Transcript for:
Five-Year PYQ of Art and Culture

[Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] so hi very good evening I hope all of you are not writing exam this year obviously I would not suggest that if you're writing exams you must not be here so it's good that you're not writing and at the same point of time you're preparing for the next year Mains so I hope not all the faces must be knowing me some of some of you I know you you are my students in my classes but not all not all of you so uh I welcome you for this uh in this particular session which is fiveyear pyq of the art and culture and I hope you know my name it's written on the board but otherwise so uh let's uh let's give you a brief overview of the five-year paper that what has been asked and uh what all portion has been asked and how one can deal with this particular section in general so as far as the art and culture is concerned it's a very important section in both the stages of exam be it the prelim stage of exam or Mains stage of exam and moreover in the prelim stage of exam I hope you have done many session now you are very much aware about it the total 17 to 18 questions are asked from the uh History Section which includes five to seven questions of the uh that 17 to 18 question from the mod history and out of which seven to eight questions or five to seven questions are from art and culture as far as the mains exam is concerned last five year paper if we look at so uh art and culture on one side and modern Indian history on one side side both are having a similar number of the questions very similar that is 12 questions were asked from in last 5 year 12 questions were asked from art and culture and 13 questions from the modern Indian history so it's almost similar almost similar then moreover in last few years the questions of the culture were bit more in exam than the modern than last 2 3 years then uh as far as this section is concerned concerned many of the people if if you see Toppers interviews and then also you interact with many of the people who have cleared the exam so they will say one thing to you that at the very first instance it seems difficult to you it seemed difficult to them I remember uh rank one statement at one point of time that when she saw the culture paper way back it was in 2014 so she said that I was dreaded that I might not clear the in I might not SE uh in uh reach to the interview stage also because the questions were tough but then I would say I would rather say that if you do a very meticulous preparation of the art and culture so it will be I'll not say easy but it you will be able to uh get very good marks in this particular section if you follow the trends and if you follow the past year paper also in fact past year paper is Eye and Ear of this exam and past year paper basis pay you get to know that what all questions have been asked and that's how you prepare yourself so if you are well aware about the 10-year paper so 2013 was the year in which the new pattern of the uh this particular uh GS Mains started it was all together a different pattern so last 10 year paper if you see the art and culture you will see some repetitions also it's not like that everything is altogether new repetition and some places is Trend repetition is also there so let's have a look at that what all important areas upsc has asked in the exam in Last 5 Years then we'll go into the questions obviously we are here for the question and discussion on the question so one of the very important topic is basically the architecture sculpture of India and so near about 50% then you can say 45 to 50% question in last 10 years have been asked from the architecture and sculpture and architecture sculpture and moreover it also includes some of the small art forms also then another very important section has been language and literature then so very often upsc has asked questions on the uh Sanskrit literature though as the medieval literature and so as the Tamil literature also these has been even one year there was a question on the contribution of the krishnaa Raya to the telu literature so literature is also one very important section another section which has been asked in the exam is basically uh that so art forms of India different art forms India so art forms but then from this particular section less number of questions have been there so uh if anybody is coming now to ask them to come from the back side not from the front side so uh what I was saying that artforms so art forms could be the classical dance music painting T So mislan topics one or two question have been observed in the previous years so these are the major areas then major areas is as far as the one of the art form theatrical tradition is concerned theatrical tradition say last time the questions were asked in 200 11 main say they haven't asked then painting as far as the painting section is concerned so in painting section most of the question have been asked in the prelim stage of exam but not in the mains stage of exam right so might be possible that in the near future they can ask from the painting section also right then uh let me let me begin this session with a question so have you ever attempted any of the mains question of the uh that art and culture anyone you have attempted then and how you felt about it that was it easy for you or difficult for you to go with the question CH it will it wasn't direct very good exactly it's a very that best observation I would say that questions are not direct then and always remember that when we when we see this exam from the perspective that there will be hell lot of mugging up required meaning you can write the answers very much with your observations and in fact in this section there is always a scope to write no matter how difficult is the question so those nuances you will be learning through many test series or when you are writing so much of answers and these all so let's begin with the questions take so let's begin with the question without wasting time and uh questions so I also have brought the question but you also need to see the questions and generic observation or in fact in generic way itself you can write these all questions so the very first question AA before going it uh what all sources you follow tell me before go I'll go into the question answer tell me about the sources that you are following for art and culture okay ncrt fine art so there are two ncrs Fine Art part one and Fine Art part two okay so finite part one part two Now understand uh some of some of you said a book very good book but then when it comes to the books and these all prelims is a different stage you can solve the question of these uh of art and culture in fims from some of the sources but what about the means do you have direct answer in it have you seen it so Mains is altogether a different ball game and it is all it all depends on upsc that in what Manner and what kind of question upsc is going to ask then so it's more of a your open observation rather than mugging up the facts from the books then so you will have to be on your toes and at the same point of time anything you're seeing in the society if you are observant enough so then you can write answer there is no need of a specific book at this point of time so the very uh so as you said that these are the sources I'll say you that General sources that you can refer is basically that ancient and medieval is also the part of art and culture in the main stage of examination so for that you can go with the one of the old ncrt AR Sharma ancient India AR Sharma and so as you can also look at the medieval India by Satish Chandra so it will not only help you in art and culture but also at the same point of time uh ancient and medieval India then so both both the sections would be covered apart from it uh you guys mentioned that introduction to finart part one and Fine Art part two so part one is mainly about the architecture and part two is to toally related to the paintings then so totally related to the paintings so these two ncrs you can refer butk uh understand one thing that these two ncrs have a little bit of a complex language so in these ncrs what you need to do that simplify the language then do the two three readings and then after simplify the language and moreover apart from it there is no need of any other source except the things which are there in the news then so many a times that this particular section is also current oriented that those cultural places of importance are also asked and so as the cultural practices are also asked if they are there in the news so for that best source any current affair of your choice I would not obviously impose anything on you it's up to you that whichever Source you feel better one of the source is the Visions current affair material itself and then you have a number of the sources in the market so wherever you are comfortable wherever you find that particular language is very legible so you can go ahead with that particular current source so now let's start with the very first question since I was saying to you that uh mugging up hell lot of mugging up is not required everywhere in some of the questions but not in each and every question hell lot of mugging up is required or ratification is required so let's look at it very first question in 2020 and I'm going theme wise them wise questions not wise I'm looking at Rel question so I'm keeping it at one place then so now let's uh it has started okay ancient and okay CH so let's start with the I would start with one question just give me one minute sculpture art then this question I want to start first and then we'll go into the the rest of the question so explain the role of geographical factors it was last year question only and 10 marker question here so explain the role of geographical factors towards the development of ancient India then so just whenever you are reading question just read it two three times then two three times and it is a 10 marker question meaning that 150 words you need to write so explain the rule of geographical factors towards the development of ancient India now will you find a specific content related to the books that you referred any of the books that you referred or you will have to write at your own tell forget about this question I'm telling you one more question okay since uh remember that you were in class 6 7th 8th 9th and those were the times that 6 7th 8th 9th you were often asked that very easy type of the essays were asked then in the classes that you can write on the easy type of essays uh even letter writing was also you were learning at that point of time so one of the essay that used to be there at that time that write an essay about India then so how you start that essay write an essay about India tell me forget about this question you write about Himalayas then then what else yes very good geographical location of India that's how you write then Heritage and culture of India then diversity very good exactly diversity then now R good take so this is how you write essays essay about India but then very first thing that as you guys said that you start with the geographical setup of India and this question is about the geographical setup of India so now can you tell me that something unique which is given to the India and the neighboring country something unique word which is given to India and unique very good exactly a subcontinent then so subcontinent and moreover how you can define a continent a continent will be having a different kind of geographical factors right so for example if we take Australia itself forget about the other areas Australia itself so Australia has all the type of the climates all the type of the geographical things a very big Coast Coastline I hope you must be uh that remembering or you must be knowing about it so very big Coastline then it has a desert also it has a mountaineous area also it has huge mineral resources then then and it has a climate which is cold extreme cold also and then uh have you read geography entire geography so it has area which has a marine climate also Marine you understand no idea Britain what is the name of the climate of the Britain Marine climate then and Marine climate and which area of the Australia has a Marine climate Tasmania Tasmania so now if you see so all the different characteristics that varieties are there are these varieties are there in India do we have different type of the climates and different type of the geographical things so let's so this is what you needed to write and so first you will be starting your answer see I'm just telling you that how in these type of the questions without going into the specific content you can always write answer and it is not a difficult question it is a very easy question I would say so in this particular you could be starting with that the India that India and its neighboring areas emerged in a way that it can be better called as a subcontinent and it had the features of the subcontinent so then the geographical setup of India you'll be mentioning that on the Northern side the longest range of the Hill R the longest Hill ranges of the world is there which is Himalayas then and then from the Eastern from the western side it has been on the top of it it has been bounded by the pamir nod and then on the Eastern side if you look at the Pakistan side so what are the hill ranges hindukush and Kar suan so these Hill ranges then so these Hill ranges then apart from that you can come to so when you write an essay about India do you write that how the name India was given how come or what is the old name or what is the colloquial name of India which you use one side India and how we write in Constitution India that is bat so from where this name bat came bat Clan okay bat Clan so in the Vic Society bat Clan so bhat Clan and bhat Clan was one of the strongest Clan of the Arians and they had a fight with the 10 Kings on the banks of river uh Ravi parush okay so on the banks of river parush or raii and after defeating all the other clans he captured the area bhat Clan captured the entire area and named it bhat wassh but this is the first story of the naming what about the second one India is related to indas okay so the naming so then you can mention so geography the naming of India is associated with geography which geography indas then so indas then you can further move on to that one of the ancient civilizations of the world existed in India and that was Indus Valley Civilization in fact it was one of the biggest civilization in the world then at that point of time the other civilization where Mesopotamia and Greek civilizations were there but Indus Valley expanse was much bigger than these all then Indus Valley what all traits it had so it was a was it a riverine civilization yes it was because majority of the cities of the indust we on the banks of the river and why the cities are created or habitations are created on the banks of the river very good cultivation would be easier irrigation would be easier navigation would be easier easier Water Resources would be there so that's how yes and drainage would be easier so a number of the things which will be facilitated by the rivers so rivers rivers were one of the very they hold very important place in the Indian ancient history then moreover that as far as let's move on further let's move on further in this particular part so when we are talking about the important rivers of this time then so important rivers not only the indust but also the punab then what is Punjab Punjab is the