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What is metaplasia, and how is it significant in a smoker’s respiratory system?
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Metaplasia is the change of one type of cell to another; in smokers, it can lead to replacement of ciliated cells with squamous cells, impairing mucociliary function.
Define hypoxic injury and list two common causes.
Hypoxic injury is caused by decreased oxygen supply to tissues, commonly due to reduced blood supply or respiratory issues like COPD.
What are the morphological changes observed during rigor mortis?
Rigor mortis results in the stiffening of muscles due to the lack of energy needed for muscle relaxation.
What happens during algor mortis?
During algor mortis, the body cools down post-death.
How does smoking affect the ciliated cells in the respiratory tract?
Smoking causes dysplastic and metaplastic changes, leading to the loss of cilia, which impairs the ability to expel mucus and results in chronic cough.
Describe the characteristics of caseous necrosis and where it is commonly found.
Caseous necrosis appears as a cheesy substance and is commonly found in the lungs, typically in tuberculosis.
What are the consequences of cellular accumulation of lipids, and provide an example.
Cellular accumulation of lipids can cause cellular stress and necrosis; an example is fatty liver in obesity or alcoholism.
Explain the mechanism of reperfusion injury.
Reperfusion injury occurs when blood supply returns to tissue, causing inflammation and oxidative stress due to free radicals.
Describe coagulative necrosis and a scenario in which it might occur.
Coagulative necrosis involves protein denaturation, often seen in heart tissue post-infarct.
Identify the role of antioxidants in managing oxidative stress.
Antioxidants counteract free radicals, thereby reducing oxidative stress.
What are the roles of phagocytes and histamine in inflammation?
Phagocytes engulf harmful substances and worn-out cells, while histamine attracts white blood cells to the site of injury.
What is the significance of thrombus in reperfusion injury?
A thrombus can obstruct blood flow, leading to cell swelling and potential death upon reperfusion, exacerbating injury due to oxidative stress.
Explain why cells undergo atrophy and give an example.
Cells undergo atrophy due to inactivity; an example is muscle atrophy in bedridden patients.
Differentiate between apoptosis and necrosis.
Apoptosis is programmed cell death with orderly cleanup by phagocytes, while necrosis is pathological cell death due to injury.
What is the primary difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia?
Hypertrophy refers to the increase in cell size, while hyperplasia refers to the increase in the number of cells.
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