[Music] are you certain of course you found them in everything yes sir they're tiny they're filled with empty space and they are the fundamental building blocks of all matter so if we could somehow control the market on these things just think of the possibilities sir you're you're you're talking about build the Science Guy build the Science Guy the Science Guy science Rules inertia is a property of matter the Science Guy T seconds science brought to you by elements building your world one atom at a time this door this tie this keypad and this guy are all things and things are made of stuff tiny pieces of stuff run no I mean tiny tiny pieces of stuff much tinier than you can see with the human eye now look around and count how many different things there are yeah count everything there's tires and tubas there's kids and cows there's wood and there's Forest there's fish in the sea there's stars in the sky there's even kitchen sinks You Can Count thousands millions billions of things we call all of this stuff matter and it turns out that if we break matter down take it completely part all of these things are made of just a few things imagine cutting a piece of cheese in half [Music] [Music] then in half again and in half again and again and again and again and again and again and again and again and again and again and again and again and again and again and again and again and again and again and again and again and again and again and again and again and again and again and [Music] again again again done done done and again and again eventually you'd end up with a piece too small to cut there'd be no knife sharp enough tiny tiny pieces that couldn't be broken apart any farther they'd be Unbreak apartable we call them atams that's from a Greek word that means uncut atoms are too small to see even with a regular microscope like this here is a Model A first look at an atom now here are the main parts well they're particles see Parts particles get it anyway in the middle are very heavy particles and buzzing around the middle are very light particles now if we could see an atom it couldn't look anything like this because atoms are mostly empty [Music] take a look at this it's our proper proportion giant atom model of science now this part isn't very giant that's because it's just the nucleus the middle of an atom now in here are two kinds of particles protons and neutrons no one knows what they would really look like the protons have a positive electrical charge like a spark and the neutrons have no charge they're neutral they just hang out in the nucleus now buzzing around the outside of the nucleus are very small particles called electrons maybe you've heard of them in fact the flow of electrons from one atom to another is called electricity if this vibrating buzzing ball is the nucleus of an atom how far away do you think the electron would be well as far as you could jump no as far as you could throw a ball uh-uh as far as you could run well yeah take a look you can see it from here it's way out [Music] there the electron would be be here 500 M five soccer fields from the nucleus so everything that's made of atoms everything that you can touch and feel is mostly empty space empty space empty space empty space now the electron weighs though a 10,000 of those particles in the middle and it's going around so fast that it's only here now and then it's here and then here and then and I got to go an atom consists of its nucleus and several rotating electrons that revolve around the nucleus if atoms are mostly empty space how come when I jump on this crate the atoms in my feet don't pass right through the atoms of the crate well even though the electrons are really far apart they repel each other so strongly and they're whipping around the nuclei of atoms so fast that they make the atom act like a solid it's kind of the way this fan acts like a solid even though the fan blades are really far apart see the paper won't go through atams are mostly empty space Oh So how small is an Adam anyway this small smaller this small smaller how about this small not even close come on it can't be any smaller than this oh it's way smaller than that no yes atams are so small that you could put 1 million on the pin of this head I mean the pin I mean I mean the head of this pin Who you calling a pin head I'm not calling anyone a pin head H A is for Adam that's right A is for atom because atoms are the basic building blocks of all matter atoms are like the letters in the alphabet of the universe so look what happens when we combine these [Music] letters we get words atams are like letters and molecules are like words in our Universal [Music] alphabet all matter is made of atoms and molecules hey Science Guy huh even a banana cream pie oh yeah even a b pie Adams Adams are everywhere arms R of my at how do we know that atoms combine to make molecules well please consider the following this is H2O water two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen when the atoms come together they stick okay but but how do we know well take a look at this in here we have some water and we're passing electricity through it when we do we get two gases if we let it go long enough there'll be no what um liquid left at all just the gases and they're pure they're each made of just one kind of element on top of that there's twice as much of this gas as this gas by doing a lot of experiments like this scientists have figured out that well uh H2O is two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen with the hydrogen's