hello leonis hope you are keeping well uh today we actually going to look at settlement geography again and we're going to focus on the and let me move my head a little bit on the urban settlement issues and we're going to focus on urbanization okay quite an interesting section also and quite easy to understand so let's first of all look at it and i know i'm going to do this on on various lessons remember album settlement issues is broken up into three yeah but it's one section that could be interrelated so it's urbanization informal settlements and injustices so in this lesson we're actually going to focus on the urban settlement issues that's all we're going to do here so that it makes your lessons a little shorter okay and of course we're going to do a past paper so let's get going learners and let's look at what we need to focus on in this lesson of course we look at recent urbanization patterns in south africa and we already know urbanization is the increase in the percentage of people living in urban areas all right that's what we studied earlier in settlement geography then we're going to look at urban issues related to rapid urbanization meaning organization that's increasingly very fast rate what urban issues or problems we will experience so what we're looking at is the inner city problems problems that's happening more in the inner part of the city around the cbd transition zone etc all right what is happening there that's what we're gonna focus on we're gonna focus on urban blight traffic congestion lack of planning overcrowding housing shortages and service provision obviously we'll do a little question at the end that's the best way to do things okay so let us let's look at our first slide the first one is looking at urbanization again and the trend in rsa okay now if we look at this trend okay we will notice again urbanization is the increase in the percentage of people living in urban areas and if you look at this graph from 2008 to 2018 and you look at the bars tend to increase and we work with the percentages okay it's increasing quite rapidly so we're having a rapid increase in urbanization in south africa from 61 in 2008 to 66.3 in 2018 and that's over a short period of time of 10 years we've had quite an increase of over 5 percent okay so let's look at some characteristics so the urbanization trend and i don't know why my um virus antivirus is coming up i think it also wants to be part of the show okay so let's look at this we're experiencing rapid urbanization okay in south africa and the big factors of this is rural urban migration all right that's a huge factor of people moving from rural areas to urban areas and also international migration coming from other countries especially the african countries our african neighbors we're getting a lot uh of course this is an approximate figure okay and when you come to exams it may give you a different figure it doesn't really matter you use the figure that you get it's pegged at around 62 percent of south africa is urbanized and of course it continues to increase so urbanization is happening it's a reality in our country we see it from all the informal settlements etc that are popping up in our urban areas all right so again the reasons are rural urban migration of course we have to include population growth more babies etc okay so more populations are increasing uh immigration that's happening as we indicated now we need to know that this urbanization is one of the main causes of inner city problems one of the main causes okay right let's look at the inner city problems that we have right first of all inner city problems is due to rapid urbanization as i mentioned especially in the inner city experiences great pressure to try and cope with this increase therefore you have your inner city problems you must remember things can't be built overnight you can't just have roads being built overnight together for an increase in the percentage of the population uh houses cannot be built overnight services cannot be provided overnight so it it creates a huge problem when this increase is quite rapid so let's look at the first scenario which is your urban blight okay now look at what urban black means urban blight it refers to a city or part of a city that is in a dilapidated state that's urban black we look at this this flats to let it's in a dilapidated state it's not an informal settlement you must remember it's just still happening it was a formal structure now it's just broken down sometimes you sometimes not used you understand so if you look at this and if you look at this also dilapidated that is urban blight so part of a city a whole chunk of a city can be in dilapidated state all right let's look at other issues related to this urban blight now one of the things why we have urban blight is low owner occupation ratio now let's look at that why low on occupation ratio you may find urban blight happens in the transition zone around the cbd so the owner says whoa i'm not gonna bother to go up the building sooner or later the cbd is gonna grow and if it grows i'll get a huge amount of money for my land so i leave the buildings like that i'll offer you to rent to people that are moving into the urban areas they are poor they're desperate they'll use the building you understand and it may be also overcrowded those people then say well why must we do the burden you understand it's not ours so it stays in this and we also must remember it was part of a fully functional urban area it was it was a formal structure and all of a sudden due to various reasons you understand like low owner occupation ratio lack of significance of the area this now has become deliberated now let us before i go on i'm going to sound like before we should say broken record i'm going to sound like a broken