welcome to lessons in history the yellow today is what impacted individuals have on our medicine course today we will focus on the impact of individuals from start to finish every individual will be looked at for their contribution and significance each individual will be presented on the screen with a brief summary of their achievements as well as a section for their importance always be thinking about how individuals have contributed to the development beads of medicine or public health and the advantages each development has made this video is organized mostly chronologically however do bear in mind that some do overlap the examine will be far more impressed if you know the impact of individuals and the ideas that they had rather than simply remembering the date they published an idea or a book do bear this in mind when carrying out your revision time stamps for this video are going to be in the comments make sure to drop a like on the name that you think had the most significant contribution in the field of medicine rather than the name that you find most humorous Hippocrates and the father of modern medicine according to Hippocrates the body is made up of four liquids phlegm blood yellow bile and black bile peanut butter yellow babies if these four humors are imbalanced then you would become ill Hippocrates stressed the idea of observation rest and exercise in leading a healthy lifestyle Hippocrates saw two all times to find a natural logical and rational explanation for the cause of disease rather than previously upon relying on superstition ensuring that the humors were balanced therefore is a fundamental part of our course Hippocrates ideas stood for well over a thousand years Galen developed the ideas put down by Hippocrates not only do we have the theory of the four humors Galen suggested that we treat these humors with the treatments of opposites or the theory of opposites so for instance if you have a cold or one of the humors is connected to the cold elements then you should be treating with something such as a chilly and equally having a fever you should treat it with something cold like a cucumber Galen encouraged dissection wherever possible and his most famous experiment involved that of a pig he proved that it was the brain not the heart that controls speech for the pig stop squealing once the vocal cord was cut Galen also dissected other animals such as dogs and apes and this resulted in him making several anatomical mistakes that would not be picked up until later on Galen suggested as the human body was perfectly designed it must therefore have a creator this fitted nicely with the Christian Church and the Christian Church put forward his ideas any challenge to gheylens ideas would be seen as going against the church and this did not bode well for you in the Middle Ages Arab doctors such as avicennia kept ideas alive following the collapse of the Roman Empire avicennia wrote the Canon of Medicine which brought together the ideas of Galen and Hippocrates this text listed the medical properties of 760 different drugs and discussed anorexia and obesity it became the standard European medical textbook used to teach doctors in the West until the 17th century the Islamic religion encouraged medical learning and discoveries the Prophet Muhammad said for every disease Allah has given a cure so doctors were inspired to find them Paracelsus is often called the father of toxicology for his work on the effects of poisons on the human body he adhered to the time-honored tradition of four humors but also added the idea of the Holy Trinity the three minerals of salt sulfur and Mercury he picked up the principle that metals were the key elements which made of the universe and that they were subject to control by God the great magician who created nature therefore these metals had a role to play in curing disease Paracelsus argued that the body was a chemical system which had to be in balance not only internally but also which had to be in harmony with the environment on the basis of this idea Paracelsus introduced new chemical substances into medicine for instance the use of methyl mercury for the treatment of syphilis ah who doesn't like a bit of bacon well the Christian Church obviously Roger Bacon encouraged that doctors carry out their own research and learn from their own experiments however the Christian Church considered this to be going against Kalin therefore going against God and they threw the poor guy in prison Roger Bacon is a perfect example to show how the Christian Church controlled thinking during the Middle Ages John Hunter developed better approaches to surgery his methods of tying of blood vessels to encourage the blood to flow to other vessels prevented in certain situations amputation hunter is especially remembered for encouraging better approaches to surgery such as good scientific habits like learning as much as possible about the human body in order to understand illness and experiment wherever possible to find better ways to treat disease and testing treatments such as on animals before on people and rays force aliases contribution to our course comes in the form of a book on the fabric of the human body of 15:43 it is important because within it lies the detailed anatomical layout of the human body this book was based on human dissection therefore proving Galen wrong on the fabric of the human body was mass published as a result of the printing press having recently been discovered his ideas were spread around Europe therefore doctors themselves could follow along in their experiments on the fabric of the human body was also important because it allowed people once and for all to see the Galen had made mistakes as a result of using animals in his experiments for example the fabric showed that there were no holes in the septum of the hearts unlike what Galen had stated his findings encouraged others therefore to question Galen for in fact he actually used the bodies of many prisoners that had recently been hanged he would leave their bodies in a cauldron so their skin would fall off so that he had access to certain parts of the body such as the bones and bruised re is important for two main reasons during the heat of battle he ran out of oil oil were traditionally used to cauterize wounds having no oil pair a rush and created a recipe involving egg yolk turpentine and rosin applied to a wound this helped it heal with greater speed and without the patient dying of shock secondly Perry was important because of his development of ligatures the idea that blood vessels could be tired off rather than using cauterization was revolutionary however it did have the limitation of introducing infection into the body that people at