on one side and the oxygen on the other kind of like uh Mouse ears uhhuh see H2O is great the ocean is made of H2O you and I are full of H2O it's wild it's wonderful it's water you know a fell could have seen that coming well thank you for joining me on consider the following see you real soon here's a cool experiment you can do to see the spaces between molecules of water first take an empty pot bottle and fill it with exactly one cup of water [Music] add another cup of water hi [Music] Mom Mark the two cup level with a [Music] marker now dump out the water why do I have to do all the work around here here you go you're welcome now add a cup of water to the [Music] bottle now drop in some food coloring so you can see it better get your parents to help you add one cup of 99% rubbing alcohol the kind you get at the pharmacy [Music] see 1 + 1 doesn't always equal two there are a lot of spaces between the alcohol molecules little pockets where the water molecules can fit so when you mix a cup of water molecules with a cup of alcohol molecules you don't get two cups of liquid it's a molecule thing you can learn a lot about molecules just by mixing them together what makes one atom different from another the number of protons in the nucleus the number of protons in the nucleus take a look at this piece of metal it's shiny like silver now here's another piece of metal it's shiny too but it's a little bit orange colored like gold well you can tell they're both Metals you can look at them rub your fingers on them and bang on [Music] them ah bill now this material turns out to be aluminum and this material turns out to be copper now the main difference between this material and this material is the number of protons in the nucleus the number of protons in the nucleus you can see and hear the differences Bill hey now scientists have grouped all the different materials all the different elements that we can find into uh groups which have come to be called periods and we've arranged the periods on a table the periodic table so let's go to the Chart the periodic table the table the periodic table uh-huh what the periodic table see every element has a name and you know most of them they're familiar there's carbon oxygen aluminum copper iron they're familiar but there there's some weird ones too there's like herum padium and Krypton scientists have given each element a one or twl symbol and a number now that's not just any number that's the atomic number the number of protons in the nucleus the number of protons in each nucleus now there are 92 elements that occur naturally and using these elements we can make all kinds of interesting molecules H2O [Music] water na salt now get a lad of this one C3 H5 n309 nitroglycerin the highly explosive oily liquid used for making [Music] Dynamite it's all done with my work [Music] yours okay what you got na a CL salt youu H2 o water meet this C6 h12 o6 [Music] sugar that is hard to be well what you got what only C10 H4 oh [Music] or [Music] [Laughter] experiment you did it cheat just played the cards I was dealt oh yeah what's [Music] this my name is Warren buck and I'm a nuclear physicist and I study inside of atams inside that [Music] mound we're about 100 ft underneath the top of that mound outside and we're inside the experimental Hall where we study the inside of atoms and to study those atoms we need a giant machine this giant machine is like an electronic eyeball and it sees inside of the atom inside the nucleus inside of a proton inside of a neutron we have [Music] quirks this room is for kicking the electrons to higher and higher energies so that we can shine them direct them onto atoms to find out the motion of those [Music] atoms by the time the beam arrives here is traveling almost at the speed of light once the Electron Beam gets enough energy from the accelerator it's delivered here to the Target this is where all the action is these atoms are struck by the Electron Beam and broken into smaller pieces those smaller pieces are what we studyed all the information from those big machines in the experimental Hall are being channeled to this room and that information teaches us a variety of new things about the nucleus of an atom and beyond that what quirks are made of it's a very very inter interesting question I love looking deeper and deeper and deeper into matter seeking the fundamental building blocks of the universe Bill what's the matter Bill everything everything the matter except energy of course that's right everything in the universe is either energy or matter matter or energy energy or matter matter or energy energy or what or matter or matter matter matter M matter see like heat light and sound that's energy this torch is made of atoms and molecules that's matter everything that's a thing is matter like this hot dog the hot dog is matter but the heat that cooks it is energy so really nothing's the matter except uh I'm going to have to have some mustard let's get some mustard over here and a bun get them a bun too oh look nothing's a matter energy and matter what a great combination that's very nice see this amusement ride made of toy Parts it like a molecule and each part is like an atom atoms are the smallest pieces of stuff that's still stuff tiny tiny pieces of stuff atoms atoms are the building blocks of all there all matter all matter is made of atoms and molecules even a Adam Adam are everywhere this is a model of a carbon atom and you say what's the big deal what's the big deal it's carbon okay carbon carbon is everywhere carbon