cd because i'm going to repeat when it comes to strategies there's going to be overlaps for many of this so new ones i will explain the other ones i'll just refer to as we go through the urban issues okay so strategies to counteract urban blight there are many i've got a few here that are significant urban renewal you've done this concept before redoing of the urban area improvement uplifting the buildings uh remember various ways of gentrification that you've done in the earliest section uh fast facilitism you understand invasion succession renew the urban areas all right build and do up the buildings change the function from residential to commercial you understand so businesses can be there okay that will take away this actual urban blight encourage investments make the place suitable build it up you understand offer cheaper rentals encourage business people to come in okay therefore you'll uplift the area right another thing is development of green areas which incorporates your vegetation areas okay your parks etc and your open spaces which will create a more aesthetic appeal you understand not just having building after building and all these dilapidated buildings you remove some of them some for business some for the green areas and you increase employment opportunities now let me see how does this work because you've increased employment opportunities you promote economic growth okay more businesses will pop up more people will be employed better conditions of the buildings you understand all these things will happen okay so these are some of the strategies to counteract urban blight let's look at another one traffic congestion learners please do not if they ask you what you see in these pictures and you say traffic it will be marked wrong please write the full word traffic congestion another important point look at this many people we notice when we analyze exam papers is that learners tend to write there's a lot of traffic please that is not the correct one and i know some sources indicate it like that please you must note if you do not write the correct definition it will not be marked correct so there could be a lot of traffic but if there's 20 lanes there may not be traffic congestion so what is it when transport networks can not cope effectively with the increase in traffic then we have congestion we could have 10 lanes you understand and haven't have congestion because there's too many vehicles can't cope we can have two lanes but no congestion because there's not many cars using it you understand so we need to watch for that learners please otherwise you lose some marks that you can get very very easily so traffic congestion factors due to increase in urbanization more people results in an increase in vehicles and therefore transport networks cannot cope effectively to increase you cannot build it overnight all right obviously there'll be special times when we will have more of a traffic congestion during peak hours morning going to work afternoon coming from work okay these seems to be your major times but doesn't mean you can't get congestion um during other parts of the day okay some strategies okay i know you've done these before staggered time or flexi time when people's different things maybe the commerce starts at uh at eight o'clock you understand the light industry at nine o'clock so that all people don't travel at the same time introduce other forms of transport you understand allow for cycling lanes okay your attack tax whatever other forms of transport that could be introduced your improvement in your railway lines you understand that allow movement of people okay which is happening now where we're getting these speed railway lines moving around okay so improve all those and create other forms like cycling lanes dedicated to public transport you'll have a special name for public transport like the avaya has where your buses can move only that lane and it's quite quick you'll encourage people to use the buses decentralize offices industries and shops so if you decentralize certain things like your famous what for shrimi and edgars and whatever they are not only found around the cbd or the inner city they are found on the outskirts in the malls not everybody has to report to the cbd for shimi i'll just use that as an example they can then go and visit those areas park and ride facilities where you have a parking area and you park your vehicle there and then i know some places like uh the durban okay they actually give you they used to sell you a ticket i don't know if it still happens now and that one ticket will allow you to take buses at different points in the in the city okay or smaller sort of vehicles and you can travel around do your shopping go back to your vehicle later so that there's less traffic outer ring roads or bypasses there's your city here okay or your cbd and instead of the road just going yeah you have a road going around and move around so and there'll be outlets like our johannesburg cbd so you can travel here if you want to go into the cbd on that side you just use that route and go in or if you're not visiting you go around okay and that will cut down at your traffic congestion also more efficient transport systems like the how train that has improved the speed and the rear higher quicker it takes people faster and must have more efficient in fact your buses should be on time better quality buses okay so that it moves around better okay uh quicker more buses one-way streets of course this is debatable but sometimes you have one-way streets going in one direction all the traffic flows in that way there's no traffic going both ways and then you have another one on that side which two significant dust can allow for traffic flow i know some people debated that it can cause congestion underground