the time were not aware of Perry's development to move away from cauterization is a great example to use of how wall and chance as a factor developed medical progress through experimentation William Harvey showed Galen's ideas about blood was incorrect Galen had stated that the body consumes blood and he's constantly being created William Harvey however used science and maths to prove that this was impossible and instead he's pumped around the body by the heart he carried out his experiments on cold-blooded animals such as lizards for their blood pumps more slowly and he's therefore more easily observed he suggested that treatment such as bloodletting therefore are useless Thomas Sydenham he sometimes referred to as the English Hippocrates he encouraged observation wherever possible and that an natural remedy should always be sought he suggested exercise in moderation and also the doctors should visit the patient's rather than the other way around his important suggestion which was veer mentally opposed was that doctors do not always have to treat their patients suggesting as little intervention as possible made many laughs at him he was called eccentric as after all doctors would charge patients not intervening meant that they would not be paid Edward Jenner a boy and a cow by the late 20th century it is estimated that worldwide smallpox killed 300 million this is why genna's discovery of vaccinations is so important vaccinations help prevent one of the biggest killers from doing its job the previous forum brought by lady Montague was inoculation where smallpox would be treated by giving a small or weaker form of the disease to somebody who that this would prevent a full outbreak the story involved taking posts from a cow pox blister on the sarah Nelms putting it into James Phipps and James Phipps ultimately being immune from smallpox as he had been vaccinated one thing to remember Jenna did not have any proof as to why it worked also he was a small-time country doctor and inoculator 'he's lost a lot of money and as always religious groups thought that the idea a cow could help a human was ridiculous vaccinations became popular from 1853 as the government introduced mandatory vaccinations in the first three months of a child's life in 1980 the World Health Organization announced that smallpox had been eradicated as a result of government vaccination programs vaccinations and the story of Edward Jenner is a great example to use both of individual brilliance and the active role of government in preventing disease Florence Nightingale became famous as a result of her cleaning of hospital wards during the Crimean War her nickname lady with the lamp drastically cooked the mortality rate from 40 percent to two percent she would patrol the wards at nights she revolutionized nursing bedside manner encouraged the opening of windows as miasma was believed to be the cause of disease returning to Britain after the Crimean War Florence wrote a book notes on nursing explaining her ideas on how to nurse on how nurses should be trained and how they should treat the sick she also sets up Britain's first nurse training school at st. Thomas's Hospital she had to raise 44,000 to fund it herself she aimed to make nursing an honorable profession notes on hospitals followed in 1863 setting out her principles full running clean safe and well ventilated hospitals there was fierce opposition to the role of women as doctors some thought the patients would not take them seriously and others thought the women did not have the correct disposition to deal with disease Elizabeth Garrett Anderson became the first female trained doctor having passed an examination in the Society of apothecaries to get a license she was however unable to work in a hospital as a result Elizabeth sets up her own practice including an outpatient service for the poor this became the new hospital for women children in a 1872 that was stuffed entirely by women by 1870 she learned French in an order to obtain a medical degree she gained membership of the British Medical Association or the BMA in 1873 but she was the only woman member for nearly 20 years she helped set up the London School of Medicine for women in 1874 which was the only teaching hospital in Britain to offer courses to women by 1911 there were only 495 women on the medical register in Britain ignite some of ice is the lessons in history unsung hero of the course his dramatic developments in antiseptics reduced the death rates on his wards from 35% to 1% simply by insisting that doctors should wash their hands in calcium chloride before treating their patients despite publishing his results very few hospitals introduced the procedure the reason for this in striking comparison and similarities to Edward Jenner he was not able to prove his findings Louie Pasteur was employed in 1857 to find the explanation for the souring of sugar beets used in fermenting industrial alcohol his answer was to blame germs in the air he proved that there are germs in the air by sterilizing water and keeping it in a flask that didn't allow airborne particles to enter this stayed sterile will sterilize water kept in an open flask bred microbes Louie Pasteur in essence proved once and for all that it was germs in the air that caused disease and infection rather than the theory at the time that was either miasma bad smells or spontaneous generation that disease comes as a result of the life force that resides in all living things although it took time to be accepted people now realized how a disease is spread and people started to work towards targeting these diseases having read the work of Louie Pasteur Joseph Lister discovered how carbolic acid could be used as an antiseptic he suggested that doctors should lace the operating theatre in a fine mist of this carbolic spray to help reduce the risk of infection he took the idea originally from a sewage treatment farm that he noticed smelt similar to the wards in his Glasgow hospital having used carbonic acid in operations he reduced the risk of infection opposition would rife as a result of carbolic acid cracking the hands feel free to check out my video on the transformation of surgery for more the one person on our course that nobody ever forgets Robert began to link disease to the microbes that caused that specific disease he did this by using a petri dish some died and the germs themselves he identified specific germs caused specific diseases by using coloring dies he identified anthrax and the bacteria that causes septicemia tuberculosis and cholera we now could identify specific germs that cause the specific disease the next step would be to target these germs specifically John Snow showed that there was a connection