Five Rivers five tributaries of the indust then and these five tributaries are providing very fertile soil and then also that they are carrying the silt and morines from the Himalayas and at the same point of time the region between the two rivers is called as doab so fertile area so if the fertility is increasing so as the history is changing people's income will increase and people's income will increase so so as the culture will change quickly then another very major focal point in the Indian history ancient history is the two rivers ganga and yamuna and the very fertile belt between the ganga and yamuna so ganga and yamuna duab now this fertile belt completely changed the Society of India because the society which was AB next question we'll be looking at the Vic Society so then we'll talk about so society which was cattle oriented now it became agriculture oriented after the availability of the huge expanse of the land between the fertile land between the ganga and yamuna so now it is it is one thing which is changing then another thing that geography since we are we have to keep in mind that we are read we are writing this answer of ancient India from the perspective of the geography so in why I gave you example of Australia because it will stick in your mind so let's talk about the minerals do we don't we have n number of the minerals we have then so n number of the mineral resources so for example one of the earliest metal used by Humanity was copper copper and in India right from the Indus Valley time there was a or even before that there was a knowledge of the copper so the areas where we get the copper in India in those times were uh Rajasthan and in Rajasthan places like ahar jund Jun Junu alar these were the areas and so as in if anybody is from madhya Pradesh so they must be knowing beul District of the madha Pradesh it is also known for the copper so copper was already there in India but then one of the metal which changed the history of entire Humanity was the iron then and where iron was discovered iron was discovered from the obviously that you'll get to know in the Vic history iron was discovered initially in the beginning from the two places in the western up Jakira and aanika then and from these two places when it was discovered so why iron is important because it is one with the iron the sharpest tools can be created then and these are stest tools were used for clearing the dense forest of the gtic area and it was available for the agriculture moreover iron also facilitated in the created creation of the some most effective weapons of that time so now fight between the kingdoms also became where also became an increased phenomenon and so as the demand of the iron also started to increase so in fact iron is also shaping the history of India then someone from this side said India cultural diversity you said I think so let's look at it so when we were talking about the ranges Hill ranges Himalayas and these all always remember that if the different names are given Himalayas and Himalayas has three ranges apart from it Hindus suan Kar so if you have idea in your mind that HS exist Pakistan side why different names are given because their formation ages are different and if the formation ages are different so there would be discontinuity between the hill ranges and these discontinuities what we call passes so kjak pass gumal pass bomdila joila have you heard about it n manala n so these All Passes and these all passes were important or these all passes were passed to the people who are coming from the Iran who are coming from the central Asia who are coming from the Macedonia so many Intruders have come to India and they have brought their own culture then so in bits and pieces itself so they have brought their own culture and that's how there has been intermixing of the culture then so diversity then let's look in internally in India itself that how geography is building the many multiple cultural things and also Unity also so for example can you tell that any such mountaineous divide in India Mountain vindas very good vindas and satpuras so let's take the example so vindas are not that high like the Himalayas then but is this particular so uh when we talk about the languages so languages which were upper to the vindas basically the north India they had the influence with the Indo Arian languages and what are the Indo Arian languages Sanskrit and prakrits then so Sanskrit and prakrits they got mixed together and all the languages that we speak in the northern India they are the mixture of the Sanskrit and prakrit they they have some sort of inter relation with the Sanskrit and prakrit so what are the languages Hindi uru then then apart from it kashmiri Punjabi maharashi Gujarati then Bengali asames mati then so these all languages have some sort of influence on the other hand below the vindas the Lang language remained the natural language of India basically the Davidian language then so thean language but then is this divide complete that there is no influence of Sanskrit on thian language in the present time no because now anybody from Karnataka in this class raise your hand you are from Karnataka and from uh Kerala no one and Andra uh there are three people from Andra four people from Andra four five so now you see don't you know that those people who are from Andra and Karnataka many Sanskrit World words are used in the Canada and so as in the telu then even in Tamil which is most segregate language many Sanskrit words are used in that and Canada telu and Malayalam they use hell lot of s words or sanskritized languages are there so even if these languages were completely Indian in nature but then the Sanskrit influence has gone into it then so it has shaped so this particular the geography of India has shaped the languages of India also so that's why the languages completely did did not change completely but they got inputs just like in between two Hill ranges there is a pass only a few people can pass similarly in between one cultural divide to another cultural divide there is no complete segregation but there is passing on of little bit of information little bit of passing on of the practices then apart from it the geography of India uh when we look at it so uh apart from it the oceanic area another very important factor in India is the monsoons then which has shaped the history of India and which way so basically any history is complete without incomplete without its economy and mon monsoons have played a very important role in the Indian history or in the Indian economy so Monsoon I hope all of you are aware that now is the monsoon season we are waiting for Monsoon to happen in Delhi which is not happening then and uh so what uh what is the importance of it what it influences not just the rains but also the crop pattern in India so which crop is particularly preferred during the monsoon season tell me rice rice K but then rice to be very specific and uh if you look at the rice belts of India so which all are the rice belts of India entire Southern Coastal area of India and so as the entire Eastern India and these are the areas where we receive hell lot of rain then so hell lot of rain then moreover where the monsoon rains are not happening or very least Monsoon rains are happening particularly the dickan plateau area so dickan Plateau area where the dry spells are more so what crops are preferred over here sugar cotton very good so cotton cotton is preferred over here because it needs less rain so in fact rains have also shaped the agricultural history of India then so this way that basically this question tell me that does it need any or ASA be is question or whatever I'm telling that you don't know is it like so then it's only that you will have to take a resolve that uh no matter what you'll find the answer of it and it comes with the answer Writing Practice so since it is a 150w question 150 word question so you obviously that in this much length and breadth you cannot write only few instances that headlines and then after some examples headline and some examples you can go ahead with in this particular question and then as far as so uh you can how you will be ending this particular question any ideas or concluding you'll how you'll be concluding this question just just come up with the idea see that you can come up with it some sort of that Pride or some sort of that uniqueness of the Indian culture and you can mention about that some uniqueness that Indian culture out of all the cultures that out of all the civilizations of the world then Indian civilization is the one or the ancient history of the or the ancient practices of India is the one which is still continue till this point of time in one form or another form then so we will see in some other question that how it is still continuing in one form or another form there are n number of the practices from the ancient India which we which we created in those times and now we are still continuing so I'll go with the uh the next question so next question I just wanted to be that particular theme only accordingly I'll go Vic Society I just want to wait one minute [Music] he [Music] just what are the main features of Vic Society so this is also the 2023 question so what are the main features of the Vic society and do you think some of the feature are still prevailing in the Indian Society this is what I was telling you as an uh ending of the previous question that some of the practices which are still prevailing which existed in the ancient time and exist so let's look at this question what what are the main features of the Vic society and religion and then come to do you think some of the features are still prevailing in Indian Society in fact this question has been asked in 2015 also I'll tell you the question that in the beginning I was saying you that if you look at the 10e paper so you'll find that in one form or another form the question has been asked then so let's look at the Vic Society first I hope this is not a difficult topic for anybody that whoever has a studied ancient India this is the most easiest easiest question to write so what are the main features of Vic Society why it is called as Vic Society or which particular time bracket is called as Vic age huh so 1500 BC to 6th Century BC is specifically the Vic age done so 16 1500 BC to 6 Century BC is The Vic age and why it is called as Vic age the reason is that it is the time 1500 BC was the time when many of the Central Asian tribes then they started their they started their movement towards the Indian subcontinent and then moreover they settled here in this subcontinent then they were initially pastoralist and nomadic in nature but then after when they settled so one of the initial creative work that they have done they started to compose vas then and on the basis of the composition of the Veda the age is called as Vic age then Vic age is further subdivided into two parts early Vic age and later Vic age early Vic is from 1500 to 1,000 and later Vic from 1,000 to 6 Century BC so now both the phases now since it has been asked in the combine so we will talk about all the features in the combine but otherwise what is the major division point between the two ages why this kind of division was created later Vic age and early Vic age so what marked the beginning of the later Vic age discovery of iron in 1,000 BC so discovery of iron in 1,000 BC it changed the entire scenario and that's how we see the study or we study the history of the Vic period in two parts early Vic and later Vic so let's look at the Vic religion and its practices so now uh one by one it's polity what they have asked only society and religion so in polity we are not going but then I'll discuss the polity also so when it comes to Vic polity so most important position was the Rajan okay who was the king who was the chief T of the community and then in the early Vic age there existed some of the political assemblies like Sabha samiti and vihat then so Sabha suiti and vihat but in the later Vic age some of these assemblies they disappeared which one viat and Sabha sui existed but they were not very important in the later Vic age then so political nature they haven't asked so don't waste your time in writing the political stuff it is a 15 marker meaning that 250 words they have has been asked and there are a number of things that you will be writing in this part so just have knowledge of this particular thing let's come to the religion first and then we'll go into the society so uh what kind of religion existed in the Vic time the uh that was it the monotheistic religion or polytheistic religion your participation is required see answer writing session consider that it is a oneway traffic and then you also participate it was a polytheistic so tell me the gods who existed in the early Vic age Indra AGI warun Mitra and apart from it there were many other devatas also or many other gods and goddesses also so for example even Lord son was prep uh that woried then they used to to be a god whose name was pushan who was he the lord of the animals then then uh there used to be the goddess like Sait then there used to be goddess like Aditi IL then Nisa Usha so these were so polytheistic religion was practiced at this point of time another thing that there was personification of the nature at this point of time now tell uh what is personification of nature elements of nature have been given a form of the god so for example Indra he was considered as the herin god or Thunder God then then warun God of water then so God of water Agni god of fire so these are the elements of nature now who are regarded as a God so there was a personification of the nature also this word we use then moreover what are the uh what was the mode of the uh that worship at this point of time mode of worship and purpose of worship so mode of worship ritual sacrifices very good exactly so mode of worship was was with the ritual sacrifices and so as the recitation of the Mantra then so ritual sacrifices include performance of yajna yagya then and so is the animal sacrifices also so for example the animal sacrifices were like vaja Ash ashw vaja and rajasuya have you heard it and so rajasuya coronation ceremony in which animal sacrifice is happening vaja Chariot race in which animal sacrifice is happening and the last one was asham yaj and asham yaj was for the expansion of the Kingdom but then in this particular ritual also the horse was sacrificed along with many bulls and the sterile cows then so these were the mode of worship and recitation of the Mantra and prayer then what was the objective of the worship in the beginning so material gain then meaning that they wanted good resources wealthy resources for themselves they wanted material gain and one of the material gain that they were demanding was the brave son also then so even they were demanding the brave son also now this is the feature in the early Vic age now in the later Vic age some changes are happening in this mode of worship or even in the gods also so in the later Vic period the gods now the early Vic gods have lost their former relevance and prajapati or Lord Brahma become he emerged as the most important go God so what is the meaning of the word prajapati the creator of the universe and this is the time when the concept of the Lord Vishnu and Lord Shiva so Vishnu and rudra has emerged and then they started to be woried more than the early Vic Gods like Indra AGI vun and Mitra then apart from it uh at this point of time that as far as the religion is concerned so in the