Definition: Lumbar puncture, also known as a spinal tap, is a medical procedure where a needle is inserted into the spinal cord to collect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Purpose: Used to diagnose diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), including brain and spine conditions.
Examples: Dementia, meningitis, brain or spinal cord inflammation, autoimmune conditions.
Therapeutic Use: Administer medications like chemotherapy drugs directly into the spinal canal.
Benefits
Accurate Diagnosis: Helps in diagnosing life-threatening conditions such as bacterial meningitis.
Timely Treatment: Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent fatalities.
Risks
Common Risks:
Headache in about 10% of patients.
Pain or discomfort in the lower back.
Pain and numbness that may extend down the legs.
Rare Risks:
Bleeding near the puncture site.
Brain herniation (movement of the brain tissue).
Preparation
Medication Review: Inform doctor about all medications.
May be advised to stop blood thinners like aspirin or warfarin.
Pre-Procedural Scans: CT or MRI might be conducted to check for brain swelling or other issues.
Procedure
Duration: Takes about 15-30 minutes.
Process:
Positioned on your side or leaning over.
Back cleaned with antiseptic solution.
Hollow needle inserted into the subarachnoid space to collect CSF.
Pressure may be felt.
Needle removed, site cleaned and bandaged.
Post-Procedure Monitoring: For headaches, dizziness, or other effects.
Results
CSF Analysis: Checked for cloudiness, protein, and glucose presence.
Timeline: Results may take hours to days.
Follow-Up: Doctor will advise on subsequent steps based on results.
Conclusion
Lumbar puncture is a crucial diagnostic and therapeutic tool in medicine.
Ensure to follow medical guidance for preparation and aftercare to minimize risks.