transport subways all right because the lanes are jammed on the top what about building uh subways where vehicles can go underground in heavy traffic areas so that they go underground and come out in an area where there's less traffic subsidize costs of public transport because we must encourage more people to go with public transport one bus can hold 60 people so we subsidize make it cheaper beside making it better quality make it cheaper which will encourage people to use that also encourage lift clubs so we've done quite a thing on the traffic congestion lift clubs is where uh one person's car for this week five people travel together all right or if it's an suv like your dad's car was uh i micah you can only put three people so small okay but the bigger cars maybe more people travel together so he's cut down with less vehicles on the road okay let's go on the next issue is lack of planning what does this mean please learn as i know some of the resources don't tell you you need to know the concept also okay so back up planning when the city does not plan effectively to cater for the needs of its people okay not these people of its people all right can't cater for it effectively look at what's happening here can you see shacks are just developing there's the city down here look at this it's just growing and growing obviously you can see down here that there won't be enough electricity supplies just crammed so it's a lack of planning okay let's go further what happens here some of the issues many people are moving into cities therefore city cannot plan effectively to cater for people's needs okay it's too fast it's happening so you can't even plan properly okay lack of implementation or no laws to control where people can build or what they can do and if you don't have those laws that is definitely lack of planning therefore people will just build anything anywhere commercial residential industrial all mixed together and creating a lot of problems congestion etc in one area okay that is a problem if it's lack of planning this leads to unhindered growth or urban sprawl formless expansion of the city in every direction you've seen it in the pictures i've showed you those informal sectors are just growing in every direction all right and what happens then people will just build shelters possible and there's no laws and unended growth is allowed you'll see today there's three or four shacks in an informal settlement there and suddenly tomorrow is 100. it's not people are desperate they need places to live and if they're allowed no problem management and and things like that it's going to happen of course this uncontrolled these are controlling birdseek services become difficult to provide these are issues that happen you can't supply pipe to water electricity housing can't just be supplied so strategies and some of them will overlap but i'm not going to spend a lot of time because i'll be repeating myself learners and i know your data is getting overused at the moment so first of all implementation of proper laws it's often to control what and where people have lost you can't do this yeah you can't do that day you have to in order to to plan properly you're not depriving people and saying they can't sorry you must get out or whatever but you need to plan encourage decentralization of functions and people allow people put out of the city take functions out allow for their people will move to those areas you understand so you won't have this massive congestion where you can't plan properly develop green areas which incorporates vegetation areas parks and open spaces now i know this is a repeat how come what's this about planning we do need in our planning green areas for aesthetic appeal as buffer zones etc so it's part of our planning we need to have proper laws to put that in place increase employment opportunities again we mentioned this promoting economic growth if people are working and build businesses then we're not going to have so much growing of the city of informal sectors and stress on how we're going to pay for all these basic services people will you can start it off and people will pay for the consumption because now they have employed okay uh increasing employment opportunities also by creating the economic growth will also reduce informal settlements and of course inform urban sprawl because people can afford proper housing okay let's go on overcrowding all right now again here we need to watch out for this definition learners right we see here overcrowding we see here overcrowding and sometimes people define it as there's too many people all right no no no many parts of places like japan have a lot of people but they're not overcrowded all right so what is overcrowding when there are more people are located within a given space that is considered tolerable okay from that from a safety and health perspective given space then is considered tolerable from a safety and health perspective so they're living the space but that safety and health perspective it's not effective you understand people are living unhealthy lives safe safety is compromised that is overcrowding so if we look at this you understand all right and we look at this people are crowded on a train etc okay we can see things are not safe if you look at this one okay because the density may be high but you can see the conditions people are sharing things etc so it's not safe and it's not healthy in these sort of areas that's what makes overcrowding a given space located in a given space then is considered terrible from a safety and healthy perspective okay or you can say they're living in a space which is not considered tolerable from a safety and health perspective okay right let's go on let's look at overcrowding what's some of the things that happen here people