all right if you're just joining us on YouTube Welcome Back to the mron channel today we're going to be talking about unit 6 urbanization cities and urban land use patterns so this is going to be a cool unit there is a lot in here so make sure you get the guided notes they can find that ultimate review packet follow along and take some notes if you don't want to use my guided notes no worries you can use a notebook and a piece of paper the more we handwrite and stuff the better it is cool so let's get started going on to our next question there real quick as we're just a reminder tomorrow um as a thank you so if you don't want the packet I don't care not at all but this is kind thank you to those who have gotten the packet we're going to be doing an exclusive live stream tomorrow at 3M we're going to do unit 7 then at the normal time at 7 pm so unit 7 will be at 7 pm but at 3 pm tomorrow I'm going to do a live stream just for people with the test packet or that ultimate review packet and it's going to go over every Theory and model now if you've been watching all these live streams we've already been talking about it but this one is just specifically for that we'll do a little Q&A and have some fun there so if you're interested by all means check it out they'll be in the packet tomorrow so to find the stream you'll have to go to the packet so you'll go to the packet that is tomorrow at 3 pm so May 5th 3 pm so there you go alrighty you just got the packet yesterday and you'd recommend it is very helpful good I'm glad it was good all right so starting off we're going to be talking about Urban Hearts here we're looking at a variety of different things we you're talking about um site and situation fact s this isn't a major thing to memorize on all the different stuff um but generally speaking these are areas that originally we had larger population centers form and a big reason why is because of their site and situation factors which allowed then for economic development to occur sedentary Lifestyles to occur and then we continue to see diffusion happen over time now site and situation factors we've been talking about this in other units remember situation factors are relative so we're looking at locations surrounding a place these are these connections between different places site factors are thinking about characteristics that are specific to that location to that place so if I'm looking at like trade that's occurring that's going to be more situation if I'm looking at arable land that's more of a sight Factor so that would be something there think about uh some people asking about sedentary sedentary is we're staying in one spot so yesterday for unit 5 we talked about sedentary and no Lifestyles nomadic on the move it's like pastoral nomads move with their animals sedentary farming would be like mixed crop livestock we're stay in one area so that would be sedentary alrighty next thing I want to highlight here we got this AI picture here for you to think about is we're about to go into a bunch of different types of um cities and one of the things that we're going to be seeing here is how changes in transportation communication population migration Economic Development government policies all influence urbanization and that's right from the CED so we have to make sure we understand this so over time as we've continued to see more advancements in our technology in our communication in our infrastructure remember infrastructure we'll talk about later this is going to be our bridges our roads our Public Utilities our electrical grids these are things that allow our society to function but as we've continued to see advancements in these our cities have started to change their land use patterns have shifted how we building our cities has changed where people are living all of that is influencing here so just you're going to see these themes throughout this video as we continue to look at it so make sure you're kind of paying attention there all right uh two terms that we need to be familiar with is Mega City and meta City so I got the definitions up there on the screen that you can see um one of the things a mega city is going to have more than 10 million residents a meta city is more than 20 million so just have understanding about that don't mix those up so you want to make sure you keep them separate there one thing to note is what we're seeing here is that the majority of this big economic this big Urban Development that's starting to happen we're starting to see more and more of these major cities shifting into semi- pery areas or pery that can kind of Connect into our demographic transition from um unit two because what we're starting to see is this big population growth is happening so we're seeing some changes in the world right now when we're looking at our Global um landscape here so something just to kind of think about as we start to see some of our core countries some of these big cities um they're not growing as fast as some of our other areas are all right so we're about to get into a bunch of different Urban and uh rural kind of settlements and one of the things that we have to understand that is happening is as more Economic Development has occurred and as we've started to see people move farther than that demographic transition model we've seen this concept of urban decentralization and this is a movement of a population moving away from urban areas they're going to the peripheral essentially what starts to happen then is power and money and some of these decisions start shifting as way they're shifting away from that Urban core and going to things like the suburbs and this is where we're going to get into Edge cities and boom BBS and exurbs so Urban decentralization if you see that on the AP test it's referencing this shift that's occurring as the population moves away from these urban areas resulting in them power and money shifting along with that another thing that you're going to see on the AP test for this unit is urban sprawl so remember urban sprawl is where we have these cities continue to expand um let me know in the chat what are these cities anyone know what these cities are anyone have an idea it's the same city so let me know if