as much as possible, what we promote here is values-free, to be unbiased.

So everything we do is influenced by our values, preconceptions, and life experiences. But take note as when we interact with people, you have to take into consideration date. issue. Iba yung karanasan natin, iba yung karanasan nila. So we have to be open-minded.

But again, evidence-based practice. So community psychology, we use an interdisciplinary collaboration. Take note, we see community members as experts. We honor their life experiences, cultural traditions, and other resources and strengths. Like for example, when we do activities or programs and then we share it to the community.

Tapos doon sa mga community members, mayroon mga retired teachers, retired police, mga ganun. So kung titignan natin, may kanya-kanyang mga expertise yung mga community members na we do some programs with and then we have to listen to that expertise then, okay? And we have to honor that. And heart. Kasama dito rin sa community psychology related dun sa social justice as in respect for diversity.

Umuso dito yung curie ni Kimberly Crenshaw na yung intersectionality or yung intersection of race and gender. Sa kanya, if you see inequality as a damn problem or unfortunate other problem, that is a problem. And dito sa intersection of race and gender, sinasabi niya na... meron tayong kanya-kanyang vulnerabilities. For example, kapag ikaw ay babae tapos ikaw ay black, nagkaroon ka ng multiple vulnerabilities or in other words, intersectionality of vulnerabilities na yung power, halimbawa kasi kapag babae ka, In society, babae was treated less second class before.

Kapag yung mga colored people like the black, the brown style, the yellow, Chinese, they were treated as someone who is less or yung nahi-hegemonize siya. So dito meron tayong mga kanya-kanyang buhay like for example race, ethnicity, gender identity class, language, religion, ability, sexuality, mental health, age. education, attractiveness, and many more that makes us more vulnerable or that gives us less power in society.

When we say less power, we don't get to hear about it, we don't have many opportunities, and things like that. So, for Kimberly Crenshaw, we need to respect this, respect for diversity. At the same time, we need to understand that if there are problems of power between intersections of race and gender, then we need to do something to change so that magkaroon ng mas more social justice sa lipunan.

So sabi dito ni Kimbril Kencho, intersectionality is a lens through which you can see where power comes and collides, where it clucks and intersects. It is the acknowledgement that everyone has their own unique experiences of discrimination and privilege. Sometime before na, if you're a member of the indigenous group dito sa Cordelia, ay, igurot ka, may buntot ka, mga ganon. So That is an example of yung intersectionality na, yung vulnerability na, ay, hindi ka tao, parang ganun ang pagtingin nila noon. Pero ngayon, with education, do you know, try na i-correct yan.

Lahat tayo pareho, at lahat tayo may kanya-kanyang pamamaraan, pero part pa rin tayo ng Filipino society. So dito pumapasok yung empowerment, at nakita mo yung word dito, hegemony and minority. Ito yung mga sinasabi natin kanina yung mga...

Itong intersections of race, gender, at yung mga different vulnerabilities. In terms of these categories kasi meron yung nangingibabaw sila yung hegemonic power. May mas power sila.

Tapos meron yung mga walang power. Sila yung marginalized or minority. So nagkakaroon ng sa empowerment, binabalik natin yung power sa mga minority or marginalized.

So we give them... empowerment comes at multiple levels. So, there's the individual.

We empower them through their thoughts, emotions, and behavior. We organize the reciprocal helping and mutual influence. And empowerment occurs when people lacking an equal share of resources gain greater access to control over those resources.

And lastly, empowerment is a social process of gaining greater control over one's life. critical reflection, caring for others, and mutual respect. Okay.

Kung tingnan mo dun sa empowered, giving back the power to the individual and the community. Kasi those who are in the minority or in intersections of race and gender and yung mga other classifications, they lose yung power to decide over their own destiny or yung imbis na makuha nila yung 100% flourishing self nila, hindi nila makuha kasi ipinagkait ng community or pinagkait ng society sa kanila yung opportunity na yun. So as community psychologists, we empower these people and the community through helping them change their mindset, helping them develop programs that would include each and everyone.

Inclusive siya. So yung power na pinag-usapan natin dito, nandito yung control of resources, influence in collective decision, making opportunities for participation, determining how problems are defined and addressed, and meron din yung power in relationship between person and group. So when we look at an empowered person, meron siyang critical awareness, participatory skills, values and commitment, and relational connections. At the same time, Empowering settings encourage solidarity, member participation, diversity, and collaboration.

