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How did the Regulating Act of 1773 officially change Britain's authority over India?
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The Act officially recognized parts of India as British colonies and placed the EIC under direct British Crown oversight.
What economic practices did the British government and EIC focus on after taking control of India by 1818?
They focused on reorganizing land ownership and encouraging agriculture for export, particularly grain, cotton, and opium.
What significant policy change did the British government implement after the Sepoy Mutiny?
The British government shifted to policies aimed at preserving Indian traditions and social hierarchies while also establishing centralized governance through the British Raj.
What was the primary cause of the Sepoy Mutiny in 1857?
The introduction of rifle cartridges sealed with beef and pork fat in 1856, offending both Hindu and Muslim soldiers, was the primary trigger.
What ongoing issue among Sepoy soldiers contributed to discontent before the 1857 mutiny?
Ongoing issues included ethnic and religious divisions, an unfair promotion system, and deployment without receiving bonus pay.
How did the British government attempt to control the corruption within the EIC?
British Parliament enacted the Regulating Act of 1773 which established regulations and official oversight over the EIC.
How did the British East India Company (EIC) initially establish its presence in India?
The British East India Company established its presence by setting up a trading post on the east coast with permission from Akbar's successor.
What was one long-term impact of British educational reforms in India post-1858?
The opening of universities to educate Indians in Western styles eventually led to increased awareness among Indians and contributed to the drive for independence.
What significant changes occurred in India's governance post-Sepoy Mutiny in 1858?
The British Raj established centralized governance from London, Queen Victoria granted Indians subject status, and local governance was administered by a governor-general or Viceroy.
What were the economic repercussions for India under British rule by 1818?
The focus on export agriculture and land reorganization led to economic hardship for Indians, including the destruction of industries such as textiles without sufficient job creation.
What were the consequences of the British policies on the Indian textile industry?
British policies led to the destruction of the Indian textile industry and the replacement jobs created did not compensate for the economic losses.
What was one of the main findings of the investigation following the Sepoy Mutiny?
The investigation found that economic frustrations and religious unrest were root causes of the Sepoy Mutiny.
How did infrastructure investments impact the Indian population under British rule?
While the British invested in Indian infrastructure, the benefits mainly served colonial interests and did not significantly improve the general population's living conditions.
In what way did British media influence public perception during the Sepoy Mutiny?
The British media sensationalized reports of Sepoy atrocities, which incited public calls for revenge and justification for brutal British retribution.
What led to the decline of the Mughal Empire in the 18th century?
The abandonment of the Mughal Empire's tolerant policies towards religious and cultural differences led to its decline and disintegration.
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