is in every living thing the trees carbon's in the trees carbon's in the grass carbon is in you and me carbon's in the cows carbon's in that bulll over there carbon is in the horses carbon is all over the place carbon's even in the air carbon is what makes life go go go carbon makes the chemical of living things and carbon is so important are you listening to me we we've named a whole branch of chemistry after carbon organic chemistry organism organic are you with me organism organic okay it's vital it's important that's why I mean don't say what's the big deal about carbon carbon is the key to life you have got got got to respect that [Music] my hat or a flower the water a shower some coffee or a bicycle a frozen popsicle combination Atomic combination m is cool it's made with molecules and did you ever think about the molecules the bond is very cool very very cool the stars and planets are made of are made of an atom combination and those atoms are so tiny that you never see them like hydrogen and carbon and oxygen we know that they exist cuz we see how they react and there's only 92 of them you know that atoms all combine they make up molecules well that's our show thanks for watching if you'll excuse me I've got some atoms and molecules to dissociate and recombine see you produced in association with the National Science Foundation guys going ad the there fabulous you and I are made of Adams and Mar Adams and marul I mean suit yourself if you don't want to hang out you know and enjoy some lovely molecules that's fine you just you go ahead you just go nut knock yourself out cuz I'll see you guys down the road don't get yourself the road's made of molecules oh yeah so is is that vehic everything you and I are molecules the television's molecules the sun is bringing the energy down here that's molecules that sure it is K yourself you kidding me look at all this stuff those mountains here is a Model A first look at an atom now here are the main parts well they're particles see Parts particles get it anyway in the middle are very heavy particles and buzzing around the middle are very light par particles now if we could see an atom it couldn't look anything like this because atoms are mostly empty take a look at this it's our proper proportion giant atom model of science now this part isn't very giant that's because it's just the nucleus the middle of an atom now in here are two kinds of particles protons and neutrons no one knows what they would really look like the protons have a positive electrical charge charge like a spark and the neutrons have no charge they're neutral they just hang out in the nucleus now buzzing around the outside of the nucleus are very small particles called electrons maybe you've heard of them in fact the flow of electrons from one atom to another is called electricity if this vibrating buzzing ball is the nucleus of an atom how far away do you think the electron would be well as far as you could jump no as far as you could throw a ball uh-uh as far as you could run well stuff much tinier than you can see with the human eye now look around and count how many different things there are yeah count everything there's tires and tubas there's kids and cows there's wood and there's Forest there's fish in the sea there's stars in the sky there's even kitchen sinks You Can Count thousands millions billions of things we call all of this stuff matter it turns out that if we break matter down take it completely apart all of these things are made of just a few things imagine cutting a piece of cheese in half [Music] [Music] then in half again and in half again and again and again and again and again and again and again and again and again and again and again and again and again and again and again and again and again and again and again and again and again and again and again and again get him again him get him and [Music] again again again again again again and again and again eventually you'd end up with a piece too small to cut there'd be no knife sharp enough tiny tiny pieces that couldn't be broken apart any farther they'd be Unbreak apartable we call them atoms that's from a Greek word that means uncuttable atams are too small to see even with a regular microscope like this yeah take a look you can see it from here it's way out there [Music] the electron would be here 500 M five soccer fields from the nucleus so everything that's made of atoms everything that you can touch and feel is mostly empty space empty space empty space empty space now the electron weighs though a 10,000th of those particles in the middle and it's going around so fast that it's only here now and then it's here and then here and then I got to go an atom consists of its nuclear and several rotating electrons that revolve around the nucleus if atoms are mostly empty space how come when I jump on this crate the atoms in my feet don't pass right through are you certain of course you found them in everything yes sir they're tiny they're filled with empty space and they are the fundamental building blocks of all matter so if we could somehow control the Market on these things just think of the possibilities but sir you're you're you're talking about Bill the science guy Bill n the Science Guy Bill science science Rules inertia is a property of matter the Science Guy T seconds the Science Guy brought to you by elements building your world one atom at a time this door this tie this keypad and this guy are all things and things are made of stuff tiny pieces of stuff run no I mean tiny tiny pieces of