religion the uh ritual sacrifices continued but not the way it used to be there in the earlier times and particularly in the later part of this particular later Vic period or last part of the later Vic period spiritual Tendencies have emerged so there was compilation of the upanishads then so upanishads composed and upanishad are raising the question about the purpose of the worship not to be precisely material gain but to the but for the spiritual growth so spiritualism is also emerging then now if we connect it do you think some of the features still prevailing in the Indian Society so I'm just only talking about the religion are some of it are existing in the Indian Society yes or no yes so what are existing do we not recite the mantras we often recite the Mantra and in fact if you happen to observe many of the rituals which are happening at your family so then you will find that the priest will be telling you that this is a Vic Mantra recitation okay there are two type of the Mantra recitation happens in the families whenever any Puja is happening any prayer is happening tantric Mantra and Vic Mantra so people generally prefer Vic Mantra so Mantra recitation happens now one of the best example example of the recitation I'll tell you that do you do the Mantra recitation of the gatri Mantra om what is it who wrote it who composed vishwamitra then so it was composed in the early Vic age by vishwamitra and even gatri Mantra is also a example of that how the mantras were written at that point of time so vishwamitra priest shamitra composed in the praise of the goddess savitri and the Sun God then so who is goddess savitri goddess savitri is considered as the goddess of the daytime then and so as the sun god so this Mantra is dedicated to him and this mant is still popular so Mantra recitation is a part of it then moreover when you look at the Vic rituals so many of the Vic rituals are still performed in the families so the way the Puja was happening the way the worship was happening for example importance of the AG don't you see the practice of the Agy in the marriages also in many of the rituals in the family prayers worships in the family like AG home have you seen it AG home then and making that taking the phas around the AG home so hav have you heard and so it is the practice that it's carried from the Vic time and so as the worship of the elements of the nature have have I I think all of us have seen in different parts of the country that people do worship nature and so in fact praying sun god itself is a worship of the nature then then praying many other uh local have you heard about the concept of sacred Groves sacred Groves particularly in the Northeast it is very followed so nature worship is still prevalent in different parts of the country in fact in each and every village of the India there is some sort of nature worship which is very peculiar to that place so many of the practices they are still continuing and in fact the vas are considered as the highest textbooks or highest Divine Authority books in the or text in the Hinduism so they are still relevant let's come to the Society of the Vic age that's about the religion uh if you feel that it is going fast so let me know uh I can slow down but since 12 questions are there and then I'll have to cover it in the today's class itself so we are in the second question but then now let's come to this second one Vic Society so let's talk about the Vic Society how the Vic Society was there in the early Vic time also and later Vic time also so Society was patriarchial is it true yes and what about the today's society is it patriarchal it is patriarchal okay then moreover uh when it came to the marriages so there were change in the marriages in the early Vic period to later Vic period so first of all child marriage was was not observed in the early Vic age so as the later Vic age so in fact even in today's time in the middle part of the Indian history we see that there was child marriage but do we go with this particular practice of the child marriage in today's time I think no then because there are many legislations some people do it but then legislations and many things are there because of which it doesn't happens then then uh let's come to the other parts of it some specific parts of it so have you heard about the samcar 16 samsar solar samsar N 16 samsaras I'll tell you in the Vic age one of the practice which started was the 16 samsaras and what is samsaras so these are rights of the passage one of the very important some of the samsara when I tell you so then you get to know some uh initial is the gadan samskar when lady is conceiving a child then so that's the garban samcar but then all of you must have heard about Nam samsar what is it when the child is given yes name then so that is namakan samsar then another samcar it is the anasan samsar what is it so first time solid food solid food is given to the child annaprasan samcar accordingly there are n number of the samcar but solar total 16 ssars are there one of the very important samcar is the upanayan samcar what is it Jan samcar some of you might be wearing also then wearing now some of you then so what is the Janu samcar upam samcar is considered as the second birth of the Hindus then and after that Janu samsar happens upan samcar happens so then you will have to follow the rituals of the Hinduism before the upnayan you can be considered as a child but after the upnayan has happened so then you will have to follow the rights and the rituals of the Hinduism then another very important samcar in the Hinduism then so one must observe all the 16 samcar to get the highest goal in the Hinduism that is purusharth and what is the highest in the purusharth Moka so one of the sanskar is the marriage viaha samcar okay so marriage samcar or viaha samcar so uh viah is also a very and it is the 15th in the sequence then so it is very important and then comes the last one anti samcar what is Antti last rights so it is said that if someone is dead and so his last rights must be performed then with all the rituals of the Hinduism so last rights must be performed why this is so you must have heard a word a common colloquial word in the society that so what is this basically if you don't perform as per the belief if you don't perform the last right rituals of somebody so meaning that his soul has not got any peace and it is still there in the envirment then so that is to be performed so 16 samsar still prevailing in the the society aren't they prevailing then so still prevailing so not all of it but then majority of it are performed for example there is one more samcar uh that is basically called as chuda K samcar and in colloquial word I would say mundan samcar you know it then so mundan happens then so these are the samsaras which emerge from that time and they are followed now let's come to the next concept gotra have you heard about the gotra you all must be knowing many of you must be knowing and you must be knowing your own gotra also so gotra is something which emerged this concept emerged from the Vic time and still in the many pockets of India G is taken into consideration so for example one of the very important consideration related to the go is marriages then so during the marriages it is said that one must avoid sagri what is sagota same gotra so if two people are belonging to suppose that they are belonging to the bharadwaj gotra it must be avoided and if they are belonging to bharadwaj and Kap so it is better and so this go concept which emerged from that time it also continued then it is continuing till this point of time then moreover if we look at the Vic Society so some of the good features also so some of the good features like that women were given respectable position though the society was patriarchial but they were given respectable position they were in the early Vic time they were allowed to participate in the educational discourses they were allowed to be part of the political discourse also and moreover in fact in the beginning they had the choice to get married to person of their choice okay so now it was there in the early Vic age but still we are seeing that some of its parts are still relevant in the Modern Age done so though the deterioration has happened in the middle but then still that Rec correction has happened in the Modern Age and last but not the least is the W system and the cast system then which was existing in the society at that point of time so word system Dan word system how it was created we if when you look at the parts of the so rig has 10 chapters and these 10 chapters are called as mandelas so in the 10th mandal of the r last chapter it was mentioned to divide the society on the basis of the VNA then and what was this so this is the division on the basis of the profession by birth so for example in the 10th mandal of the r under purush it is mentioned that brahmanas emerg from the mouth of the Primal man then so they will do the intellectual work chrias emerg from the uh chest and the soldiers of the ADI Brahma or Primal man so they will do the work of the protection and the ruling then vishas emerg from the thighs of the Primal man so thighs are known for the movement then so they will be related to to the service industry trading service these all industry and then the last one sudra so sudra emerged from the feet of the Primal man and uh what is feet indicative in a body feet is something which carries the entire weight of the body then so it meaning that the physical labor would be done by the sudras But please understand that uh the word the system in the beginning was basically not leading to the untouch it was not about untouchability all the parts of the society they were interconnected and they had to cooperate with each other that's why were depicted as a parts of the body so for example according to the Vic practices Danna that one of the ritual which was uh that which was prescribed in the Hinduism was that one must if you seeing somebody so you must touch the feet of the person then you must touch the feet of the person what why so because feet is the one which carries the weight of the body then so if that is respect so entire personality is respected so but then in the middle from the wor what happened that during the time of the Buddha or before the time of the Buddha and mahavir itself cast system emerged Society according to its own convenience they made it a rigid system and they started the discriminatory they started to practice discriminatory practices so even this particular form is also existing in the society so this way you got it that what were the features also and how which all are existing in the society then it all depends on you that how you'll be presenting your ideas so I hope now you understood second part and these two themes little bit of interconnected then I'll go to the third question so I'm just going ahead with the questions which are interconnected so after Vic period here saltanat question is given I'll not go with the just let me see so rocket architecture I'll come back to this question later on then then sculpture art sculpture also I'll come to this later on ancient art and architecture Indian philosophy geographical Factor significance of lion and bull Chalo so contribution of Gupta and Chola let me check what all question are there Pala period bakti and Sufi CH we'll start with the first question so now I go in sequence so even this question now understand so the rockot architecture represents one of the most important sources of knowledge of early Indian art and history discuss 150 words 10 marker so the rocket architecture of India then we'll go further into the rocket architecture but is it a is it a difficult question or kind of a normal question I just want your opinion on it it's a is it a it's a normal question but then for how many of you it seems to be a difficult question raise your hands if it is difficult to raise your hand and moderate majority of you okay so majority of you moderate questions see that ha also there is no spef specific that reading which is required it's actually how well you are reading in ancient medieval and so as art and culture and you are able to collate the fact so let's start with this Rock Cut architecture represents one of the most important sources of our knowledge of early Indian art and history so when it comes to the Rock Cut art from where it starts from which particular period any idea yes very good so it all starts from Mesolithic period danash see when we start our study of the history so study of the history we start from the prehistory times and prehistory times Stone Age so stoneage divided into Paleolithic Mesolithic and Neolithic period and Paleolithic May there is the three division upper Paleolithic middle Paleolithic and lower Paleolithic then so it is in the upper Paleolithic which is the last stage uh painting were created inside the caves then and so as these paintings were further refined and further improvised in the Mesolithic age so what is the name of the how these paintings were done just give me one minute So these paintings scratch on walls were created the stone tools of that time so I'm not using the board scratch on walls they were creating a sharp Stone tool so they are cutting the rock kind of with a sharp Stone tool and then after different shapes they were creating and these shapes they were filling the colors done so they were filling the colors and these uh things were known as just give me one minute I I'll just use the board so they were known as Petroglyph Petroglyph then so Petroglyph was one of the initial or earliest rock cut painting of India where rocks are cut in a specific designs with a specific Stone tool and then in these designs the colors were filled so in the Mesolithic age what they were doing upper Paleolithic they started but they were painting that what they were practicing in the society so for example the earliest rock cut paintings of India they depicted hunting Gathering and fighting scenes but from the misthic time this question is also a kind of a repeated question from 2015 I'm telling you not only the continuity of the Vic religion but even this is also a repeated question but question format was different answer would always be similar so understand so in the Mesolithic period the wide variety of the themes were depicted and these themes they were depiction of the sociocultural life of that time understand the themes they depicted animal riding so animal riding is indicative of domestication of animal then they depicted apart from it hunting scenes where m males were represented in hunting and fighting scenes then and there is another scene which is depicted on the painting it is basically household chore camage and in this females were depicted so this is indicative of division of labor men will be fighting and female would be female would be doing the household chores then apart from it there scenes like celebration and Community Dance was there group dance and celebration was there so for example do you do the celebration alone or with the society with Society you uh clear the exam and you get the rank one and your family is not happy about it so will it be celebration only when they share the same sort of feeling that that you have cleared the exam it's a big thing then so then the celebration is there so what it is indicative of community sense then group dances what is required in the group dance group of people and then coordination and coordination and cooperation between them group dance is not like