yeah I know I know and I need to have a little word about peyer's patches since the intestinal system is an ideal portal for entry of antigens and antigens it's the bad stuff right the stuff we don't want we have a huge amount of cells 70 to 80% of our antibody producing cells are spread throughout the GI system and those are in lymphatic void follicles that are either singly or they're grouped together those in those organized follicles are found in the new kosa of the ileum a lot of the ileum and we find in there we find we call the peyer's patches and also within the vermiform appendix oh so your appendix actually has some purpose so we see those a lot in there too so and what you see here is you see a cross a cross of a piece in the ileum you see lymphatic follicles like the pea patch is right here they follow the arts like domes between different villi that go up and down here is that here's a frontal section now this is just a picture very small stuff very pretty so you see the Paris patches right here and then here are the villi that are around it and so the Paris pass is like a dog that goes into the lumen of the GI tract and then these pairs patches are organizing they have different cells in it they've M cells in them and they recognize an antigen and take it up or eat their antigenic substance and then they pass those along to macrophages and those become antigen presenting cells or dendritic cells remember recall this from the immune system and then in turn DS and activated macro photos these APC cells they activate the T cells T helpers and then the T helpers activate the B cells and so B cells that migrate activated B cells migrate through the lymph from the Block in producing different antibodies the ones that they do they called IgA s and then those those antibodies traveled to deliver to reach the intestine again by at the bio because as it will see we'll talk about about a little bit but bile is made by the liver is stored by the gallbladder is it's then it injected into the intestinal system via the pancreas that in the intestinal system it goes in the fat droplets and makes them really small and emulsifies the fat so we can then absorb the fat because fat in water tends to aggregate tends to clump together like salad dressing on the oil and salad dressing you see that there but then that's a good mechanism because we can have two their antigens I mean the antibodies travel through the liver and people back into the intestinal system via the bile and then act on similar looking antigens right before they even enter anything and they prevent them from entering and so that's really a great system of things Mother's Milk also passes on passive immunity of encountered anxiousness through the nursing infant so the IJ's those also go through the motors milk they get also brought through there so that's kind of nice and then further ply themselves within the payer patches see-cret iga these anti bodies into the intestine as well then they combine with the corresponding antigen there from that angle and again this way they cannot be absorbed but they will be excreted so that's kind of a cool system of how we can function and our immune system functions I know it's kind of complicated but at least this way you have sort of a short version of how it works need to go further and you're starting you can reach back to it if you know if it's more complicated doesn't make any sense I'm sorry and that brings us to the large pile so the ileum empties into the cecum at the ileocecal valve and the Fermi form appendix hangs off of the like a pouch set is like the first section off of that large intestine so that's like right here here's the Ilia appendix Yoshiko love comes into here it's not shown right here but as we've seen it on this older slide at sea we see it right here the ileum is finishing appears to ileocecal valve area that's to seek him and then the appendix is coming up and hanging off for the end of you all right go back to that and so then the large intestine or does it a sense it goes upward just to about the liver which is on the right side in the right upper quadrant which we'll talk about next and it goes up to that area and it makes a turn and that's called a right foot calling flexure it makes a turtle's cross right underneath the diaphragm I mean underneath - yeah diaphragm as well good ribcage for us to feel and that's the transverse colon and there it makes an order term called the left colic flexor it goes down and descends into an s-shaped portion at the end here the sigmoid colon and that's within the pelvis then we get we get straight down again and that's called the rectum and it fits into the anal canal before it leaves through the anus on the outside maybe look at when we look at the outside of the structure we sees a longitudinal muscle bands that are called tinea coli and they have like these fatty tags hanging off for this stuff and the fatty tax will hold epiploic appendages and we could see those contraction of the circular muscles that are here the circular are here actually what we can see as a result of that house trust these little houses that got created these little pouch pieces here so that's that's what that's what we call that house truss so that's the large intestine right there and the mucosa on that inside layer of the large intestine is not at villi but what we do there is we have water and salt absorbed through micro villi and we have many mucous secreting gobblers present there because we also have a lot a lot of commensals and commensals are good bacteria that help decompose ingested food items and so we actually have a lot of bacteria in our gut that we need and you can see that if you if you have antibiotics that you take we have to take antibiotics once in a while and you do not take a probiotic with it you will have