Let me... Okay, it's recording. I thought it wasn't recording. I'll do it again.

Let's continue. So, that's it. As community psychologies, we look at...

This is our end goal. Empowering the person and at the same time, the community. By changing the settings, we encourage the participation of each and everyone. So I placed here an example of Kevin Carter's Pulitzer Prize of a Starving Sudanese Child.

kung sa kaya early dito, walang makain at malapit na siyang mamatay at yung vulture to, hinihintay na lang siyang mamatay para kakainin niya yung bata. So, nanalo itong picture na to, pero maraming nagtanong, anong ginawa mo pagkatapos? And actually, na-depress si Kevin Carter after yung visit niya dito sa Sudan.

After three months yata, nagpakamatay itong si Kevin Carter because hindi niya nakayanan yung nakita niya sa Sudan. Here in the Philippines, we have Filipinos who are subjected to poverty. They cannot afford at least a healthy lifestyle and they are not given good opportunities.

We can see this especially when you go to Manila. Although we can also see it here in the city, in La Trinidad and Baguio. And it's really sad. This is where social justice plays a role and what we could do for it. As community psychologists, we work also with other agencies, government, and institutions, and at the same time professionals, to look at what change that we can do so that we can improve the state of our society.

And that those who have less in life can have a brighter future. So yung social justice is meron talagang social injustice, examples, race, gender, yung poverty, mga ganon. So we need to have, we need to do some social engineering to change yung society natin. And there's also yung change of perspective from promotion of wellness.

We can promote wellness if we do prevention first. Hindi natin hintayin na magkasakit ang tao bago natin. may begin ng ban aid. Mas magandang i-prevent muna natin.

Iyan yung sinasabi dito. Preventing something bad but also fostering something good. So it's beyond prevention. And when we look at prevention, we look at yung risk and protective factors. That's why there's a lot of studies looking at, ah, tayong mga, like for example, I went to New Zealand and may mga, when I was talking to my sister who was a nurse there, may mga studies daw na lumalabas doon na Ang mga Maori, those are the natives of New Zealand, meron silang risk factor sa mga cardiovascular health problems.

Yun yung mga studies na lumalabas. So anong gagawin natin kung risk yung mga tao sa gantong health problems? Anong pwede natin gawin? So yun yung mga promotion of wellness na dito napapasok yung health psychology.

Pero yung health psychology dito is dapat nakakonsider doon sa mga factors. that affect the community and others. So, dito rin nagkakaroon ng social change and movements. And one example is itong reforms in mental health system.

Let me read you an excerpt from the book that ay yung main source dito sa lecture na to. Sabi ni Edgar Ton, They had more patients than beds, more patients than blankets. It was run like a feudal estate that turned money back to the state every year. One of our group documented all these things and brought it to the state legislature, which had special session and appropriated more money for all the state hospital.

This is an example of how, if you take action, good things can happen. So, ito yung example nung ginawa nila at nakita natin na from bad societal condition, nagkaroon ng change because one took action through state legislature and then napunduhan. Ito yung good example.

So let me just read yung istong paragraph na to din. A second force leading to the emergence of community psychology involved sweeping changes in the U.S. system of mental health care. This began with World War II and continued into the 1960s.

After the war, a flood of veterans returned to civilian life traumatized by the war. The Veterans Administration was created to care for the unprecedented numbers of veterans with medical, including mental disorders. In addition, the National Institute of Mental Health was established to coordinate funding for mental health research and training.

Both of these federal administrations decided to rely heavily on psychology. So these are reforms in the mental health system. Also, there is a social and political change in the mental health system in Portugal.

So let me just read you the... part ng case study na ito at ano yung best practice na ito. So, the mental health system in Portugal during the 80s was structured around large psychiatric hospital or wards integrated in general hospitals and institutional facilities managed by religious congregations.

In 1987, through a small grant provided by the State Mental Health Department, we began to organize group meetings with people in the community who were discharged to the community of Olivaes in Lisboa. Our group created a non-governmental organization named Association for the Study in Psychological Integration to implement a community-based service system which has involved over 750 mental health services users to date. Drawing upon the values and concepts from community psychology, we sought to promote opportunities for social integration of people with mental illness, accessibility to individualized housing, professional alternatives and participation in community life, as any other person.