moving from urban air moving to urban areas are generally poor okay they can't afford many of these things even normal electricity etc with lots of rural urban migration so they are poor okay so they're going to look at areas with low rentals all right and also families removing in small rooms shacks even a few families to share the rent all right which will result in overcrowding not just based on the number but the fact is this it's not a healthy situation imagine having few families in two rooms it's not healthy it's dangerous okay that's overcrowding creates a huge pressure on basic services and facilities example just schools is an issue but what about the basic things like pipe water electricity etc that is huge pressures right again you'll see strategies to counteract employment opportunities that you know already which promote economic growth all right and if people earn money they can afford better housing better health conditions so i don't keep i know i'm repeating myself but you know that's the case encourage decentralization of functions and people because it functions decentralize people who move it not because they just want to buy it but there'll be employment opportunities in that area okay so it will cut down on the overcrowding green areas again we're using this like parts and we know why because green areas will cut down on the density of buildings etc okay cutting down overcrowding providing housing and basic services to the population obviously that is a must okay your low-cost housing your basic services which will then allow people to live in homes all right therefore cutting down on the overcrowding encouraging decentralization i think i've mentioned that i'm overdoing it now but i mentioned this in this so i'll start to over doing this and maybe i love that concept so much okay so you can neglect the last part okay now housing shortages okay uh you may see what what's overcrowding what's housing shortages yes there'll be housing shortages and yes housing shortages can result in overcrowding but we also have to deal with housing shortages as a separate concept and let's look at it here what's the difference here it says when there is insufficient housing to accommodate population in america can you see some learners or some people say housing shortages overcrowding same thing no it's not housing shortages when there's not enough houses can lead to over crowding okay have you got that there's not enough houses to accommodate the population in an area all right you can see it here okay and this is the result of it not enough people so you can get overcrowding of these flats etc all right let's go on you look here some of the strategies and i know i'm putting some pictures on this okay where they built the low cost housing it's cheaper for people they subsidize and therefore people can afford to live in this all right look at here these low-cost flats okay so what happens is one little piece of land yeah but so many houses being burnt so obviously what's gonna happen the cost will be lower for people living in each of these flats okay because less land is used okay so these are some of the solutions for housing shortages so let's do our summary on this again growing urban population creates housing shortages we know it results in informal settlements urban blight urban sprawl and obviously we can include the concept of overcrowding okay these things have happened and strategies here the reconstruction development housing project regarding low-cost housing has helped but due to massive increase it's not as effective you still find people so government has been doing things they have put it and they have put in more than three million of these urban dwellings have been put up in south africa but it's increasing at such a rate that this also is helping to a certain extent but he's not fully sorting out the problem another form as we said houses built housing boats to sort this large population are flats so more people living on the same piece of the land they're just building vertically then increase in employment opportunities will promote economic growth again and people can afford to build their own houses okay let's go to the next one service provision this now the definition is the ability of an area to provide services to all people in that area that's service provision all right efficient poor service provision they don't have the ability to provide services for all people and this becomes an issue i just feel this picture to me is very sad as an educator you look at these little ones crossing the river all right and they sewer around here because lack of proper service delivery in terms of sanitation but they are dedicated in terms of going to the school what poor conditions for these young people here you can notice there's one tap all right i don't know whether it's a full tempo it's just a pipe and all these people have to use that so service position is not good yeah it's poor there's no ability to give everything to everyone all right okay and you know service provision results in protest lack of service provision massive protease and we find this tires etc burning on streets when people had enough and they're worried that they're not being given this thing they are frustrated it results in protests okay let's look at this then quickly all right due to rapid urbanization again and unplanned settlements made it difficult to provide services to all people okay because they happen too fast it can't be supplied okay we have an increasing demand for services and infrastructure all right it's the greatest in informal settlements because they don't have so many services and also the transition zone which is dilapidated and services are not working and here the poverty is also the greatest problem so it's compounded