anyone knows it um also just a reminder again I'm not really looking at the chat when I'm going over the notes so um I do have yes I almost had there we go that's the first one I saw it is Tokyo so this would be Tokyo so we can see this urban sprawl so Tokyo Tokyo yep not New York not Seattle you don't need to memorize that this is Tokyo this is just an example of urban sprawl so Urban spraw is a vocab concept you want to be familiar with here we can see this city here has just continued to grow grow and grow so urban sprawl is this unrestricted growth it's an expansion generally then we start to see replacing other areas and land forms there so like agricultural lands all of a sudden now are becoming part of this urban area now one of the things that we see happen as suburbination happens as sprawl continues we see again this decentralization occurs and we have some new land use forms boombs excerpts and Edge cities you can see the definition here if you're taking notes but a boomber remember we have this rapidly growing area rapidly growing suburban area and it it it develops kind of its own unique um identity an excer is going to be a settlement that is going to be kind of outside of that suburban area so a suburban area is not going to have the highest density so it's going to be outside there um and these are going to again remain fairly connected to that metro area to that urban area exurbs remember typically have a really low population density so they have a lot larger of lot sizes so people will have more access to land and there's less goods and services so they're going to be connect Ed to that urban area or maybe a place like in Edge City because they don't have as many of their own goods and services so you'll have to drive more there in edity then if you're taking notes I'll put it back up there uh is going to be our settlement here that has kind of its own economic district and generally located um by some Beltway or major highway so this would be like a Beltway major highway here this Beltway kind of going across here so Edge cities often have a really high concentration of businesses shopping centers different Goods and services they're a little bit more almost independent uh they still will have some things that they're lacking they'll have to connect back to that Urban core um but they're starting to have more specialization that's occurring and so these are important to understand the concept so on the test let's say you get a scenario or a picture or an image if you can understand the terms and kind of what's happening with life in these areas the amount of goods and services the density then you could connect to any example that the College Board throws at you because you understand the concepts there uh another concept that you want to be familiar with is a world city these are cities that are going to be connected to other cities and it's going to be through a variety of linkages and networks so these are cities that have major major significant influences on global politics economies and culture let me know in the chat I'll quick look back at the chat what would be an example of a world city so do we have an example of a world city so let's see here what do we got got London London would be an example of a world city yes yes New York would be an example of a world city correct yeah a lot of New Yorks a lot of londons Tokyo um yeah uh Tokyo uh yes some people some people are saying countries remember it has to be actually uh Paris would be it has to actually be a city not a country but these are connected and these cities if something happens in these cities it will generally have a effect across uh the world and especially in the countries that they're located in these also too will act um as kind of uh in the hierarchy of cities so remember if we're talking about like diffusion and a hierarchical diffusion these will be kind of that top po of power and we'll see like diffusion occur downwards so like a fashion trend starts in Paris eventually it goes to New York City then eventually it goes to the surrounding areas so these are very influential cities if something happens in one there's going to be this Ripple effect that's going to occur another thing that I want to make sure you understand and kind of connecting back uh linkages again you might see this term I mentioned it yesterday on our unit five but these are just these connections between different places these industries so think of communication migration these goods and flows of services but linkages would be our airports we have connections that are made and it allows for diffusion to occur excuse me uh my voice definitely kind of losing it a little bit all right sorry uh going on to our size and distribution so here we're looking at a variety of different cities you want to be familiar with the primate City and the rank size rule so these are two that you want to be familiar with I have an example up there of both all righto just had some water uh that helps um breakable points I realized I mentioned it uh we will talk about that uh for unit seven I'm just using vocab to connect things I am sick I'm my voice is slowly going but that's okay we're going to power through all right so primate City though this is where we have the largest city is twice the population of that second largest city now one thing to note here again it's important to understand like so what's the implication of this what's happening here well a primate City if we have one city that really has majority of the population they have the majority of goods and services they have the majority of opportunities that means we have some unequal Economic Development occurring here residents of that state are going to have to travel farther um to be able to get Ser goods and services if anything happens to that primate City too that state is going to be in trouble South Korea has a primate City Mexico has a primate City if I make this full screen quick I should have made these bigger and separated it so you could see it a little easier but here's the population for like Mexico and Mexico City significantly larger than Mexico's other um cities there so this would be a primate City on the other hand rank size rule