very loose stool very likely and some diarrhea most likely because you're getting rid of the good bacteria and God also you don't just carry the rat bacteria we can't differentiate that well sometimes but not as well as we wanted to and so we if we don't replenish the good picture of us with prebiotics or probiotics then we we will not absorb the water as well and the salt therefore we will have more liquid stool and so that's why you want to take probiotics or prebiotics then you have antibiotics that you need to take sometimes yogurt is good enough for that okay let's have a little bit more of a discussion about movements we have two types of movements that are present in the large bowel we have peristaltic waves of mixed food remnants and secondly the intestinal content is transported by mass movements towards the rectum so sometimes you see that all certain oops now you're going to go and the anus when we look at the anus it is closed by an internal sphincter that's a thickening of some circular muscle layer and then an external sphincter and that's a striated voluntary muscle that's long term control that's what equal zero I've gone irate I can't go right now and when you're a baby you have a diaper because you can't hold that yet and so we have to learn how to do that that volatile report the pelvic floor musculature is also crucial for stable the core and so it's very important to sometimes when we look at the core we talk about the core is that the transverse musculature around the gut and that's a round part and the Parliament the top of that area also needs to be made solid if you want to have a stable core and we wanted a stable core so we remove from a stable part of the body and that's more protective for altar joints but the pelvic floor is a very important part of the core so for some people they need to do Kegel exercises if you want to look up Kegel exercises you find some YouTube videos to help you understand what that how to do that and it for um and so that's and then of course the pelvic floor musculature also stated or help support the external sphincter as well in terms of the exit of the anal canal the peritoneum is another piece of discussion we talked about in the respiratory system about the serous membrane system quite extensively and inside in in the in in the gut in the abdominal cavity we also have a membrane and that's the peritoneum and we have a visceral the parietal peritoneum and organs are surrounded by the visceral layer and then suspended from the posterior wall via suspensory ligament so this system is a little more complicated in terms of its look than the one in the lungs in the heart that is just simple to understand here we have ligaments that are attached in the back here in the back wall and they suspend those surrounded organs by a visceral a vital issue of per Taniya because the visual pearl you know the dirt that got this is a lot of stuff it's a lot of tubing and so this way we can organize where the got lies it's actually a nice way of doing it it's just look more complicated to understand and get the labeling right but here here are some of the names the suspensory ligament or the mesentery of the small intestine the mesa colon and the greater and lesser omentum women taught as plural you can see them labeled in this area here I'm not gonna worry about that too much but you can look at all the retroperitoneal organs are organs that lie behind the peroneal cavity and they are not as protected as Orleans that lie within the peroneal cavity and are all nicely anchored in and organized so those are the kidneys the pancreas parts of the duodenum and the a sending in T sending cold and and the kidneys they are protected by a fatty tissue so they have some protection but there can be a little bit shaken up when we have car accidents and so forth so sometimes when they got shaken up they take an x-ray of the kidneys to see if they're well they first take some urine to see if there is any you're in the your I mean blood in the urine and if there is they gonna take an x-ray of the kidney and see if they're functioning okay and this brings us to the pancreas we already talked briefly about the pancreas in terms of its functioning it is the most important digestive gland that secretes about two liters of pancreatic juice a day into the duodenum and so this is this is what it does besides the insulin to glucagon so this is pancreatic juice this is actually the exocrine part function of this gland because the inside of the god tube is considered the outside of the ball in terms of the glands discussion the head of the pancreas this head is right here it lies in in a c-shaped loop of the duodenum which is the pinky stuff that goes around it and the body comes after that and then the tail reaches into the spleen more and the pancreatic juice is very alkaline rich it's very rich in bicarbonate ions it can pick up all of that as seeding stuff that comes in from the stomach from the time which is it neutralizes that and then it has many enzymes that digest the fat the proteins and carbohydrates the gland is partially controlled by the vagus nerve which comes from the brain stem out from from from the brain and goes down and reaches different organs physically and then it partly is is controlled by the two mucosal hormones so Sacro Sacro teen and cholecystokinin and they come from the duodenum and so what they do is they they get either they make more pancreatic juice or not and they get triggered by the amounts of fattens and pH that's present so that's um that's a hormonal system so that that is actually hormones that goes through the bloodstream and then talk to the pancreas that way seems a little bit efficient if it's right next to each other but it's definitely a good way of doing it and that gets us to deliver deliver is the largest