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Define Stage 1 Hypertension according to the 2017 guidelines.
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Stage 1 Hypertension is defined as having a systolic blood pressure of 130-139 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure of 80-89 mmHg.
What are lifestyle modifications that can help manage hypertension?
Reducing salt intake and engaging in regular exercise, which are usually lifelong changes.
Explain how Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) helps in managing hypertension.
Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic that prevents sodium reabsorption, increasing urination, and reducing blood pressure.
Why can large weight loss, such as post-gastric bypass surgery, affect hypertension medication needs?
Large weight loss may improve blood pressure enough to allow for discontinuation of hypertension medications.
Why is it important to use caution when patients on Metoprolol engage in vigorous exercise?
Metoprolol is a beta blocker that slows the heart rate; during vigorous exercise, this can limit the heart's ability to increase its rate and force of contraction.
List two common side effects of ACE inhibitors like Lisinopril.
Chronic dry cough and angioedema (life-threatening).
What is the mechanism of action of Lisinopril and its benefits in hypertension management?
Lisinopril is an ACE inhibitor that prevents vasoconstriction and sodium/water retention, offering heart and kidney protection, especially in diabetic patients.
What condition results from the narrowing and hardening of arteries due to plaque build-up?
Atherosclerosis.
What do systolic and diastolic measurements in a blood pressure reading represent?
Systolic is the pressure when the heart contracts, and diastolic is the pressure when the heart is relaxed.
What are two potential serious side effects of statins?
Liver damage and rhabdomyolysis (muscle breakdown that can cause kidney failure).
Why are statins contraindicated during pregnancy and breastfeeding?
Statins can harm the developing fetus and are classified as Category X for pregnancy, making them unsafe during breastfeeding as well.
Describe the primary action of statins like Simvastatin in managing dyslipidemia.
Statins inhibit cholesterol production in the liver, primarily lowering LDL cholesterol levels.
What are the roles of LDL and HDL cholesterol in the body?
LDL (bad cholesterol) forms plaques in arteries, while HDL (good cholesterol) removes LDL from the body.
Describe the action of Amlodipine and one of its common side effects.
Amlodipine is a calcium channel blocker that decreases artery constriction, and one common side effect is edema (fluid retention).
What is dyslipidemia and why is it significant?
Dyslipidemia involves issues with cholesterol levels, such as high LDL or low HDL, and it increases the risk of heart attack or stroke.
What is considered optimal blood pressure?
<120/80 mmHg
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