we have this kind of graphic that I took from one of my videos here we're looking at that largest city the population is kind to the nth degree you're not going to have to do math on this test so don't worry about the math but understand like the concept so for here our first city that second largest city is going to be half the population of the largest the third is a third the fourth is is a fourth the fifth is a fifth what this is showing is that we have more kind of just even development our goods and services will be more spaced out one city yes we still have a largest city um but it doesn't have as big of an impact on the entire place we have a lot more goods and services dispersed throughout our uh state which means generally more Economic Development has occurred we have a little bit more diversity in different things um diversification of where money goods and services are located which by spreading it out allows more access to different citizens so that would be something just to understand there when we're looking at the primate City and the rank size rule so those definitely could come up another thing to realize is this concept of interdependence and I've mentioned interdependence in some of our previous reviews and again it's a vocab term that's not necessarily like a theory or anything but it connects to a lot this is just talking about this Reliance these connections of different groups of people of organizations regions of States so when something is interdependent like when we eventually get into unit seven tomorrow we're looking at global trade that means that things are connected and that we rely on each other so if I have an interdependence with another country I'm relying on them they're relying on me and realize cities also can have interdependence so just I want to clarify again interdependence it's this Mutual Reliance between groups and organizations um or regions where we depend on each other all right up next we're going to get into size distribution and impacts and we're going to start with the gravity model we last talked about this in our unit 2 video when we're looking at ravenstein's laws of migration um but remember with the gravity model I'll quick put it on the board for you on the screen not the board we're not actually in class right now um on here uh this is the gravity model we are looking at the impact that distance has and also the size of all of our cities so when we're talking here notice that the larger our city is the bigger the poll the more opportunities that they're going to have and so the smaller has less opportunities less people are interested in going there and so even if City one and City 2 here are farther away they actually have a stronger pull factor more people are going to be motivated to go back and forth here um because there's more opportunities compared to City 2 and three even though they're closer yeah there's less opportunities there people aren't as interested in connecting so understand that when we're looking at this this can impact cities and how they are developing and the interactions that they occur so those world cities those primate cities are going to have a lot of pull factors a lot of people are going to be visiting these areas they're have a lot of influence those smaller areas like an exer not as many people are going to be interested in that um again you're still going to have some but not as many also too just quick highlight notice how these arrows go both ways for all of them this is showing that counter um that that migration Stream So ravenstein noticed this in unit two whenever we are continuing to have interactions so if we have a migrant going from one place to another they start to interact and eventually it motivates people to go back these areas are connected all right let's go on to our next part here um which is going to be cryistal or Central place theory again I I will get to chat I'll get to Super chats and all that just right now I'm focusing on the notes so I'm focusing on going over the notes if you're saying stuff I apologize I'm not really looking at it but I will go back and look at them I'll look at it later all right so first part of the central place theory I want to highlight is two terms threshold and range and to get a little interaction anyone know threshold and range what is the difference of these Concepts so we're talking about the central place theory threshold and range these can connect to a variety of different things so now I'm looking at the chat um what do we got here threshold and range does anyone remember let's see uh range the maximum distance people are going to travel yes so it's that distance people will travel for for a certain good or certain service so those are definitely going to be with range uh threshold let's see uh threshold is going to be how many people are needed to support it so if we're talking about a store how many people are needed to actually support that store or that business so range again is that distance threshold is the amount and the cool thing here is it tells us a lot about different companies and different services and businesses this is why for example you will see so many McDonald's and so many Subways and St star buckes in an urban area their range is really small they're convenience products people aren't going to travel that far if it's convenient to them they'll go and so their range is actually really small so it'll seem like weird because you're like well why is there so many of the same store in one city I mean how many Starbucks do we really need in a city but they're actually in their own kind of regions there their functional regions because again we have that Center Point that node so remember functional regions that's unit one connecting back all this stuff connects so that would be why the threshold there again too one thing to point out is for a threshold these are the people that are actually going to be going to this area so if I'm a business that's going to be selling like if I'm Tesla and I'm selling these expensive cars my threshold I need to have a certain amount of people that are in that range but I also need to have a certain level of economic status so there's different components