between contaminated water and cholera in 1853 to 54 he studied a cholera outbreak in the Broad Street area of London and noticed that all the victims used the same water pump so he removed the handle from the pump and ended the outbreak in 1842 social reformer Edwin Chadwick published a report on poverty and health the report showed that living conditions in towns were worse for people's health than conditions in the countryside Chadwicks report suggested that the government should pass laws for proper drainage and sewerage systems funded by local taxes Chadwicks report and another cholera epidemic of 1848 put pressure on Parliament to pass a Public Health Act the Public Health Act that was passed in 1848 was based on Chadwicks report as a consequence of the great stink that struck London in 1858 engineer Joseph Bazalgette was appointed in 1859 to build a new London sewer system the sewers transported waste that would normally be dumped in the Thames away from heavily populated areas to the Thames Estuary about 1300 miles of sewers were built the sewer system was officially opened in 1865 Basile Jets design became the blueprint for most in Western Europe in 1889 Charles booth roped life and labour of the people in London showing that 30% of them were living in severe poverty and that it was sometimes impossible for people to find work however hard they tried he showed that some wages were so low that they weren't enough to support a family hearing of booths report Roundtree wrote one of his own but this time it was based in York he didn't believe that the problem there was as bad as it was in London his report poverty a study of town life published in 1901 showed that 28% of people in York couldn't afford basic food and housing in 1847 James Simpson discovered the effects of chloroform he found that it was easier to use than ether it took effect more quickly and less was needed to achieve the same results after Queen Victoria gave birth to her eighth child whilst using chloroform in 1853 it became widely available as a result of James Simpson popularizing and making it safe with the work of John snows chloroform inhaler booth and Roundtree showed that there was a link between poverty and ill health the newly elected Liberal government and its Chancellor David Lloyd George realized that action had to be taken his budget paid for via taxation focused on the idea of free school meals free medical inspections and old-age pensions and not forgetting national insurance this was a turning point in British welfare taxation would help those in need in the hunt to cure disease it was argued that if the body contained antibodies which naturally fight infection then chemicals could be used to equally target infection in 1909 Paul Ellering and his team developed Salveson 606 a chemically created magic bullet that targeted syphilis gearheart bhowmick was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or medicine for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prompt as'll in 1939 six years before Fleming and his team were awarded the same prize for pi airing penicillin Doug makani's team created a category of substances that can kill or inhibit microorganisms they were not antibiotics as they were synthesized in the laboratory one of the forms of bacteria that had been resistant to magic bullets was called Steffler caucus Fleming had been growing Steffler caucus in his laboratory and had left it whilst going on holiday upon return he noticed that the Steffler caucus bacteria had stopped growing by chance Penicillium had drifted in from a nearby window where it grows naturally on trees penicillin had been discovered Fleming realized the germ killing capabilities of penicillin and published his findings that year even though we know today that penicillin is an antibiotic Fleming did not realize this and concluded that it was a natural antiseptic since it is a natural product penicillin needed to be purified Florey and chain found this way to purify penicillin a breakthrough was made by these two in December 1941 the US government began to give out grants to businesses that would manufacture penicillin by 1943 British business it has also started to mass-produce penicillin mass production was sufficient to meet the needs of military medics by 1944 Fleming Florey and chain were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1945 for their developments in penicillin in 1942 I report about the states of Britain by Sir William Beveridge an economist and social reformer sold over a hundred thousand copies in its first month of publication it said that people had a right to be free of five giants that could ruin their lives disease wants ignorance idleness and squalor or living in very poor conditions the report suggested ways to improve quality of life and said that the government should take charge of Social Security from the cradle to the grave in 1948 Naiya Bevin and the Labour Party introduced the National Health Service the NHS a free form of medical care at the point of consumption it was paid for by taxation upon its inception many doctors were not happy and they thought that they would lose control of their own practice however Bevan won them over by promising them a salary allowing them to treat private patients as well in 1953 came the momentous discovery of DNA's double helical agents by the English scientist Francis Crick and u.s. biologist Jane Watson they discovered how hereditary diseases pass on from generation to generation this is important as unlike Louis Pasteur's germ theory miasma spontaneous generation or for humor ISM we now know that certain diseases spread not because of germs in the air but by genes we carry from birth in 1967 a medical breakthrough the world's first heart transplant took the world by storm cardiac surgeon Christian Barnard of South Africa and a 30 strong team spent nine hours pioneering this surgery and saved the life of a 54 year old patient by giving them the heart of a 25 year old female donor thanks for making it to the end it was a real intense video to make it so I would appreciate a like and a subscribe I put some practice questions up should you wish to give these ago leave any questions you have in the comments if you're unsure of the content and what you'd like to see next remember these videos are here for your benefit so if you like the video you know what to do and if you didn't then please tell me how I may make them better which individual made the greatest contribution in your opinion I'd be curious to hear what you have to say in the comments don't forget to follow along an Instagram for your daily dose of history revision thanks for watching lessons in history and I'll see you in the next video