hello english students and welcome to another video in the paris and five minutes series uh these are videos focused on the aqa language and literature paris anthology for a level study and in this text we will be looking at on paris by ernest hemingway so without further ado let's get going in summary this is a column written by hemingway who is living in paris back to a newspaper in toronto and his column is attacking people who he sees as wannabes and fakers who have flocked to paris during prohibition there are three excerpts there are three articles in this extract and the first is american bohemians in paris in which he's attacking superficial characters who are posing as artists in the cafe rotond in the second extract wild night of music in paris he is describing a kind of artificial and inflated version of paris that is presented to exploit rich americans and he then describes in a little dramatic vignette a tourist who strays into the real gritty parisian underworld and receives a vicious mugging finally in the mecca of fakers hemingway reflects on the number of fakers who are attracted to paris where they can safely exaggerate their fame back across the atlantic and he cites examples of over-hyped boxers and celebrities but particularly boxers who are exposed in the ring if you don't know the context on hemingway it's a really useful one to know he is one of the great 20th century writers he is renowned for what it can be described as a very masculine writing style which we can probably see traces of certainly in this extract and he's writing in paris at a time where paris is very much the center of the world's literary scene and it's worth remembering that these guys are the rock stars of their age and what they are getting up to is of great global interest so in the context for this text we can obviously understand that it is a written text and it features only the written mode of communication and in terms of its genre it is really a gossip or society column it is being published in a newspaper but it's not obviously hard-hitting news or journalism it is it is however related to current affairs and comment people obviously over in toronto on the other side of the atlantic are obviously very interested in the social scene in paris they're also probably interested in hemingway because he's an established author and literary figure at this point in terms of its purpose its purpose is mostly to entertain i guess people read these kinds of society columns because they find them entertaining and engaging but also to inform them because they're interested on in lifestyle and in in what lifestyle is like in paris with regard to the kinds of readers um we have got here or hemingway is writing most likely for readers with sort of literary and cultural interests and readers with a global outlook so possibly people who have been to paris people who understand the the literary circles in which he is moving with regards to subjects it covers a range of subjects that are found elsewhere in the anthology society tourism crime is a strong representation as our lifestyle and of course people watching so to look in a little more detail at the kinds of representations that hemingway is offering the extracts are mostly representing the behavior of foreign visitors to paris and that's hemingway's focus really rather than the city itself and hemingway is is offering us a satire he is satirizing the behaviors and attitudes of visitors to paris and he does that really through creating kind of grotesque exaggerations of them so they are really caricatures and he also offers us dramatic situations a little his little dramatic um anecdote the mugging so it's a satire and it's important to understand that uh that readers would understand that really hemingway is exaggerating here for effect hemingway's representation of the parisian muggers uh ironically is probably more favorable than his representation of the tourists and he we can argue really uh having read that second text that the former the muggers they are quite authentic and the latter the tourists they are presented as shallow hemingway as we commented earlier has a masculine writing style and a very casual attitude to violence and i think that's borne out in this text hemingway's self-representation as an artist is heavily implied in his description of these fakes and frauds that he sees at work um and obviously he is um probably trying to convey his status as a much more authentic artist one who really understands artistic production and artistic devotion the representations of paris are really devised divided sorry and there's a kind of an essential contrast in all of these texts between the fake and the real so we have this sanitized artificial over inflated paris that is presented to tourists and then this real underbelly which um hemingway obviously feels um he can see and understand and can convey to the reader and that contrast between the fake and the real is um present in every single text you have the fake boxes getting found out against the real boxes you have the fake wannabe artists being compared to the real artists in terms of the linguistic features hemingway obviously is a literary writer and so this text has mostly a fairly high literary register and some really effective devices which are great for analysis to begin with especially in the opening to the first text there is a number of figurative and fairly literary devices used he has an extended aquatic metaphor which is really quite engaging um describing the people coming across the atlantic as scum they are skimmed from the top of the ocean they are ladled onto paris and they are forming levees and a levee is like a kind of a tide if you like or a barrier formed of scum obviously these people have traveled across the atlantic to be in paris so this is quite a well-chosen metaphor he's reinforcing that metaphor through these triadic structures or through this use of a triplet of pre-modifying superlative object adjectives they are the oldest the thickest and the scummiest scum he also then continues using this kind of animalistic metaphor to describe the people in the rotund it's a birdhouse and these are guests who are squawking finally on that first page we have this rhetorical comparison to eating a jug of soured molasses now i'm not entirely sure what soured molasses are but i know molasses is kind of like um a sort of treacle so i'm trying to imagine something that's um as thick as um as treacle or golden syrup but in some ways sour and i'm trying to imagine eating an entire jug of that well that's um that's quite an absurd but also quite a visceral and sickening comparison and he delivers this with an impair with an imperative to the reader offering them the chance to to consider what would happen if they tried to to do this throughout the text hemingway is using personal nouns he is labeling his subjects uh very effectively uh to convey his attitude or to convey his criticism of them um if if if the noun itself doesn't convey some kind of value or attitude then he often pre-modifies it with an adjective so the woman is a dumpy woman um these are people the personal noun breed which is equally an animalistic one but they are a strange looking breed so we get the compound adjective pre-modifying the um personal noun breed they are loafers pleasure seekers