that could go into threshold when we're looking at medium income we're going to use a lot of our quantitative data there so like the census information to understand so businesses use all these things to decide where they should open up a new store now the central place theory doesn't just connect to businesses and services we can also connect it to cities and urban hierarchy so I want to show the central place theory here um don't get overwhelmed when we're looking at it so um generally what christar noticed is when we're looking at our Urban hierarchy so when we're looking at how cities towns Market towns Villages all these different things are ranked again here Urban hierarchy we're ranking by the size the influence of our settlements it's like cities are going to have a higher population more opportunities more services here they're going to be creating like a region they have a lot of poll factors notice that on the bottom of our hierarchy is like Villages and notice when we're looking at this they're all surrounding either like a market town or a town or the city they have the least goods and services they have the least pole factures because they have the least goods and services they need to be connected to a larger settlement so that they can get the support they need and so we can see as we expand farther away from our City generally our nodes here are going to be these larger settlements because they have more goods and services that can support and Cristal used the hexagon so that way everything like kind of perfectly aligned um if you watch my video on YouTube or if you did I talked about like the South I researched a couple different studies where I looked at the American South and how it developed and grew and actually kind of connects into cistar central place theory so we can use cstar central place theory to understand the location of different settlements we can use it to understand the location of different businesses this range this threshold it's all dealing with the population size it's deal with our goods and services so understand that our spatial distribution of settlements and goods and services can connect into this Theory so it's a really cool theory that looks at a variety of things um and gets used in real life by a variety of different people all right let's go on to our next part which is everyone's favorite part the urban models yes so for time sake I'm gonna give you just really quick summaries of these I'll leave the models full screen on the screen so you can just see them while I'm talking so I won't have my face on during this part um but there's seven different Urban models that we got to review and one thing when I'm going over them that I want you to focus on one think about how these models maybe have changed are they still as accurate are they not as accurate that could be like explain the degree question on FR frq um also to what is happening with density what's happening with technology what's happening with our infrastructure each of these are approaching things in a different way and eventually when we get into some of like Latin America um subsaharan Africa and East Asia also focus on some of those historical and political influences as we're looking at like colonialism and imperialism and how they have shaped some of our City's spatial distribution so first model coming up here we go um so notice right away we got that CBD this is our concentric zone model so generally here what we're seeing that CBD is going to be the highest density as we move out you can see our density is decreasing um o over time what starts to kind of happen here is we have a lot of different public and private services that are going to be surrounded they're going to be in that CBD area the older homes are kind of surrounding it the newer developments the newer homes are be located away from that CBD so they're going to be located kind of out here the zone of better residents if we're talking about out here outside this would be people that live outside of this urban area but they are going to commute in so they're commuting into uh that urban area so um that's one of the things to kind of point out for here um that next better residents generally as those newer homes and often times too because the density is lower out here they're going to be a little bit more dispersed so you're more likely to have a single family home with like a front yard and a backyard now our next model that we're going to look at is the hoit sector model a big Focus here we still have our CBD we also too and just quick take this off so it's not blocking anything uh we still have that CBD notice now though right down the middle here is this transportation and surrounding this area to is industry so you think about like a big Highway cutting through a city and what is located on that Highway well often times car car dealerships a lot of restaurants different stores a big reason for this is because it's really easy to get Goods in and out of this area it's also very easy for citizens to access these businesses since we are right off of this highway so it's very easy uh to access there so transportation is a big component this model kind of highlights that how with infrastructure being developed in transportation how that has changed the spatial layout of cities um so that's something to kind of figure out and think about uh today we we kind of again have seen this Model start to become dated too just because our transportation systems have continued to update and also again the CBD has lost some of its importance as we've continued to see more people work from home and newer methods of communication I'm starting to adopt our next one is a a multiple nuclei model so this one here we have multiple kind of CB we have we have our main CBD but we have multiple nodes think of it that way not CBDs nodes so these Center points and generally what's happening is people who work in these areas are going to gravitate around them so each node here is actually going to attract and push away different individuals so if we're looking at jobs that generally maybe lower income individuals are working at they're going to gravitate and live near that area if we're talking about