that everybody's dancing on their own tune but then everybody is doing the same dance so coordination and cooperation it is indicative then apart from it they also depicted sexual Union one of the very important act in the act for the humanity without which the progenies cannot proceed so sexual Union then apart from it they have also depicted the uh sexual organs also like the phus and then Yoni phus sexual organ of the male and Yoni sexual organ of the female so these are the initial practices which they depicted and is it it is indicative of their sociocultural life of that time then so we get to know that what they were practicing in the Mesolithic phase now after the Mesolithic phase this Rock Cut painting the next phase we look at it that how we get the information so let's go back to the question one minute uh backstage I think was it yeah fine so this is one indication then comes the phase of the moras then when we when you start studying the architecture section so just after the Indus Valley Civilization you get to know things from the the Moria age so in Indus Valley we don't have any Rock Cut example but then Rock Cut examples are basically there from the uh that uh IND sorry that Moria age in Rock Cut only few things we can say from the Indus Valley that is the image of the priest you remember bearded priest then bearded priest who was created from the statite so it is the bearded priest example which is a sculpture it gives an indication that there was a Priestly position in the Indus Society but apart from it we don't have any other information let's come to the Moria time so in Moria period uh and number of the time in the prelims also ashoka's initiative related to the cave architecture has been asked so Ashoka and his grandson Dhat they created many caves done and these caves were in the barabar hills of the GAA District right now it is known as jahanabad District so these caves which were created they were meant for the habitation of the shelter for the ajivika mongs then and these caves were highly polished and they will have a very beautiful semicircular facade on the entrance then so on this entrance many such beautiful designs were depicted so this is indicative that rocker architecture of the ashoka's period what it is indicative that there was a respect towards the mo tradition or ajivika mons in the society moving on further the next Rock Cut tradition of India is ajanta and allora caves and not only aanta and aora but large number of the other caves were also created caneri basa KLA baj Den so n number of the caves were created then but then most important is the ajanta and aora and so is the elephanta also so when you look at the ajanta and aora so what tradition has started from this Rock Cut uh that uh caves of the ajanta CH and vihara so CH and vihara and what was chat resting places sorry CH was the prayer hall for the mongs and viharas were resting places for the mongs done and in this not only the chat and viharas are created but if you look inside the aanta so large number of large number of Dees were depicted and and these deities are based on the Buddhism even the common life of the human beings so for example in ajanta you will see the sculpture of the Buddha his mahaparinirvan stage and so as the the General Life the jataka stories jatak kaata I hope you have heard about the jatak Kata so the depiction of these all things are there then apart from it allora also in aora what we find so allora is the beginning of the new rocket age in India whereby the first monolith Temple of India was created that is the kalas temple and then apart from it it is the place where there was collection of all the three religions Hinduism Buddhism and jism so 17 caves belonging to the Buddhism sorry Hinduism 12 to the Buddhism and five to the jism and in fact depiction of all the three religions and the deities associated with it and in fact it is said that it is the allora cave which is the best depiction of the Indian art in those times then then apart from it we have n number of the caves in the Maharashtra baa KLA so these all caves there is depiction of the life of that particular time then apart from it rocket architecture when we further move so when we further move in the medieval centuries after the ajanta and aora so we find that rock mandapas were created during the palawa period and that is one of the initial worship places in the Southern India then so rock cut mandapas and in fact in nagarjuna area of the which which state Andra so Andra Pradesh you find many Buddhist caves over there and Buddhist sculptures over there so these rocket caves or Rock Cut architecture of India at one hand they are depicting not only the religious practices and evolution of the religious practices but at the same point of time it is also so depicting different types of the beliefs which were held in the society and so as the the daily life of the people that how it was happening was also depicted on the these particular things so you could all you must always start this question with the misthic as it depicted social cultural life of that time and then you can end with the aenta if you don't want to go till go further beyond that then so now yes please ask looking for an effective plan to begin your essay Mains preparation adopt the structured approach of pred decided themes and develop sharp essay writing skills break down complex topics to articulate your thoughts with logic and Clarity enroll in the vision issay enrichment program starting from 27th June 1 p.m. build your essay writing skills into your biggest strength [Music] huh huh see this is this is why I said 2015 question they said Now Rocket architecture of the Mesolithic period and they that was basically a painting but that's a rock cut painting then and created inside the cave so that's how upsc confused in 2015 question that Mesolithic Rock architecture of the India was not only modern in the sense but also highly aesthetic in the value then which can be comparable to the modern paintings and now they said the modern painting so that we can we can always incorporate then so upsc itself has given that indication now let's come to so the next question after it I think this one I have discussed Fair CH let's discuss this question highlight the as I and Graco bacterian elements in the Gandhara art so how many of you have studied Gandhara art or a I just want to know that how many of you are just starting your preparation many of you you haven't studied art and culture that's why it is difficult see this is uh and you are in Vision only which all batches are we 14 this year's June 4th batch okay so it will take time until and unless I come to the classes then only you will be understanding but see stay till that time you might get some information they this is a roller coaster ride this particular explanation it's basically those who have already studied I can see the faces then so they're understanding but then those who are basically them new it will take time for you then so CH I'm starting this thing but then uh it's a complicated in the qu level of the question it seems to be little complicated and overall it is easier question so basically in the post Moria age wait for one minute in post Moria age we study about the sculptures and in post Moria age when we study about the different schools of sculpture so there are three styles of sculpture which are known as Gandhara matura and amrawati so gandhar matura and amaravati then then listen so gandar this is the one section which is a repeated section in the upsc exam in last 10 years three questions have been asked from the gandhar sculpture Al itself and these three questions so uh always based on it and moreover this particular style of the sculpture is basically having many outside influences these outside influences there is a Roman influence there is a Greek influence and there is a Central Asian influence but many many times when you look at the map so just give me one minute so for example India I hope visible but then still you can figure out so just closer to India wherever our borders Pakistan border is ending and this Central Asia part from here this area is called as Greco bactria this entire part let me write first so Greek and Central Asia in between so this will include the countries like kazakistan not entire kazakistan parts of kakistan then it will include turkistan tur I have written then Uzbekistan Uzbekistan so as Tajikistan Tajikistan then it will also include Iran and it will also include Afghan Afghanistan so these are the areas which will come under Greco ban area Greco ban area now what is Central Asia so when it comes to Central Asia so kajak would be part of the Central Asia Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Tajikistan is part of Central Asia and so has one more country kyrgistan then so basically you combined he got it generally what happens this question seemed difficult to people because all the sources that all the sources and the books they generally mention Greco Roman features then they don't mention sometimes they mention Central Asia but nowhere it is mentioned Greco baan so upsc what it did that in this year paper they added a word Greco Bactrian now people got confused about the ban but it is just a word you needed to write according to the Greek tradition answers then so let's come to the features so I'm coming to the question I hope you got it area to identify then let's come to the question part oh sorry so highlight the Central and grean elements in the Gandhara art so Gandhara art was a style of sculpture I hope you understand what is sculpture sculpture sculpture is a piece of art like a idol for time being ID so Gandhara art was totally based on Buddhism let's understand the background of the gandhar art it was totally based on Buddhism and moreover it was patronized by the king of that time kushan King kanesh and so it happened under the patronage of the keska as far as the area of the practice of this art is concerned it includes the area of today's Kashmir so as the Northwest Frontier province of the Pakistan and so as the uh areas like himat not entire Himachal the boundary of the Himachal covering till Punjab so these were the places and the upper Rajasthan then so these are the areas where this particular art was practiced now in this particular art or sculptural art there were many such features which were borrowed from the Roman tradition and they were borrowed from the Greek tradition and so as the Central Asian tradition so Greek is separately here written as a Greco batian but you need to write the Greek focus in this one so let's talk one by one that what were the elements which were Incorporated from these all so for example that when we look at the greeko bacterian tradition then which was influencing the Gandhara art so now I would ask one question to you have you seen or have you heard any Greek mythological features figures figures Apollo Zeus have you heard about them so Apollo Zeus Hercules hercus then then huh Atlas so these all are the names now when it comes to the face of the Buddha face of the Buddha in the gandhar tradition it was very much inspired from the facial features of the Greek god Apollo then so Greek god Apollo is regarded as having one of the smartest smartest physical attributes in the body so Grace of the Buddha image was inspired from it then apart from it when we talk about the Greek figures like hercus Ides then and so as the atlas I hope you have heard this name so these figures if you look at their images so they are known for mascular of the body so that mascular of the body was depicted in the Buddha's image also inspired from these Gods then apart from it in the Greek mythology there are many different type of the features so for examp figures so for example you must have heard about that posidon so and what is the name of that snake uh lady Medusa have you heard so and in fact flying angels are also depicted in the uh this particular tradition Cupids they are called as Cupids then so cupid is a new that it's an English word but then Cupid comes from the beautiful flying angels of that time so whenever you see the image of the Buddha in the gandhar tradition you might be finding that Buddha is in the middle from the two sides flying angels are there then Cupid then then apart from it some places the Medusa type of the the snakes are emerging so it is also inspired from the Greek mythology so these are basically elements from the Greek sculptural tradition what about the central Asia so when you look at some of the images or some of the sculptures of the Buddha so you will find that Buddha's Buddha is depicted with the beards and mustaches then so this is a Central Asian tradition that the sculptures the central Asia they were depicted with the beards and mustaches then very tall images were depicted then so tall images are also a figure of the Central Asia then long overcoats the overcoats which are starting from here and going till the knee so that is also a Central Asian tradition then moreover sometimes depiction in the images with the boots then so boot is basically the shoes the boots then so they are also a Central Asian tradition so these were depicted if they are depicted in the Gandhara so they were inspired from the central Asia so this was a easy question only thing that upsc tried to confuse you from the bacteria but let's understand one more thing since most of you will be just joining that you have just joined and you have landed in the question answer discussion so it might give you a nightmare that it is a difficult section don't think like so because once you will be there in the classes mark my words it will be a easy Easy Ride for you very easy ride for you and I can say it with the pride that all the questions that we are discussing it then 12 questions out of the 12 questions except one which I'll tell you which is the one 11 questions in last five years you could have easily done with the class notes itself then so once you are there in the classes of the art and culture you will understand question have I left any question before it actually otherwise I would have gone in that particular so let's go into the so I'm now going with the sequence itself so Indian philosophy and tradition played a significant role in conceiving and shaping The Monuments and their art in India discuss so Indian philosophy and tradition there are two important words in it which is philosophy and tradition so significant role in conce conceiving and shaping The Monuments and the art in India so I'll do one thing uh I'm going into the note page so monuments and art just one minute okay here I'm writing monuments Arts so monuments Arts I'll divide it by uh Hindus Buddhist and Muslims take so monuments and art of the Hindus Buddhist and Muslims in fact janas can be very much be the part of the very closer to the Hindu tradition so when it comes to Hindus so tell me the most important Monument for Hindus temples so let's write over here temples just one minute temples then for Buddhist stupa then and for Muslims mosque so let's look at the philosophy of these all then now philosophy of all these monuments I hope but I hope all of you must have seen the temple at least so in Temple what are the important parts very good exactly so uh gag GHA that is sanctum sanctorum and so as shikar shikar viman viman mandap also we can write but then I can I will write gopuram Also let's do and this is one more I can write water tank then stoa what are are the things Dome chhatri doome chhatri and