Introduction to Computers

Overview

Introduction to the basic concepts of computers: capabilities, limitations, classifications, types, and history.
Objectives: Explain what a computer is, its basic units and operations, types and generations of computers, and their applications.

High Speed: Measured in megahertz (MHz) and gigahertz (GHz).
- Modern microcomputers: 300 MHz to several GHz.
- Workstations & mainframes: 20 to 1,000 MIPS (Millions of Instructions Per Second).
- Supercomputers: 500 gigaflops to 3 teraflops (1 teraflop = 1 trillion floating-point operations per second).
Reliability and Accuracy:
- High reliability in output, maintaining accuracy to microsecond levels.
- Built-in error checking systems to reduce errors.
- Backup systems for data reliability.
Large Memory:
- Temporary (RAM) and permanent storage (Hard Disk).
- RAM loses its data when power is off, while permanent memory retains data.
Logical Decision Making:
- Performs logical operations (comparisons) and can take actions based on results.
Versatility:
- Solves a variety of problems in various fields (communications, multimedia, etc.).
Automation:
- Executes instructions automatically upon startup without human intervention.
Diligence:
- Can perform repeated tasks without fatigue.

Lack of Intelligence: Cannot think or perceive like humans.
Need for Proper Environment: Requires dust-free and temperature-controlled conditions.
Special Language Requirement: Understands binary code only (0s and 1s).

1642: Blaise Pascal invents Pascaline (first mechanical calculator).
1801: Joseph Marie Jacquard creates Jacquard loom (uses punched cards).
1842: Charles Babbage introduces Difference Engine & Analytical Engine (first general-purpose computer).
1889: Herman Hollerith develops a punch card tabulating machine (leads to IBM).

1939-1942: Atanasoff-Berry Computer, first modern digital computer.
1941: Harvard Mark I developed as the first electromechanical computer.
1946: ENIAC, the first large-scale digital computer, used for military applications.
1943: Colossus, designed to break German codes in WWII.
1950s: Development of second-generation computers using transistors.
1964: Introduction of BASIC programming language.
1970s: Fourth generation computers with integrated circuits.
1975: Introduction of Apple personal computer.
1980s: Rapid growth of personal computers and business software applications.

Continued improvement in microprocessor technology, operating at speeds up to 2 GHz.
Evolution of user interfaces from text-based to graphical interfaces (GUIs).
Significant increase in computer peripheral technologies.

Expect drastic changes in computing technology in the near future as you complete this course.