um like a hospital or Office Buildings we're going to see people who work in those sectors gravitate and work near there so we can see depending on where you're living we can see kind of nodes here and then people start to gravitate around here so we still have that CBD this model does a lot of a better job of kind of highlighting some of the complexity that happens um in our spatial layouts as our cities continue to advance all right our next one is the galactic model um so Star Wars day so the Galactic Empire wo May 4th here we go got to go watch bad batch um but anyways here again this model is actually factoring in transportation and also Technologies one thing to note this is one of the models too that actually kind of highlights Edge cities these areas that are going to kind of develop on this Beltway this big kind of um Interstate that's happening right around here so little bit more complexity here again this allows for people to get in and out of the cities um in that urban area so something to think about infrastructure is a big thing here city of Atlanta kind of follows this model so in my video I actually kind of highlighted the map showed the different parts of it we can also see too again we have different Industries and services that are being offered at different parts here so these Edge cities these areas kind of specialize so we have some spots that are connected to like um commercial industrial we can see office spaces so again highlighting a little bit more contemporary City structures all right next model I'm going to highlight is the Latin American city model one thing to remember here we can see the impact of colonization so this we can see this influence of Europeans coming in uh particularly with the layout here so this Market this CBD here um during the colonial era when a lot of cities were being set up they were always centered around this like Central Plaza this square and there we had government buildings religious buildings and a big component of that was because the Conquistadors actually believe God should be the focus of all these societies so is at the center point there um so that's why a lot of these cities still have a church a big church in these areas um we can also see two realize this is a unique thing we have this spine connecting outward so we're going to have generally some more um higher end places here we might see some spots of like gentrification we'll talk more in depth about that a little later on um but that kind of connects back to some of these segregated neighborhoods based on wealth again connecting back to um colonization and history there so understand that this layout is kind of unique uh the disamenity Zone when we're seeing that so these are these areas I saw some people kind of asking about that um this is an area that residents are living in extreme poverty generally they're lacking infrastructure like water power sewage so we have extreme poverty here a lot of lack of just basic necessities we might have some squatter settlements there or informal settlements people who don't actually have an ownership to the land and that kind of gets into our next concept here so informal settlements squatter settlements um favelas there's a variety of different ways we can word it but these are area in where we have people living and they don't actually have legal authorization so they're generally going to lack this basic infrastructure um we also might see more people part of the informal economy here a concept from unit seven so the informal economy remember is talking about um jobs that are not protected they're not regulated or monitored by the government and so um this generally is happening in informal settlements so informal settlements are going to come up in the next couple of models that we have so I want to just kind of highlight that term in particular because you're going to keep seeing it all right uh we'll go on to our next model I realized there's a ton of models so I apologize there um but our next model here we're looking at the subsaharan Africa model one really unique thing that I want to highlight is this three CBD we have our Colonial CBD the traditional and the market and when you're noticing this notice that that uh when we're talking here the colonial CB you can kind of see this grid pattern so this grid pattern is very much a European thing as we get then into our uh traditional CBD we can start to see the grid patterns kind of going away then the informal one our third one this is a market Zone there's a lot of informal economic activity happening here um we no longer have the Grid at all the other thing that we can see as a legacy aspect of these cities is again from colonization it could be aparti segregation but we have ethnic neighborhoods notice also how these roads are set up in a lot of these cities are dividing areas and so this is all remnants of colonization um some places because of that Berlin Conference that we talked about in unit 4 we also can see twoo again a lot of squatter settlements squatter areas these informal satellite townships these are going to be areas where people are living where we don't have um those utilities and a lot of people might not actually own the land uh one thing too to point out let's Quick Connect back so uh when we're looking at this uh one of the reasons why our informal settlements for subsaharan Africa or Latin America are foring on the outside can actually connect back to unit 2 as well so these areas generally have a higher population growth rate we know stage two countries we have a lot of urbanization that's happening so a lot of people are moving to these cities there isn't place to live so we start to see these cities expand through urban sprawl and a lot of them are in informal areas so we can kind of connect back to unit two here where we can see the impact of migration patterns based on that economic development then how that's shaping our urban areas so all right we got one more model I realize I'm going fast but hopefully this is helping out um again I'm not looking at the chat right now I'm just kind of going over all the content when we get to the cot I'll look at the chat more so Southeast Asian City model here notice