prak PPI have written that is prak then mosque Dome meab mimar then and Minit so these are the on this line only our discussion will happen so let's come to the Hindu temples how the philosophy of India is shaping the art and the Monument of the temple then so for example so when we talk about the Hindu temple let's understand that either it is the nagar temple or the draid temple nagar the temples of North India or draid the temples of the Southern India but then there are many subvarieties also in each of them the concept is similar so what is garaga garbag GHA is the main chamber where the Dy is placed the the God is placed then so it is the main chamber where the God is placed that is called as garaga but what is the meaning of the word garha w then so House of the womb and as per the Hindu philosophy that if you are devoted and if you are dedicated to God so with that devotion and dedication when you enter into the GHA your new birth happens then so new birth and in fact it is said that once you are so devoted you are so pure mind so in fact whatever your wishes are God fulfills that so this is philosophy then second one sikar or viman these are the towers of the temple in North India it is called as sikar South India it is called as viman but then these sikar and viman are as per the Hindu philosophy they are the representation of the two mythological mountains and what are these mythological mountains kalas parvat and meu parvat then so they are indicative of the kalas parvat and meu parvat according to the Hindu philosophy then let's come to the gopuram and water tank first of all water tank in the nagar temples you will not find water tank in the draid temples you'll find water tank but why there is no water tank in nagar because it is created on the banks of river like for example Kashi visha Temple Varanasi is there any need of water tank G so no water tank but what is the importance of the water tank water tank is the symbol of the Purity water tank is the symbol of the pr PR Vu what is so water is essential for the pru what is pranu life then so it is indicative of the life so it must be there and it is also important for the evolutions so you do the that washing of your body and then you enter with the clean body and clean mind in the premise so water tank that is according to the philosophy then what is gopuram so gopuram is the depiction gopuram are the Gateway of the South Indian temple in North it is called just called as the the entrance or the praram so in both of it there is a depiction of the Hindu mythology okay and what is Hindu mythology different characters and the figures from the Hindu mythology then let's come to one more very important part of the temple itself that is basically so temples are created according to the principles of the vastu shastra vastu shastra and this is the Hindu philosophy so what is vastu shastra I don't know that you have heard or not in classes I have taught some of you who were there in the classes they know it so what is it it is a depiction of a demon wasu purush mandal let's let me uh make you understand so that generally a temple premise the garbag part would be or even the houses would be a square then and in a square that what is vastu sastra it is depiction of a demon name of the demon is the vastu purush mandal so it is said that till the time this demon would be active so there would be evil activities or unfortunate things will be happening in the house or the temple or anywhere so if the wasu principles are applied so then this demon would not be active so according to the Hindu philosophy or the belief that Lord Brahma instructed 32 devatas then to pin down the vastu purush so suppose that if the front part what we call dorsal so dorsal part ventral sorry so ventral part or basically phase part of the demon is pinned down okay but so he spinned down and then his legs would be this part this part and then his feet would be at this part this part would be the face and this is what is called as the wasu purush mandal and this is what is taken into the conation into the vastu sastra so these principles are followed basically if the direction change suppose if I said to you that head of the vastu purush mundal meaning the demon is on this side but while creating the house you put the head over here so then it will be destructive so these principles are followed in the construction of the temple so this is Hindu philosophy let's come to the Buddhism then classes or then let's come to the next part which is sta so in sta sta is indicative of even Temple and stupa has one similarity what is similarity both of them are considered as the microcosm of the world Universe what is microcosm universe or brahmand CH representation or a smaller representation of the universe even stupa is also considered as the microcosm of the world then moreover when we look at the stupa so the entire stupa construction is according to the is according to the the Buddhist philosophy whereby they believe that stupa looks like this let me create a diagram stupa looks like this and then there would be these chhatri so this part is considered as meditating leg of Buddha this part is considered as middle body of Buddha and the this part is considered as head and neck of Buddha then so according to the Buddhist philosophy it is created then apart from it these three dis which are there chhatri it is called as chhatri so the three chhatri in the stupa structure they are representation of the three ratna of Buddhism three ratna I'll write here three ratna of Buddhism and what is three ratna Buddha dhama and S so Buddha dhama and S so what is Buddha Buddha is the the person who founded Buddhism what is dhama doctrines of Buddha and s is the monastic order where the all the mons and everything that uh would be they would be the uh they would be the one who will be living in this area and they will be the one who will be responsible for the propagation of the Buddhism so this is representative of the these three ratnas of the Buddhism apart from it the according to the Buddhist philosophy uh stupa is also representative of the jatak katas okay so what is jatak Kata previous life story of the Buddha so once again the philosophy of the Buddhism has inspired its architecture just like the philosophy of the Hinduism inspired the different parts of the temple similarly over here also let's come to the third part in the medieval period mosque so mosque sorry one [Music] [Music] so important parts in the mosque once again I'm writing so doome then what I wrote miab mimar and Minit minate so let's start our discussion with the Minit what is Minit it's a long to very high tower in the mosque and it is meant for morning prayer announcement what is morning prayer announcement uh aan then so aan that's why they will be they will be uh their width would be smaller but then they will be very high so that more coverage of the aan announcement happens then then apart from it that Dome is indicative of the order of the world in Islam so order of the world that basically that Earth itself is overal then so and it is also many of times whenever you see dome in any tradition so it is indicative of the cycle of birth and death then even in Buddhism also it is cycle of birth and death then let's come to miab so miab is the direction of the kiah then so this is a very important Construction in the mosque and it is the direction of the kiblah what is kiblah anyone anyone from Islam uh that community no one it is huh it is the direction of the Caba in Makkah okay so Caba in Mecca this is what is called as the direction of kiblah so basically you're right uh that whenever they are offering the namas so prayers so they will face the direction of the kah or the Caba in the mecca so this is indicative of it this is structure is created according to it what is mimar so mimar is a raised platform mimar is a raised platform from where Imam will be giving instructions to the people the congregation on which congregation the namas congregation so this is according to the tradition of the Islam whereby Prophet Muhammad he also used to give instructions to the people from a raised platform then so this is indicative of the mimar is indicative of that tradition and here the work which was done by the prophet Muhammad now it is done by the Imam okay so he is giving instruction and Min already I have discussed so these philosophies of the religions in the different timeline of India they inspired the architecture and the monuments of that time right so this is how you need to write now there are few people who are from the classes yeah CH I think MOS but then rest of the discussion were there in the classes you could have easily gone with this particular part so I have also added the mosque in this particular in fact I can add even gurudwaras also in this one so gurudwaras may so gurudwara so for example tell me that what are the important things you see in a or many of you must have been to and banglas what beautiful things you see the the the water tank and water tank so now let me tell you one importance of the water tank water tank originally it is from the golden temple Amritsar and in fact there is a long history of the golden temple Amritsar which started during the mugal time itself Guru ramas Guru raray many such gurus were involved with it so the water tank of the golden temple Amritsar is indicative of a tank of equality because Sikhism is a religion which is non sectarian what is non sectarian no idea no everyone is equal or sectarian that in Hinduism Hinduism a sectarian religion then Islam is a sectarian religion Islam or Christianity is also a sectarian religion so what is sectarian meaning that in Christianity you can find Protestant Catholic then in Islam you can find siia Sunni in Hinduism vnav sa saki then so sectarian religion everyone follows their God according to their own belief but then Sikhism is not a sectarian religion where everyone is equal so this water tank itself is indicative of the equality in the society then and it is all about the traditions of the guru that's why in each and every gurudwara it is made sure that there must be some water tank some exception could be there but then 95% of the gurudwaras would be having the water tank so this tradition is continuing tradition of the equality so this is the Sikhism philosophy which is represented in the form of the water tank you got it then so let's move on to the next part so geographical development already we have discussed discuss the significance of the lon and bull figures in the Indian mythology art and architecture and this question was asked and people were perplexed with this question that loan and bull in fact I will add in this part horses also take then many animals are depicted why just liyon and bull but horses elephant many animals are depicted so this question was I think year conai 2022 so now understand that when we talk about the loyon and bull from where we are seeing it just example that in the Indus Valley Civilization we see the image of the bull pasupati Sia so pasupati siiva and then there is a image of the bull then apart from it when we come to the Moria period soon after not soon not soon after but then after a long time in the Moria age we find both Lon and bull depicted in the Moria art and so is the elephant also depicted then then after the Moria period in the Gupta age once again representation of the lion Bull and these all animals are there and then when we look at the Indian temple tradition the most beautiful depiction of the lion and bull and then all the other animals they are in the Indian temple tradition and so as in the stupa so in the stupa also there is a depiction of the different animals then so animals this is example that where they are depicted but what is the importance what is the meaning of these depictions so first of all when we see loan uh sorry that bull at the time of the Indus Valley so it is indicative of the the close associate of the Lord Shiva okay and it was also indicative of the nature Worship in those times but we don't have much ideas about the Indus Valley practices we have more confirmity about the practices during the Moria period so we are coming down to the Moria period in Moria period uh many pillars of the moras they had the depiction of the uh Lon and so as The Bull then in fact elephant also so when it comes to the lion then so Ashoka just understand Ashoka was regarded as the first chakrawarti samrat of India what does it mean chakrawarti king of all directions King of Kings king of all directions then and moreover the animal which represents the power like the Moria is the lon then so it is the king of all the animals so that is one such thing that is that also means that loan is the depiction of the power Valor then and also the sovereignity what is sovereignity does lion if loon has to take a decision or do something is it do that does it goes for the consultation with the other animals no it takes its own decision and instantly so it is indicative it's very important you words you may not find it easily so power Valor and sovereignity is depicted with the lion then what about the bull so bull is the symbol of ascendancy send dency you understand I'll tell you how you'll be understanding uh how many of you have have uh any kind of belief in the kundali OR astronomical at least you have heard kundali or chart then so your astronomical chart according to your birth so whenever any astrologer would be reading your condal so they try to see that what is the bull direction or ascendency in your ascendency in your birth chart so if it is the bull is well placed that in the astrology it is called as rishab so if the rishab is well placed so it means that your career chart would be very good then so your carrier chart would be very good and that's why why in share market it is called as Bull and bearish remember now bull is the ascendency in the share market then so bull is indicative of the ascendency it is also indication of the fertility then so bull is indication of ascendency and fertility and fertility is what increase of the wealth then so it is also indication of the wealth so that's how it was depicted what about the animal uh sorry elephant elephant is not mentioned here but I'm just adding in it so elephant is depiction of the power wisdom and peace elephant is the most powerful animal but it does not uh interferes in others work then only when you pester with the elephant then it will show the power otherwise elephant has no such uh that idea of that disturbing the others so it lives with the peace then so it is not only the power but also peace and wisdom and actually power peace is indicative of the wisdom itself then what about the horses so horses indicate speed speed in the life then and hor horses also indicate actually sun god importance of the sun god so for example that whenever you see the depiction of the Sun God he is always depicted with the have you heard the seven horses of the Sun so what is the seven horses of the sun seven colors of the web G photogr so vibor is what you know I hope you know then so seven horses are depicted the depiction of the seven colors of the photoch Chrome so that is what is the depiction of these animals you can find it in the uh that Moria age also and so is the temples also so I'll just give you to further understand this particular aspect very clearly some of you are knowing but some of you will get to know I have my own channel separate one culture Quantum where I have covered one Temple from the live location