We wanted to create settings that would allow people with histories of psychiatric treatment to choose the location where they would leave, work, study, or socialize. In the housing area, we have helped create a range of options by providing a group of individualized opportunities with tailored professional intervention focused on maintenance of housing even in crisis situations. Again, look at this.

Changing social engineering. Okay. The societal facts.

that may affect well-being. Okay, let me just continue. Currently, one of the most relevant and recognized services provided by our organization is a supported employment program.

It is a system that assists people with experience of mental illness to work in open labor market. The program promotes opportunities to reach the labor market and actively participate in society. It emphasizes the diversity of employment options depending on the person's interest, educational background, or specific training.

The model is one person working in one company. The supported education program is focused on opportunities to return to school for this group that often has unfinished degrees. In creating opportunities to address the concerns of persons with mental illness, we seek to support the transformation of individual lives by emphasizing process of building or renewing social support system and participating in community life. The main lesson that we have learned over the past 25 years is that applying and him.

empowerment paradigm to mental health services requires consistent attention and measurement of processes and results. While this new perspective has helped us to see how we needed to create new settings to address the interests of persons with mental illness to participate in community life, we realized that we need to collaborate with stakeholders, mental health services, consumers, families, and professionals at all ecological levels to promote individual family and community will be in the end. We have this case study, we see social justice at work, we see empowerment at work, we see ecological framework at work, yung mga binanggit natin kanina.

So this is community, a best case study for community psychology, pero 25 years in the making. So other key concepts in community psychology na kailangan natin malaman, there's always yung blaming the victim and we have to correct that kasi ito yung bad. practice ng community that we have to correct.

There's fair play and fair shares, contrasting definitions of equality. We should look at it. There's bottom-up and top-down approaches.

When we say top-down approaches, from the government, from the top, we apply it to the down, okay, to the community. Or from the community, we apply it mapuntang sa taas. Kaya yung kalahit program ng DSWD is one of the best program ng DSWD.

It's bottom-up. approach ang ginagawa kasi they involve the people in planning for development programs at the community level and from that the community identifies yung mga needs nila and then the government looks at yung feasible na if a fund nila unlike yung top-down approach halimbawa sa agriculture ah meron tayong traktor ibigay natin sa kundilyera boom binigay nila yung traktor pero when we look at yung topography, yung geography ng cordillera, hindi na babagay yung tractor, okay? Kaya hindi rin nagamit.

Yun yung takdawn approaches. Kaya in community psychology, what we usually do is itong batang self-approach. Also in community psychology, we encourage divergent reasoning.

We look at multiple truths in opposing perspectives. Kasi laging may conflict, okay? Hindi perfect na lahat. tayo iisa ang pag-iisip natin. Hindi ganun.

And sometimes we have to do some dialogue, convincing each other, which is the best solution for a particular problem. So yun, yung mga kailangan natin malaman sa kuminti sa psychology. Kaya ay... I raised this question to you to summarize community psychology.

What keywords would you choose to summarize this field? So I will be creating a separate link in which you would choose your keywords in summarizing the field of community psychology. At least choose three keywords. But you can go more than three keywords. Also, if you have questions, you can just type your questions or reserve your questions when we meet face-to-face.

So maraming salamat. Maraming salamat sa pakikinig. I hope you took notes kasi I'll be checking your notes before the midterms. So here are my main references.

Nantonio Cruz et al., Community Psychology, 2012. Moritz Sugo et al., 2019, Community Psychology. Meron akong nakitang 2023 post-colonial, post-human pala sa Community Psychology pero medyo complicated yung writing style niya at nakita ko mas okay itong dalawang box na ito. Also, nag-add ako yung sa American Psychological Association chapter ng Fundamentals of Community Psychology. At meron din yung Competencies for Community Psychology Practice, Social Justice through Collaborative Research Action.

So these are my main references. So maraming salamat sa pakikinig and I'm also excited to hear yung reports ng inyong mga classmates later on.

Transcript for:Community Psychology Overview

Transcript for:
Community Psychology Overview