we don't have a CBD so if you're remembering like what's unique here this is definitely a unique thing we have a port and the port is for a variety of reasons part of it because of the geography so a lot of these cities are just located on an island or a peninsula another one is because these cities often developed as trading posts so this would be that historical connection that we can make that a lot of Western countries wanted to trade with these different cities and the last one is as urbanization kind of happened we expanded off of these ports since that's the economic development and that is all of the production and stuff that was happening there so a lot of influences from uh Colonial powers in foreign States we can even see this alien commercial zone so these are areas is meant to kind of facilitate and promote trade with other countries but we have this government control Zone here it's kind of overseeing things just making sure there isn't some shady business or influence that they don't want we can also to see we have some mixed density so this is going to be we have a variety of different uh income statuses and stuff mixed there as you get farther and farther back we get into more agricultural stuff um and we have do have some squatter settlements as well but a big thing that's unique here is we don't have that CBD so kind of realize that for some of the uniqueness all right so those are our Urban models hopefully your head isn't spinning if you do need more help with the urban models you can check out my ultimate review packet you can also check out my video it goes more in depth if you're looking at this I think it's 6.7 I'm blanking on the topic video of it but those internal structures there uh that one goes in a little bit more depth to it the models they could be on the tests they're listed in the CD um but if you're panicking you're like I have no idea right now about a ton of stuff maybe wait a little bit of the models focus on these themes and these patterns um that could be more important so one of the things that we saw with the models and I'm gonna keep going on again I'm not going to look at chat right now but one of the things we saw is density changed and this happens for not just our models but all different urban areas and rural areas to be fair this also connects into a concept known as the density gradient this is this gradual change in the density we're going from an urban area to the periphery so the core in that Center is going to have a higher density as we move it farther and farther out our density continues to decrease so I have a kind of an example here that you can see again it nothing crazy but as you're closer here density is higher again we're going to move farther and farther out so one of the things that you want to have an understanding of is how the density of an area could impact it so high density areas generally here individuals where you have a lot of people living in an area density connecting back to unit 2 as well we're looking how many people are living in this area so we have people that are very close goods and services are very close a lot of people might not drive their own cars they're going to rely more on public transportation here things are close and so we can have a lot of um public services at our disposal these areas generally are going to do a lot of planning to try and make sure um that things are building accordingly if they don't they're going to run into a lot of issues because of how many people are living here public transportation is normally prevalent here generally we can see cities with a high density area are very vibrant lots and lots of different people and cultures but again if we have poor urban planning that is going to create some problems here and that could create food deserts it could create uneven Economic Development unequal social opportunities um and that could create a variety of different issues for cities now as we keep moving out eventually we get to medium density areas so if at the core is our high density the medium is located here now all of a sudden we don't see as many skyscrapers we're not seeing buildings as packed our density is still it's it's not low so we still have a lot of people but now we're starting to see um things shift maybe now we have some lowrise apartments or multif family homes we we'll have some single family homes that start to appear as well they'll have a front yard and a backyard if we're looking at the United States um but generally not the largest so here people are going to start driving a little bit more you still feel like you're um kind of close to that urban area but it's starting to feel more of like a Suburban feeli restaurant stores things of that are spaced out a little bit more so we have a little bit more space a little bit more driving now eventually we do get to our next one which is going to be low density the different densities again if you notice I'm just kind of trying to explain the different themes with them or the different ways in which they impact an area and the people living there that's kind of the thing to focus on here so when we get to low density here we have a lot of single family homes we maybe have a few apartments but they're not that tall uh we also have a lot of space so that average lot size that an individual has is a lot bigger compared to a medium or high density area generally the higher our density the smaller the lot size so we're not going to build out as much but we're going to build vertical so we're going to build a lot taller we're going to build up or down we're g to go below and that's because space is limited so here you'll have like a big Target you'll have a big uh parking lot there we have a variety of different things um that are spaced out and this leads to more people dve driving so we're having a lot more personal vehicles generally there's not as much public transportation out here we have a lot more green space as well so just understand how the different densities can impact these areas and how they change stuff now throughout this video I've kind of been referencing infrastructure and I want to Quick highlight what infrastructure is so you remember it because this could