that is the hoisel Temple of the uh this particular place Karnataka and you if you see that as a 12 minute video everything would be crystal clear and this question in fact related to liyon and bull any question or any animal in that video with the sculptural phases or the panels it has been depicted and I have explained it beautifully so that is an additional appendage which I have started from this year to further do the value addition in your classes so once the art and culture classes would be there I'll will be telling you which all things to see but from here onwards itself you can see and it has it will be having the topics of the modern Indian history and so as the the ancient Indian history and so as the art and culture so you can you can check on it then let's come to the next question so I hope you understood and we'll further doing it in the classes then so now let's come to the next question discuss the main contribut contributions of Gupta period and Chola period to Indian Heritage and culture very straightforward I would say easy question okay it's not a difficult question easy question so let's do it half and half Gupta period and so is the cha period later on so what is the Gupta age 250 ad SRI Gupta founded it but he was not the the main that that main founder the main founder was Chandra Gupta in 319 ad and 3119 to 550 was the period of the Gupta what about the Chola so here basically they are asking about the the later cholas or basically the Imperial Chola there were two Chola one is the early Chola at the time of the suum age and then there is a later Chola so later Chola from the 890 to 1200 and early cholas were there in in the 1st Century ad to 6th Century ad then so let's talk about this people first Gupta first so gupta's contribution to the Heritage and culture not any other thing they are asking Heritage and culture so as far as the Gupta age is concerned Gupta age is often regarded as the age of golden age of art and architecture there was a holistic development in the field of the temple architecture Sanskrit literature and religious Hindu religious literature then astrology astronomy Metallurgy mathematics so as the uh medicine numismatics so many fields there was a immense contribution during the Gupta period so let's come to one by one so as far as that contribution to Heritage and culture so let's start with the temple architecture during the guptas tenure the temple art of the nagar Style nagar Style started then so nagar Style started and in today's time if we see the temples in the northern India so all of them are manifestation of the nagar style the characteristic features of the nagar style is the appra platform and the the tower which is called as the sikar okay so K linear Tower which is called as sikar and then uh pchan style is followed in both that not only in the north but also in the southern so what is pchan has been asked in the prelims exam also in 2014 so place bement of the five dates in the temple then so that is called as pchan style but you'll further read about it in the specific classes of the nagar style then so nagar Temple emerg and from the nagar many substyles like the chandela solanki and the uh that Gujarat style sorry urisa style they also emerg from the nagar so one of the contribution of theirs is the temple architecture then let's come to the other contribution in fact uh cave art has has also been practiced at the Gupta time and in fact cave art has reached its climax so we mentioned about aanta aora but then there are n number of the caves ajanta allora cave elephanta cave then bag cave then nasik cave then uh Udi Kiri cave and Udi Cave of udisa so in these all caves there are n number of the development sculptural development and painting development so this is also one of the contribution of the Gupta period then after let's come to the Sanskrit literature and Hindu religious literature so Hindu religious literature majority of the puranas so puranas like Vishnu puran Brahma puran sauran then gur puran then so these all puranas were compiled at this particular point of time and moreover Sanskrit literature readed to its clim uh classical climax for example uh main personalities associated with the Sanskrit were there at this point of time like kalidas Amar simma then so kalidas is considered often regarded as the one of the greatest classical Sanskrit personality of India who wrote many books like abaam malag Mitra vikasi ramam then and meam and then kumara samam so many such texts he has written then apart from it Amar simha was known for writing Amar Coos which was the lexicography of the Sanskrit meaning that vocab of the Sanskrit and origin of the Sanskrit words apart from it astrology astronomy was also very much in the progress at this point of time one of the famous astrologer mathematician and astronomer of this time V and so V who gave the cloud formation Theory so there is a development in this part then apart from it there is a development of the script that we are using today so in fact in which script you write Hindi D nagari then so initially this Hindi script or basically AGI script it emerged at the time of the guptas and the initial script which was used was the Gupta script which gave paved the way to rise of the nagari script and nagari gave rise to the D nagari so even some of the uh scripts which are in the vog at this point of time all emerged during the Gupta period and moreover Gupta age is also remembered for placing more uh importance to devotion than ritual sacrifice so bti became more important in the Gupta period than in the ritual sacrifices then so in fact even till this date that bti is one of the very important very important purpose of the worship so these are the contributions from the Gupta side let's come to the Chola uh contribution to the architecture or basically the culture and Heritage of India as far as the cholas are concerned so Cha's biggest patronage ni sorry Cha's biggest contribution to the literature was very much visible in the Tamil Kum area Tamil means Tamil Nadu area so under the patronage of the Chola ruler many such versions of the ramayan were written at this point of time so for example kban ramayan that which was written by the kban then apart from it Tamil literature and Tamil grammar was further flourishing with the patronage of the cholas then so patronage of the cholas one of the very famous Tamil grammar book was calam then so calam that was written during at this point of time in fact there was translation of many of the puranas which were written during the Gupta period in the Tamil language at the time of the cholas so they also had a immense contribution in the spread of the Tamil language then come to the temple architecture so the temple architecture of the South India began under paaas and paaas were from thir Century to 9th century but then it is said the climax of the draid temple architecture was there at the time of the these people only so it is the uh King Raj Raja Chola who in 101 ad created one of the biggest not one of that was the biggest temple of India in the 11th century and it is known as brihadeshwara Temple at tanor so after him when this Temple was created his son he also created many temples like gangai K cholapuram Temple and who was his son rajendra first and aesar Temple in the tanar itself so they were known for the uh temple building at this point of time then moreover another contribution of the Chola in the Indian history is perhaps cholas were the first ruler who acted as a banker or financial institution none of the dynasties in India they acted as a banker but cholas acted as a banker also financial institution also then Cha's rule is also remembered for decentralized polity you understand what is De calized meaning that their officers were given much more power and autonomy then so much more power and autonomy and another thing that cholas were also known for writing inscriptions regarding rainwater harvesting so perhaps they were the unique most unique people in India who wrote inscription regarding the rain water harvesting and it was the need of the r because in Southern India that uh the rivers are ephemeral meaning that all around the year water would not be there so rain water harvesting becomes a necessity so that is one part and then let's understand one last this is how we can end the answer is basically conclusion would be one similarity between the two is basically both the Chola and the Gupta period paid huge emphasis on the education and temples were not only the place of the worship but in both the times during the Gupta and so as in the uh the Chola time it was the place of the education also and education was imparted in the temple promise itself then so this is what is their contribution to the Indian Heritage and also holistic development in the different fields that we mentioned earlier itself got it so let's move to the next question how many questions we have discussed I have no idea so have you written I just I just need one minute not 1 minute few seconds you have water so listen so PA period is the most sign significant phase in the history of Buddhism in India innumerate so now once again those who haven't studied for them it might be a kind of Al together very new thing but then those who have studied they know that where is the pal period so now understand timeline timeline is basically that is moras I'm going quick then moras 320 to 185 BC then 185 to 200 ad this is post Moria age so 185 BC meaning 400 years we are counting in the postm age the main dynasties which ruled in India in these 400 years where so there were Outsiders and there were insiders insiders include suas canas and satana and outside it includes kanishka so what is the name of his dynasty kushanas then Indo Indo indog Greeks and so as the shakas so these were the dynasties by 200 demise of these all then emergence of the guptas guptas 319 to 550 after the Gupta 600 onwards to 700 is harshwardhan pushti Dynasty and after the demise of the harshwardhan harshwardhan controlled all the area above NADA River so after the death of hwaran the pushti dynasty ended and then after a vacuum was created in the India which was filled by the three Dynasty so the par dynasty was the one which started to rule in Bihar Bengal urisa this part and then in the Rajasthan part and the syn part of the Pakistan was the huh pratihar gurer Dynasty and in the central India which is going till the Karnataka was the rashr cuta dynasty so their timeline start from 750 till 1,000 ad then or 11th century ad we can say safely so these near about 350 years were known for these three Dynasty pal rulers of East prar gjer of West West and so as the central India rakuta Dynasty so now let's understand pal period pal dynasty was established by a person called as gopal and this dynasty is more remembered for its association with the Buddhism and here what is written it is the most sign significant phase in the history of Buddhism in India so before it also before the pal pal period the major patronage to the Buddhism has been given by earlier during the time of the moras even before the moras also aat shatru and so as the kalash and then Moria but then after kanish also gave patn to the Buddhism but why this period is considered as very significant there is a reason behind it so the areas of the pal will include today's Bihar today's West Bengal then and the parts in the Bangladesh also so as the parts in the Assam so as the Parts in the udisa so now let's talk about their contribution towards Buddhism one of the very important ruler and the most important ruler of this dynasty was dhap then and dapal had n number of the contribution so what he did that he created a Buddhist mahavar at bahadur then so which is generally known as the Som rup then so bahadur or Som rup then he also created a Buddhist mahavar at jagala so Buddhist mahavar at jagala Sant Puri and then he was also the creator of the vikramshila university in Bihar right now it is very closer to Raj and then apart from IT nalanda University which was created by Kumar Gupta he gave 200 villes to uh nalanda University for its uh maintenance and upkeep so now these all places were associated with the Buddhism and it is said that from the mahavar of the nalanda and vikramshila the new version of the Buddhism emerged which is called as vajan Buddhism this new Buddhism was different from the older Buddhism because this new Buddhism has many traits of Hinduism so like tantric practices the rituals of the Hinduism and in fact from here onwards Buddhism started to become polytheistic just like the Hinduism so polytheistic meaning that many such devatas and Davies or gods and goddesses will be emerging so what are the Gods and goddesses worship of more number of the Bodhi Satan then female daes like Tara mahamayi akoba so not only the male gods are there but also female gods are there then apart from it another contribution of this period was that at this point of time on the request of the Tibetan people two convoys were sent to the Tibet from the nalanda and the vicrila university and then these two convoys were led by the dipankar and then uh Guru Padma samal and that's how Travers of the Buddhism from India to uh Tibet has happened then so that's how in the 9th century ad vajan Buddhism started to develop in the Tibet and in fact in today's time the most sacred or one of the most sacred places associated with the ti that Buddhism is the tibit itself then apart from it this is the time when uh the ruler of the Sumatra where is Sumatra Indonesia so ruler of the Sumatra whose name was balap putraa then so balra DEA he requested the ruler uh of the paa dynasty that he must give near about 5 10 Villages along around nalanda so that he can create a Buddhist Monastery at this place which was given to him then so this is the time that when the Buddhism has made its Travers or meaning that Buddhism has been further propagated to the areas like Nepal Tibet SRI Lan Sri Lanka it has already gone but then the another phase of the Buddhism happened in Sri Lanka so as Myanmar Malaysia Thailand and so as the entire Indonesian Islands which includes Bali Sumatra and Java so that is very important now another thing that when you'll be reading Buddhism and jism so there is one question which is asked that in the early Medieval ages until the late Medieval ages Buddhism which was born in India it was that it dwindled from its own place of birth find out the reasons or discuss the reasons that why Buddhism declined from India so whatever be the reasons that is a different question but most important aspect is that when Buddhism which emerged in India when it dwindled from India it survived at the places where pal rulers have sent it where Tibet Thailand Myanmar Indonesia then Sri Lanka and so as the parts of the central Asia so this way pal period was the most significant phase for the survival of the Buddhism I hope you're getting it then so apart from it there were many other ways that they tried to make the Buddhism survive so for example they were writing the manuscript related to the Buddhism and these manuscript were in the form of the painting also so on the palm Le they were creating the images of the things related to the Buddhism and also many such practices of the Buddhism were mentioned in it so these were also one of the thing associated with the Buddhism then so pal paintings of this time or basically pal manuscript paintings of this time now let's come to the next question so just let me see what all are remaining technological