Logical Reasoning Lecture Notes

Introduction

• Presenter: Dean
• Topic: Continued discussion on logical reasoning
• Focus: The Famous Five question types
• Importance: These types make up 75% of logical reasoning questions.

The Famous Five Question Types

1. Strengthen Questions
2. Weaken Questions
3. Flaw Questions
4. Necessary Assumptions
5. Sufficient Assumptions
   • Necessary assumptions are considered the hardest, followed by flaws, then strengthen/weaken, and sufficient assumptions are easier.

Essential Rules in Logical Reasoning

1. Translating Sentences

   • Understand the meaning of each sentence; lawyers analyze language closely to avoid mistakes.

2. Spotting Conclusions

   • Identifying the conclusion is critical; focus on this during initial analysis.

3. Summarizing Premises and Conclusions

   • Put premises and conclusions in your own words to identify gaps.
   • Gaps refer to inconsistencies between premises and conclusions.
   • Gaps often arise from new ideas introduced in the conclusion or strong language.

4. Focusing on Language Strength

   • Strong language (e.g., "always" or "never") indicates potential weaknesses in arguments.
   • Use softer language (e.g., "may," "might") for conclusions.

5. Arguing the Opposite of the Conclusion

   • This is a crucial strategy for identifying flaws. Remember to consistently challenge the conclusion.

Example Argument Analysis

• Example:
  • Premise: Childhood lead poisoning has declined since the 1970s due to the ban on lead paint and gasoline.
  • Conclusion: Eradicating lead paint will eliminate childhood lead poisoning.
  • Identified Gaps:
    • Strong language in the conclusion (e.g., "will be eradicated").
    • New ideas (e.g., lead paint being the only cause).
  • Flaw: The argument overlooks other sources of lead.

Importance of Translations

• Translate answer choices and premises before deciding on correctness.
• Avoid relying on personal opinions about answer choices; always assess the content.

Summary of Key Points

• Question Types: Familiarize yourself with the Famous Five.
• Argument Analysis: Practice translating and spotting conclusions.
• Identifying Gaps: Look for inconsistencies and strong language.
• Attack Arguments: Develop skills to argue against conclusions effectively.

Takeaways

• Language is an essential part of logical reasoning; understand the difference between strong and soft language.
• Be aware that arguments are dynamic; they can change based on different premises or conclusions.
• Regular practice and analysis of sample arguments will improve logical reasoning skills.