8th Grade Science EOG Review

Introduction

• Lecturer: Mrs. Geiss
• EOG Date: Friday, May 28th
• Materials: 8th Grade Science Review EOG Notebook (pink/purple color)
• **Key Review Topics: **
  • Properties of Matter: Elements, Compounds, Mixtures, Physical/Chemical Changes, Conservation of Matter
  • Energy: Sources, Forms, Laws of Conservation
  • Hydrosphere: Water Systems, Safety, Potability, Treatment
  • Earth's History: Rocks, Fossils, Plate Tectonics, Evolution
  • Biotechnology: DNA, Genetics, Benefits, Ethical Issues
  • Health and Disease: Pathogens, Outbreaks, Healthy Practices
  • Ecosystems: Abiotic/Biotic Factors, Cycles, Energy Flow

Properties of Matter

Atoms and Elements

• Atoms: Smallest unit of an element, composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons
• Proton: Positive charge, located in nucleus, measurable mass
• Neutron: Neutral charge, located in nucleus, measurable mass
• Electron: Negative charge, orbits the nucleus, negligible mass
• Elements: Made of one type of atom, may form molecules through chemical bonds

Compounds and Mixtures

• Compounds: Chemically combined atoms, broken down through chemical reactions
• Mixtures: Physically mixed substances, can be separated by filtration or evaporation
  • Homogeneous: Uniform particle size (e.g., lemonade)
  • Heterogeneous: Varying particle sizes (e.g., salad dressing)

Physical and Chemical Changes

• Physical Properties: Measurable without changing the substance (appearance, solubility, density, etc.)
• Physical Changes: Phase changes (solid, liquid, gas)
• Chemical Properties: Observed by changing chemical identity
• Chemical Changes: Reactions forming new substances, indicated by bubbles, odor, color change, etc.
• Conservation of Matter: Atoms rearranged but not created/destroyed, mass of products equals mass of reactants

Periodic Table

• Organization: By atomic number, created by Dimitri Mendeleev
• Periods: Horizontal rows
• Groups: Vertical columns with similar properties
• Element Box: Atomic number, element symbol, atomic mass

Energy

• Definition: Ability to do work
• Types: Mechanical, Chemical, Thermal, Electrical, Nuclear, Electromagnetic
• Law of Conservation of Energy: Cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed
• Forms of Energy: Transfer (same form), Transformation (different forms)
• Human Use: Increasing energy needs due to technology
• Renewable vs. Non-Renewable: Environmental impacts, availability
  • Non-Renewable: Fossil fuels, nuclear energy
  • Renewable: Wind, solar, biomass, geothermal, hydropower

Hydrosphere

• Water Cycle: Evaporation, Transpiration, Condensation, Precipitation
• Ocean Life: Primary producers, salinity, marine ecosystems
• North Carolina Water: River basins, water quality indicators (physical, chemical, biological)
• Water Safety: Drinking water standards, Clean Water Act, Safe Drinking Water Act

Earth's History

• Earth Layers: Crust, Mantle, Core
• Faults and Earthquakes: Dislocation of crust causing seismic waves
• Rocks: Igneous, Metamorphic, Sedimentary
• Dating Methods: Relative (superposition), Absolute (radioactive)
• Geologic Time Scale: Eons, Eras, Periods, Epochs

Evolution and Diversity

• Gradual Changes: Natural selection, adaptation
• Plate Tectonics: Evidence of Earth's changing formation
• Homologous/Analogous Structures: Evidence of related species
• Fossils: Evolutionary changes, relative dating
• Classification: Grouping organisms based on characteristics (taxonomy)

Biotechnology

• DNA: Blueprint for life, genetic information
• Genes: Code for traits, transmitted through gametes
• Techniques: Genetic engineering, forensic science, agriculture improvements
• Ethical Issues: Challenges in the biotechnology field

Health and Disease

• Microbes: Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi, Parasites, Protozoa
• Disease Outbreaks: Epidemics (localized), Pandemics (global)
• Healthy Practices: Balanced diet, exercise, nutrients and energy

Ecosystems

• Components: Food, water, shelter, energy flow
• Food Webs: Microscopic ocean producers vs. terrestrial plants
• Producers/Consumers/Decomposers: Roles in the ecosystem
• Symbiosis: Mutualism, Parasitism, Commensalism
• Cycles: Water, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen

Study Tips

• Review regularly: Avoid cramming before the test
• Use provided notebooks and materials: Focus on vocabulary and key concepts
• Practice diagrams: Periodic table, water cycle, food webs
• Stay organized: Break study sessions into manageable chunks