lack of service position poverty they can't supply themselves with it okay the basic services will include various things housing health education sanitation clean or piped water electricity these are the basic services that we focus on that people are not getting so we're not asking for something elaborate but we're talking about the basic services right these basic services because they are required for human value all right very important then we look at other ones like infrastructure which includes roads power lines communication networks are also service that should be provided to the people all right and why do we need this infrastructure it's access to the services and functions offered by the city all right it allows us to move around etc obviously if these things are not provided we find that there are many protests right that happen government on the other hand has increased the provision of services but definitely more needs to be done all right and of course it's compounded by the increasing people or urbanization process we say proper planning as a strategy budgeting to accommodate for the provision of basic services example your water and sanitation so we need proper planning we need to look at what is really needed what services are needed more what services are priority and we need to budget and allocate money appropriately mismanagement of funds etc is a huge problem okay and therefore we can do more than what we doing at the moment if everything is planned and budgeted properly again increasing employment opportunities which will promote economic growth and if people are working and earning money they will be able to provide services for themselves encouraging decentralization of functions and people so the services that exist in one area is not exhausted all right other areas will also be able to supply as people move out there will be less okay so let's look at the questions all right this time i chose a case study and when you read the case study again read through the whole thing and highlight now let's look at it what does it deal with examine tip again it's a dbe pass paper urban blight you know it's dilapidated buildings found in the inner city okay in the transition zone etc so you know already you can picture it in your head now let's look at the heading says urban renewal program to fight urban blight angers would stock residents so what are we seeing here already a picture people want to do urban renewal they want to do up the buildings maybe change the functions from residential to business right invasion and succession facadism do have historic buildings on the inside okay various things we want to do okay but from this we realize that the residents of the area are not happy so from the statement itself we built something so let's read the article the deadline of bromwell street residents we know it's in cape town to leave their homes has been extended so they were supposed to leave the homes now they leave they extended to a later date one of the residents says okay renewal or urban renewal programs are destroying their lives in woodstock so one of the residents is not happy it says destroying their lives maybe he's representing all right the woodstock hub gained possession of 120 to 128 from street in 2013 to upgrade the buildings so this hub that's going to be there from 128 128 allow them to upgrade the buildings all right director of woodstock hub says these properties were supposed to be vacated three years later say they have nowhere to go so it's supposed to be up vacated some time ago but residents now three years have gone and said it got nowhere to go and blame urban renewal project and government and their predicament and they blame them city who seem to be saying why are you moving us out okay the western cape mec for human settlement says he has offered families housing in delft seems another area but they didn't want to take it doesn't say they don't want to be forced to move far out of the city right community that they are not familiar with they want to stay where they are possibly also employment etc okay so can you see how much we picked up from this and a lot of it is just going to help us in our questions and honest all right let's look at it what does the term urban blight mean you know already all right buildings are dilapidated run down in the city can you see it there's a definition remember the word concept so you don't have to learn the definition word for word as long as you put it in words that are meaningful and correct okay you can change the words okay so we know that one it's simple next one what is what state one cause of urban right now this is a general question any cause all right any cause you can put down you don't have to look at the source right you say landlords do not maintain buildings all right overcrowding of properties you've learned that already future zone of expansion of the cbd so the landlords don't want to do the land because they're not going to get a good price for it later intention to change original function of building sooner or later is going to turn into a business place so why do the residential area is going to get more money of course another one is illegal occupational buildings where people occupy the buildings illegally therefore they're not even worried they use the buildings and they can't even set up anything there in case they get caught and removed right subletting where somebody rents and then they let it out to other people and suddenly there's five families or ten families living in one flat it's definitely going to cause that and poor service delivery in terms of electricity piped water and people have to use various systems sanitation is poor which will also cause dilapidation of buildings okay let's look further why have inhabitants