Lecture Notes: Types of Matter, Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

What is Matter?

• Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.
  • Examples: Chair, jug

Types of Matter

1. Pure Substances
   • Made up of only one type of particle.
   • Examples: Water (H₂O), Salt (NaCl), Gold (Au), Iron (Fe)
2. Mixtures
   • Made up of different types of particles, physically combined.
   • Examples: Salt solution (H₂O + NaCl), Salad (various vegetables)

Pure Substances: Elements and Compounds

Elements

• Cannot be split into simpler substances.
• Retain the same properties, even when divided.
• Examples: Gold (Au), Iron (Fe)
• Symbols: Oxygen (O), Hydrogen (H), Carbon (C), Iron (Fe), Chlorine (Cl), Sodium (Na)
• Periodic Table: Contains 118 elements (92 natural, 26 man-made)

Compounds

• Formed when two or more different elements combine chemically.
• Have specific formulas.
• Examples:
  • Water (H₂O): Oxygen + Hydrogen
  • Sodium Chloride (NaCl): Sodium + Chlorine
  • Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆): Carbon + Hydrogen + Oxygen

Mixtures: Homogeneous and Heterogeneous

Homogeneous Mixtures

• Have a uniform composition.
• Example: Salt solution

Heterogeneous Mixtures

• Have a non-uniform composition.
• Example: Salad

Differentiating Element and Compound

• Element: Pure substance, cannot be split into simpler substances.
  • Total elements: 118 (Periodic Table)
• Compound: Made up of two or more different elements chemically combined.

Differentiating Compound and Mixture

• Compound: One type of particle, chemically combined.
• Mixture: Different types of particles, physically combined.
  • Examples:
    • Compound: Sodium chloride (NaCl), Zinc chloride
    • Mixture: Salt solution (NaCl + H₂O), Zinc + Carbon, Water + Sand (silicon dioxide)

Recap

• Compounds are pure substances with chemically combined particles.
• Mixtures contain different physically combined particles.