changes and persan literary sources yeah fine so bti literature then evaluate the nature of biti literature and its contribution to the Indian culture then this is a very repeated question in the exam n number of the time it has been repeated but question then so similar to it is the question in the upsc exam that they often ask and the nature answer would always be similar so here what is very straightforward and easy question nature of the bti literature and contribution to society so it's a very straightforward Now understand bti literature when it comes to the bti literature nature was that it was written in the regional languages okay so written in the regional languages for example the bti literature of Tamil Nadu in Tamil language and uh bti literature of Karnataka in kard language bti literature of Maharashtra in marati language Gujarat in Gujarati language and North India aadii and brud then and so as the gurumukhi also in Punjab and so as the Bengali and Ura in the Eastern India so all the bti literature of India they were written in the regional literature then so this is basically the the nature then then another nature bti literature was often non- sectarian in nature meaning that they are not dividing the society they are talking about the Oneness in the society then bti literature was also secular in Outlook then so secular in Outlook and they were not discriminatory so non-discriminatory means that they are not not saying that if the bti is for this particular God so Hindus will do and these will not do and sudras will not do these cast will not do so it was non-discriminatory in nature then apart from it they talked about the Oneness of the God then so generally you will see that all the bti saints of India they are just talking about the one God they are not talking about the many god let's give you example so all LS of Tamil Nadu they were devoted to the Vishnu Nars of Tamil Nadu they were devoted to Lord Shiva then lingayas of Karnataka they were devoted to Shiva then then uh that uh Vari work of Maharashtra they're devoted to V God V and who's God V Lord Vishnu then similarly in the northern India that there is a vnav and the vnav tradition in fact in the vnav itself Lord Krishna and Lord Ram so uh tulid Das goswami tulsidas dedicated to Lord Rah then similarly wachara dedicated to Lord Krishna then so similarly that they are taking just one God and they are emphasizing on the aspect of the devotion moreover biti the nature of the bti was to stop the sacrifices and mainly move towards the devotion or the purpose of the spiritualism so this is the nature of the bti then what is the second part nature of the bti and contribution to Indian Society so what is contribution so first of all contribution is that They are promoting the non-sectarian belief which means everyone is equal then so they are bringing equality in the society then bti literature one of the most important contribution that it is because of the bti literature all the regional languages of India became very popular then and they became the language of the people at that point of time then so that is one contrib another contribution that they emphasized on interreligious Harmony meaning that if the Hindus and Muslims are there so they must not fight with each other they must be harmonious in fact there are a number of instances where the conversations between the bti and Sufi saints were happening then so in fact they always placed emphasis on a cordial relations with the sufis and the other religious Faith then biti movement also called for respect towards all the faith then so respect towards all the faith and another very important contribution of the bti is that bti was free from patriarchy then so bti Saints included large CER of the women Saints also so for example one of the very famous Saint from Tamil Nadu was andal then so andal then a andal a namila a then then you saying mea Bay then so mea Bay also so large and in fact there is no such single ounce of the the patriarchy in the the writings of the bti Saints and in fact you find that more celebration of the the feminism is there in the bti literature so this can be said as the Outlook then so this is what is the nature and the contribution of the bti then let's come to the there is one question which I felt that was a little tricky but actually it was not tricky question add what were the major technological changes introduced during the sultanat period they are asking only Delhi saltanat they are not asking mugal they are not asking anything below the Delhi sultanat so Delhi saltanat is from 12006 to 1526 then so this is the period and how did how did those technological changes influence the Indian Society Now understand not everything was known to the people when this question came in the exam and it actually many of the people were sted that how to write this question but then this question was in year 2023 way back it is in 2017 paper that there was a question and a question was asked about one term in the prelims paper term was arat okay so General phenomenon upsc paper that they will be giving you a term and then you need to identify the right meaning of the term then so what was aragat arut was a r a g h a t a so arut is a basically the wheel gear Gear fitted wheel which was meant for lifting the water okay gear you understand cycle use gear then so you also use your gear then so cycle May when you that tighten the gear the speed of the cycle increases similarly this gear fitted wheel had attributes like that when the tighten gear would be there more water would be lifted and less tighten gear is there so then less water would be lifted so this is one information at least you have that you could have used in this particular thing but then there are other things that we we see in the uh basically uh our study itself so now understand I'm adding additional part to it so arut now so with arut just I'm talking about one thing arut when it is used so now more more people can use the water-based irrigation so agricultural capacity will further enhance widened then and moreover more number of the people can practice agriculture so actually one of the main benefit of the arut it was also called as sakya then the name other name of the arut was sakya so with the aragat more people preferred agricultural domain or agricultural profession and that's how their income also started to increase but then let's come to other thing then generic way that you can write this answer so for example that right now I'm just observing many of you and some of you wearing some cloth we some sort of that Nashi is there then why it this time paper fine so he has his paper Day After Tomorrow CH fine so now why I'm seeing that many of you have a Nasi in your that in your clothes so have you heard about chicken Kari in lakau and who are the mainly people who are involved in it Hindus or Muslims have you heard nakasi nakasi mainly Muslim Community have you been to Jama Majid or have you been to uh jaur many of the pockets of the jaur have you heard about the word minakari minakari is done by mainly Muslim Community kashida Kari have you heard girls kashari no idea kashari is also embroidery so in Punjab also that for example fulkari is the example of the kashida Kari but then it all happened started to happen in the mugal period itself and the Delhi salut period kashida Kari then CH kashari so uh you are wearing uh the cross uh that crossy Crocs then your cloth so the fibrous thing that which is there it is also the development of the mugal period what is f I'll tell you I whatever word I said it will not be very much known to you but then uh simple so J flowers these all started in the Delhi suut period so one of the greatest contribution of the Delhi sultanate period is this the textile industry then and the different design and the different patterns of ornamenting the textile industry and which continues even till this time so The Words which I mentioned Nasi okay kashida Kari minakari done then chicken Kari so they all have their origins in the Delhi suut period and in fact the origin was because of the new tools of the spinning were uh were invented then so uh that new tools of the spinning the cotton they were invented and pit Loom trle Loom these all were invented at this time so a Capa banana textile manufacturing was much more easier in the da saltate period than any other period so that's how many such things have emerged at this point of time now tell me what is the contribution so uh how it changes influences the Indian Society obviously it generates the employment obviously it generates the employment then blue anyone from jaur or have you heard about the blue py very beautiful poy G Crockery utensils they are used in the blue pot that blue poy is used that is also the Delhi saltanat creation and it all came from the the uh that Iran side during the Delhi saltanat period so that itself is creating F such sort of the the employment so please don't talk in the class even if it is open session I would advise that the the dialogues with each other so now so this is one part then another thing that you must have seen horses and when you are mounting on the horses what is that what do you call horse stup iron stup then normally strap we use the word strap now very many times we use the English word strap St r a p but it is stup then so Hindi to K have you heard kunda so you put your pair or leg on the k and then you mount on the horse that was also a invention during the Delhi suut period but what is the importance of it any idea what is the importance of it because you can very fast you can ride on the horse and then very fast you can mount on the horse and then you can tighten the r of the horse then so it was very effective medium in the the fighting so these were some of the technological advancements at this point of time in fact in architecture also so major technological changes in architecture if we see so one of the technological change at this point of time particularly in the tlak period there was a introduction of the barter method of construction what is barter method of construction walls were tilted little bit then if the walls are going straight they were tilted little bit only this much so this particular tilting of the wall gives more resilience to the walls it can withstand a earthquake or any such natural disaster in much better way than a 90° standing wall so this is also we study in the classes then so uh these are the technological changes which were which were happening at this point of time and one of the important contribution of it was the increase in the employment and so as increase in the wealth of the people and so as with the increasing wealth obviously their Prestige also started to increase then so this is what is one tricky question I would say take where you need to kind of collate facts from many places then next question how will you explain the medieval Indian temple sculpture represent the social life of those days then so medieval Indian temple uh sculptures sculptures written now so medieval Indian temple sculpture so what is Medieval Indian temples which all period we will keep in the medieval let's start with the if we starting from the 9th century what you are saying chandel even uh the urisa style also so urisa temples were developed by the gajapati rulers and so as the ganga Dynasty Eastern ganga Dynasty why you two guys are talking too much please don't do that you you you have been in my class earlier so don't do that I I don't accept this kind of behavior obviously even if it a Open Session I would not be open to this much yeah so be serious [Music] [Music] so now when it comes to the medieval period Temple architecture so medieval period Temple architecture basically we we can uh we can talk about all the substyles of the nagara so substyles of the nagara is the chandela Thena solanki then so as the urisa style also then apart from urisa style uh the cha temples brihadeshwara tanor these all places then after the Chola hoala temples I told you that you see that particular it's a beautiful piece of architecture HOA temples and there is none other than the HOAs then it's a in reality there is none other than the HOA sculptural temples of India then apart from it the temples of the vij nagar so they all will fall in this category now let's start one by one so when we are talking about the urisa temple so in urisa Temple sculptures you see particularly in the k Temple Sun Temple of the konar what all kind of sculptures you see in the konak temple of uh that sun Temple of the konak so not only the depiction of the animals Lions Bulls horses that we have discussed these all are there in fact it will be there in all the temples but then there is a depiction of the sexual images also then so the the sexual images people in the sexual positions they are depicted and in fact very bold depiction of the sexual image it is indicative of the tantric practices of that time in the class I have mentioned about the tantric practices then that how it is indicative of the tantric practices so sexual images is not just about the eroticism actually it was not the purpose there were different purposes in the different temples but here it was indicative of the tantric practices then come to the kajuru so in kajaru also there is a depiction of the entire gamut of the life cycle of the Hindus then or life cycle of the people so they are involved in their daily life activity then daily life activity whatever they are doing uh cooking dancing music everything is depicted then apart from it the kajuru temple also depict the Dharma K so Dharma is the responsibility AR is the Jan the means of livelihood that is depicted and so is the karma what is karma the eroticism then so the sexual images but then there's a different story of the sexual images on the the kajuraho temples actually the ruler Chandra verman wanted to depict that what all kind of evils exist in the society and he also wanted to convey a message that if somebody is in a committed relationship with somebody without going into the marriage institution so then they are discriminated but then apart from it large number of The Evils are sexual Evils are existing in the society but there is no such punishment for that then so that's how the one more reason of depiction on this was particular this story so you'll get to know that why he wanted to do it because her mother his mother was discriminated in the society because he was uh pregnant outside the marriage institution and then he was discarded from the society so that is kajuraho then let's come to the temples of the uh Southern India so it is the Chola temples or is it the hoala temples or is it the kakaa temples or is it the vij nagar temple in all the temples you will find some some of the important images some of the sculptures so for example that in uh Buddhist structures you find Sal banika or yakin but the yakin are depicted in almost all the temples of India only the names are different so for example in South India particularly in the Karnataka Tamil Nadu and Kerala they are called as madas then and madas are the beautiful yakin and in fact many of times they are depicted in a way that they are doing their own shingar what is shingar makeup then and sometimes they are depicted with the the mirror also then apart from it the temples of the Southern India they depict the entire story of the Mahabharat ramayan then and in a sculptural form so for example the hoes Temple of the Halu Chanda Temple of the sompura belu then and so as many temples