of promo street not vacated their homes yet and these things you can get some of the answers from the article look at the first one the deadline was extended straight from the article for two marks can you see answers come from articles they had nowhere to go or no alternate accommodation and that's also from the article analyst can you see that also from the article or they did not want to move elsewhere because of the community living also from the article sentimental value attached to house community or familiar with community again from the article can you see what we highlighted so lots of stuff from the article right look at this one cannot afford to move elsewhere no money relocate all right that's an assumption i would say go with this first which is more definite and these are extra additional answers which are correct may not the article may not give it talking but they correct they don't want to be moved far from their place of work this is also a reality all right that people don't want to move so maybe these last two answers are not part of your uh article but you can put them in but always to go for the most definite answers first look at the next question why do residents feel that urban renewal of the woodstock hub is destroying their lives there's overlaps here because now residents are forced to move out of the buildings so it's destroying their life to a happy day right so residents are forced to settle in new communities that they're not familiar with in which of course that will be like a destruction of this social life religions level to access to amenities in the cbd is reduced can you see they were used to buy things to do things in the cbd now they're far away from it residents will incur increased costs due to movement now they need certain things to buy certain things or do some things they're far away so they'll cost more trouble it may be more expensive right they settle they will be settled far distances out of the city okay which they were used to where the facilities were disruption of social networks okay where they knew the people now people will move away from one another so the heritage sentimental buildings that they were used to you know you lived it out so many years you don't want to leave it right lack of consultation excluded from decision making that's also don't consider their feelings what they want and if those people made those decisions excluding the people's consultation it can definitely affect their lives negatively okay let's go on give two reasons for why the transition zone requires urban renewal and this is generally opened all right you know all these answers learners all right i know it's a wrong memo here but i'm gonna go through a few to show you all right i know i'm worried about you later so don't make it too long but i'm going to show you a few here all right why do we need urban renewal why do we need to do these buildings up because in the transition zone it's urban blight the buildings are dilapidated you can't leave it like that also with dilapidated buildings not be done it can be a health and safety asset okay urban decay is highest in the transition zone the most dilapidated building something all right it needs to be done to prevent urban decline and spill over to the cbd at one stage of joanna's birth cbd the transition zone was growing into the cbd instead of cbd growing into the transition zone right to prevent vandalism and graffiti right those are other issues maybe not as relevant but important all right okay and if you look at resident buildings example flats transition zone may be occupied by illegally all right and it could result in certain issues not that all illegal occupants do things like this but it's allows opening for crime etc and i could go through this long list learners but you'll notice that all these things are things that are happening at the moment you understand okay so i'm saving your data all right to show a little bit okay let's go to the next one explain why urban renewal will change bromworld street from low to middle or a high income area so what is the question look again at the action words urban renewal making it look better doing up the building why will you change it from a low income area of poor people living in this area to a high or middle income area okay because now if you build the buildings and make them better higher income india can afford to stay there poorer people can't afford the rent unfortunately all right it excludes a layer a lower income because of affordability area will now have a higher status and prestige with all these new buildings etc the status of the area will build up businesses who want to come there richer people want to live there so the value of the property will increase definitely encouraging investors etc all right also now because the value goes costly to buy rent so only the richer people the middle income people can buy there the upkeep of property will increase again poor people can't afford it continuous gentrification will take place doing up the buildings so therefore the value will keep on going up and up and up high levels of security and safety all right we're now coming you know the security companies they're always waiting to protect your property so what's going to happen with all that happening you live in this flat it's got this it's got a security guard it's got locked up parking areas therefore you become more expensive and can only richer people or higher income people can afford it can you see these questions rather if you look at you take the content you studied taking the reality of the situation around you and geography again is interesting it's reality orientated it's just knowing your concepts applying it and you can get top marks all the best learners tell our next lesson