bluffers fakers and finally someone gets caught out against a third-rate ostra austrian pugilist a pugilist is a synonym for a fighter or a boxer with regard to the grammar hemingway uses grammar really quite skillfully um to create a sense of timing and action for what he describes and he does this by mostly relying on present tense description which gives his events a kind of a fresh urgency things are happening right now remember this is journalism and people are reading this over in toronto wanting to feel that this information is really up to date and current so hemingway is mostly using the present tense but within the present tense he is manipulating the aspect skillfully to create kinds of narratives so this is a great example from his second text the wild night of music in paris which very evocative which is very evocative in its creation of a kind of a dramatic scenario to begin with it uses the present perfect text the cork has popped on the third bottle and the jazz band has braid the american suit and cloak buyer um so this is creating a sense of um actions that have happened or completed but still in the present he then shifts to his subject who begins to sway and is liable to remark so this is now the subject is now acting in the present and then moves on later in this article to discuss the kind of the future of what's going to happen to this guy for the rest of his life for the rest of the night sorry um moving into the the future tense you know he will be lucky to escape with all of his money so even within the present um and also the use of the future we get this sense of actions that have happened within the present or actions that are ongoing within the present so the tourist is not seeing there's almost slightly more general sense there in the use of the present continuous so this is a really good text this second text to understand the way that um writers can use aspect to convey a sense of time for what they describe we've also got patterns of modality particularly deontic modality um related of course um to the possibility and likelihood of things happening and um he uses um he repeats uh the strong deontic modal must in his uh description of trying to drink a jug of molasses um to obviously convey the inevitability of you feeling sick after watching people in the rotund hemingway is also using perspective um quite thoughtfully here and for the most part he avoids using the first person perspective i think perhaps if he had used the he does use the first person perspective on a couple of occasions towards the end of the first text but he wants um his he wants his observations to appear to have a kind of a general uh power um and so he avoids using the first person perspective which would seem i think um quite subjective and limited instead he uses the third and second person and these are operating with a kind of diactic function um so i would argue that the second person when he says you this is really proximal this is a this is closely centered along the center of experience because it's really offering us what hemingway can see when he says you can turn your head and see this or you can see this or you can see that really what what hemingway's offering us is his perspective his personal observations but offered to us in the second person um so he's really presenting he's really offering us a kind of a shared perspective between what he sees and offering us to imagine it as we see it the third person perspective the he which most often is this or he or she or the woman most often describing his perspective of um these uh his subject these these tourists that is by comparison distal so this is distant um whereas the second person is close hemingway is obviously inviting us to see this world of paris through his eyes and he's creating um through his use of perspective a kind of division between the perspective that that he and his reader share and the perspective the distant perspective of these fakers and bluffers and finally then a comment on pragmatics which i guess could could much more detail could be given to this uh particularly in the way that hemingway uses irony for humor and remember that wherever we think that what's being conveyed is is more than what is literally said or the opposite of what is literally said then we have irony um at play for example he repeatedly describes the artist's artwork as a masterpiece i don't think he really thinks it's a masterpiece he also describes it as being like a red mince pie so there's a kind of an ironic humor here that he's conveying where really he's saying that he's you know he means the opposite of what he says we also have that dramatic dialogue between the muggers which would be a really good example for a pragmatic analysis it's very rich in irony um they both describe i think uh they both laugh at the fact that um they have the the uh the hotel or the or the bar has um mugged the tourist worse than they have and that's actually quite a funny witty observation that dialogue there really um hemingway is inviting us to share in the joke with the two muggers and of course the subject of the joke is the tourist which is really quite an unsympathetic way to portray someone who's been mugged but well hemingway okay that's a fairly solid overview of the linguistic features but remember you need to sound highly convincing you need to be highly accurate and you need to be using advanced terms and looking at advanced aspects of language to really get yourself to the top of the grade scheme when we think about the connections that this text could make a number of really useful connections present themselves there's a subrepresentation of crime within the text which would compare well with discourses about pickpocketing for example in mike and sophia or in the grands net text um the expatriate lifestyle is the central focus it's also central focus in another american breathless and understanding chic it's interesting to think what hemingway would have made of those others those other expatriates who really like him have gone to paris because of its its attractive culture the text is similar i think to bill bryson's text because it is equally satirical and it's using a kind of character to create humor but that's also true perhaps of less literary texts such as isabelle's recollection of the characters in the park monsoe or cox's gravesite observations in 80 dates this is the people watching sub-representation if you like finally williams's letters from france is a compelling picture of paris for another really important moment i guess in parisian culture are an important stage in paris historically and it has a similarity to hemingway's text in that it's kind of journalistic in that it's an example of reportage it's reporting the events that are happening in paris at that given moment that is 15 minutes which is a triple um what it says on the label but hey i guess you're lucky in that there's plenty to say about this text and if it were to be a printed text in an exam it would be one whose features really offer you a chance to analyze in great detail so i hope you found that useful don't forget to subscribe or check this series because of course there are many other videos in this series most of the texts are up already if you've got any requests or any questions just post them in the comments below cheers bye