uh like the rudar ramapa temple you find that story of the ramayan and Mahabharat entirely depicted I'll tell you one panel from the chesa temple so one panel from the chanaka temple where even the part of the uh what's the name of the son of the uh abhimanu sorry so abhimanu you must have heard about the Mahabharat chakra scenario even the chakra view is also depicted on the temple then and these particular sculptures are so beautiful that you'll be mesmerized that how it has been done from the hand moreover while depicting these all sculptures everything what they have done that they have used the local Stones which can be used in the best way so for example chloritic soap stone was uh used many at times for creating the sculptures then when you look at the temple so what you get these all Temple walls the belief of the people the practices of the people are they worshiping the Lord Shiva Lord Vishnu but in fact it also is depiction of the pluralistic culture of India let me take take you to one more example that the temples which were created by the uh many of the rulers but particularly here I'm telling about the ho Salas then so they created the temples associated with the Lord Vishnu also Lord Shiva also but in these all temples there would be depiction of the Buddha also and there is a depiction of the 24 Tiaras also so 24 TI anaras meaning that it is depiction of the pluralistic culture of India then it's a unique fact then it's a very unique fact and it's something which you will not find so this is what we are question discussion that ancient India how geographical factors then and we were talking about somebody you said that diversity and the pluralistic culture of India it itself is depicted on the temple walls of India not just the daily life of the people but everything so some of the examples you will have to quote in in fact social life of those days even the people uh that rearing some animals that is also depicted so as the mching of the animals is also depicted so entire life cycle has been a scene on majority of the temples of India then I hope you got it so that is very important feature then let's come to the next question Persian literary sources of medieval India reflect the spirit of the age comment so now this is one question which I would say it must have given headache to the people when this question came and it was in 20120 so Persian literary sources so Persian language they are not asking asking about uru they are not asking about Turkish so segregation maintain this is very important because generally what happened when people wrote this question in the exam so they were writing about the Turkish literature also they were writing the Udu literature also that you need to avoid because the examiner knows that which literature is Turkish which literature is Udu so as far as the Persian literature is concerned in India there was a great phase of the Persian literature and it all started during the tenure of the slave Dynasty itself and it continued till the end of the mughals then so this entire phase 126 to 1700s then it was the phase of the persan literature though uru and Turkish was also practiced then when it comes to the sources of that what what very simple straightforward question is there but then here you need facts so Spirit of that age so now what is the spirit of the age basically understand there were two type of the writings from 1200 to 1700 these two type of writing one is the autobiography and second is the historical then so autobiography meaning that the persons they themselves were writing their life events and their biographies were also written then so their biographies meaning said story somebody else is writing and then historical writing whereby the historical events are mentioned but then it is Amir kro who brought a new tradition in it and then he started to write the love stories also so let's start one by one those all important uh writings of that time Babar wrote his biography his autobiography T kababi in Turkish language so Tu kababi in Turkish language and now what he did that its translation was done in the Babar Nama so in Babar Nama what he has mentioned not only he has mentioned his journey from the fana Valley of the Uzbekistan or samand to India and then he has written about the climate the rulers then and everything so for example in babad dama it is mentioned that Raja Krishna Ray was the most powerful ruler of India and most respected ruler of India so he's not only writing his own life but he also writing the observations of the climate and everything in India then then apart from it uh hu's sister gulbadan beam she wrote hu Nama and she has written the unfortunate life of the humu and the pious nature of the humu that the person who was honest who was good but then how unfortunate his life was there so then C has listed those all thing then after her that uh Ahmed Lahori has mentioned the sahah padah in which he has documented his entire life his victories and so as his page towards the the architecture so construction of all those Monumental buildings and he also mentioned that how his son started to fight then so this is about the MS but then delh see that itself will be quite enough the writings of the Amir k then so Amir kosro was also related with the Udu but he was the one of the greatest personality of the Persian so what Amir K has written so in this particular part Amir K has written but then there are n number of the books I will be mentioning over here then so he wrote the books like Mama duani K Le maju then so let's look at one by one what is the name of the book just wait for a minute so the meaning of this word is that Treasure of the victories and whose victories he has mentioned alaudin KJ's Victory so alaudin K's Victory he has mentioned in the M then he writes tlak then so in tlak Nama what he has written so he has written about the gasin tlak episode with the the fight with the nudin Alia so Amir kusu himself was the follower of the one of the greatest disciple of the nudin oia who was the famous Sufi saint of Delhi so then he has mentioned not only the entire life story of the gasin tlak but he has also written about the confrontation of the gas tlak with the the Sufi Saint nudin oia where Sufi saint has threatened so Sufi Saint was threatened then after tlak Nama the next one is sikander Nama can you guess what is sander Nama it is the life story of the Alexander okay so Alexander existed way back but then he has written the life story of the Alexander also then he mentions nfer another book that he wrote was nufer and the meaning of the word nfer is nine Skies then and this is about the last Ki ruler whose name was kusok Khan so it is the life story of the kusok Khan then there are two Love Story which he has mentioned or which he has written very famous and the most famous you already know laa majnu okay so he is the writer of the laa majnu but then there are many versions of the laa majn one of the version is the Amir kro version but then there are the versions which exist in the Arabic World story similar but writer is different so this is the Persian Lea maju and then he wrote another is dual ranii kraan so du Rani kraan This Is The Love Story of the uh the Vaga princess from the Gujarat dual Rani and with the son of the alaudin kji KRA Khan but then this is a very unfortunate story so when she she was divinely beautiful she was married to kij Khan in fact Alin kji has eyes on the his that b and then when his son died he wanted to get married but he also died and then after he was married to somebody else that person was killed then he was married to somebody else nine times he was married to some people then so the very challenging life of this particular lady so that has been mentioned ordal of the women has been mentioned and then moreover Amir kuso's writing is also that it also mentions the practice of the joer what is Jer the women particularly in the rajanas so to safeguard their dignity pride and their self-respect they committed Jo so he has mentioned the tambur episode also and he has mentioned the episode of the chard also so many places where it has happened so as later on also after the alaudin ki's time or basically the nudin alah's time uh that even in the mugal period medini Roy chanderi Fort this johar pra has happened and then it has also been mentioned in one text or another text then so these were some of the text of that time so as that this is a very I would say vague kind of question whereby you don't have SK uh that scope of being very artistic here just it is factual you will have to identify that you will have to classify the books in three categories biography autobiography historical end then this particular uh love affair and then you write the Books some of the stories what they have mentioned and then apart from it the love stories and that's how so it was I think 150 words question so you don't have much scope also that's a 250 word question so anyways so uh this you could have written in this part but no Udu writing no Turkish writing okay so I think we are done with all the question I have not even uh gone through this part that what all questions were there let me check that I think all the questions we have discussed is any remaining you just look at then period we have discussed then Persian literary sources we have discussed so the name of the book of the uh that sikander was a sikandar not sikander Nama okay you want to correct so you can correct it a sikandri yeah so we have discussed all the questions see one more thing that art and culture is one such part since many of you have just started your preparation so some of questions you must have understood but some places I know that there must have been difficulty see without reading art and culture going into the mains answer discussion or understanding the answers will be difficult but those who have already completed the classes they will be able to understand so just a small survey I want uh all of that how many that uh from the newest batch how how many of you are from the newest batch such a large number of people and when it started 4th of June 4th of June okay and what's that batch number rb4 and this year 2025 badge all of you who are from 2025 for 2025 exam please raise your hand it's a good number of the people so take anyways so it will be too early to say thatan culture will start very early but it may start in uh some of the batches Maybe by July or by August so then you will have further understanding of this topic okay Chell so if you have any question you can ask it is the uh chesa Temple of belu chesa Temple of belu then and your rest of the remaining question can be addressed from this platform also the YouTube channel then so where many of the uh in fact the temple is going to be there next part the temple which I mentioned to you you were asking question so we'll be releasing in uh after the prelims exam related to it with the the live images then then sir when I try to write the answer burden with lots of information I don't like acknowledgement of I don't have the acknowledgement write so uh see that right now you're writing the answers when you have free time basically what is free time you're not in examination situation it is happening in examination situation also test series May a quick question what and of around so I over so there is like lower middle and then middle and then stationary and so there are many I over see you will see you overburden it because you over uh that that over limit of the minutes you are using see you will have to limit yourself in 8 and half minutes then for this time at least you can do one thing that keep a digital clock with you and no matter what digital clock meaning that where seconds are also visible and when you're writing so just follow the format of the digital clock itself 8:30 8 minutes 30 second for 12.5 marker you stop no matter what you writing this is how you will develop the habit of writing in the stipulated time and that's how you will not be overburdening it so there would be a sense of emergency this is actually there is no such pania for it the reality is that it all human tendency and it all depends upon your nor epinephrine and nephrine then what is it adrenaline rush so you will have to create adrenaline rush in your body it happens only when you're looking at the minutes every time when you are writing you're looking at the minutes so this so the urgency when you'll be bringing in your behavior then Only You Can Be you'll be able to write otherwise if you have the uh that ler time that question then obviously you'll be losing on the other questions also and at the same point of time you are overwriting in one question so you will have to follow this technique this is the only I I would not say only way but one of the most effective way to write so limit yourself you have the knowledge and Ury are you struggling to understand ethical theories and their practical applications many upsc aspirant face this challenge when preparing for the ethics Mains paper to Aid aspirant conquer it vision is presents the ethics case studies classes from 30th June 5:00 p.m. Master the Fundamentals of Ethics with a clear structured approach stay ahead by interlinking topics with current events and real world [Music] scenarios only see that to evaluator will tell you when you're writing now so when you're writing see not from the very first day you become the very expert writer it takes a lot of time in fact I have a number of the stories to tell but obviously it is not the class but then I'll tell you one I have literally seen one of the guy in the vision itself and then starting his so those were the time we were offering 20 test then in the mains examination and then he wrote all the 20 test he started his journey out of 250 marks he was just in the very first test he got hardly 27 28 marks he was crying then but then he was not giving up and then he wrote all the test and he was identifying that where he is doing the wrong how he can improve from his previous paper not from the others till the last test we remember that he used to get that in the last four full test he was getting somewhere around 115 116 in each of the paper and uh he got rank 58 and he was the highest Mark getter in the Gs paper so it all the see this exam is all about perceiver and your effort and it's not a concocted story which I'm telling you I can even tell you the person names also but then not online it will be not fine so uh this type of examples we have n number of the examp example so you need that perseverance and hard work and actually the reality is this that the others will evaluate your answer but then you know yourself that what kind of answers you are writing one month back what you're writing at this point of time and be critical to yourself when you are very critical to your answers you will see the change will happen so you very best thing that has happened with you you are able to identify overwriting then but then do it at a regular interval that regularly and uh get it evaluated with the expert people also so they only will tell you that what is relevant what is not okay anyone else who wants to ask any question fine so CH so I'll wind up this session from this particular thing and hope to meet you many of you in the art and culture classes or modern classes or ancient and medieval classes so these are the three sections which I usually take then art and culture modern and medieval and good night to all of you meet you maybe in some of the classes thank you [Music]