come up with food in our agriculture unit it could come up in our industrial unit it could come up in this unit infrastructure is these key structures that actually help Society function this is going to be our roads trains this is going to be um our utilities our society needs it to function and the location and the quality of a city's infrastructure has a direct effect to Economic Development Social Development and spatial patterns for all countries societies that invest in infrastructure generally are going to see more Economic Development they're going to see a higher standard of living at the same time the more infrastructure we have the costs go up and infrastructure isn't one of those super exciting things for a lot of States so it's costly it costs a lot um and it's not necessarily like for politicians going to win a bunch of votes so generally we can see sometimes not enough people put money into infrastructure and when it fails we can see unfortunately some disasters happen um like my state we had a bridge collapse um years ago that's because of we weren't putting enough into our infrastructure our roads and our bridges there to make sure we maintain so if they if it does fail there's some pretty big consequences that could come so realize that the importance of it how it can facilitate growth also how it changes the spatial layouts um one actually example of that so if we look at the United States the United States our cities and settlements are very spaced out I mentioned earlier in the Stream if you go to places like London or um just in general in Europe and you're like oh I have to drive an hour to work oh that's going to be a little bit more unheard of they don't do that closer together in the US our Interstate System form of infrastructure here really changed how we live our cities are very spaced out we drive a lot in the United States things aren't right by each other and that's normal and that's the impact of some of our infrastructure our Interstate System changed where people could live it led to more urban sprawl it led to them more Suburban Fields more rural areas we're all connected so that need to be right in that City isn't as prevalent all right next thing we're going into is Urban sustainability and so with Urban sustainability um this is getting down to this later half of the unit but Urban sustainability remember we're talking about promoting economic growth that's sustainable social sustainable we're looking at our environment can we create a city in a way that is going to allow the future residents to enjoy all the benefits we have today we're not depleting the Earth's resources and when I mentioned economic sustainability this is essentially saying is the city supporting small businesses entrepreneurs local development you know way that isn't necessarily um exploiting the Earth's natural resources like are we having economic development for all people social sustainability are we making sure that our communities are safe and inclusive for all residents that everyone has access to affordable housing education and health care services so understand those different things there when it comes to sustainability we're going to go into now a bunch of different challenges of it and conflicts and things of that you're going get a lot of terms now and before we do though I want to highlight zon because this is a big concept that kind of comes up um when we're looking at this so zoning here can happen in a variety of different things um this is how the government is regulating land so it could be we're zoning it for commercial agricultural residential industrial what we're trying to do is designate land and this is going to show what it can be used for so if it is residential land you can't build a Walmart in that area it's zoned for residential and this helps with urban planning and trying to keep things pretty um Consin uh and make sure that things are on the up and up uh one thing too that happens is we have governments that can become fragmented so we have a variety of different governments that have influence different levels of governments if you see the term municipalities these are local governments these units they're created by the state or national government so like a town a city a village these are other governments that are existing there so one thing to think about when we're looking at the fragmentation of government is the reason why that can create challenges for a city is because if the national government is trying to influence different uh Urban policies the states trying to influence and then the local government they're just trying to like do what they think is best but you have all these different levels now and we have counties and regions and all these things happening too they're trying to influence that can create a lot of tension and conflict and it can lead to some messy decisions generally the national government they can't have that big of influence they're going to try and offer hey if you do this we'll give you some money so they're going to connected to funding if you don't do it you don't get the funding so that can create some issues with running cities as we're looking at it and that can happen for a variety of different scales there uh one quick example too if you've ever played the game City skylines fantastic game or even Sim City one of the older ones uh they use zoning so like here you can see like here we have an industrial Zone the blue is going to be commercial here is going to be our residential these are areas where no one's living yet here's our roads our infrastructure again we can kind of see here notice this person when they're developing it we have all of our commercial along these major highways these interstates here that is because it allows for a lot of goods and services to get quickly in and out so the cool thing even have some of these video games that you play they use these Concepts um to be able to actually play the game because that's how the real world is and that's the cool thing in this class all right here we go we're going to get into a bunch of different concepts now we're going to be talking first about mixed land use so this comes up when we're looking at sustainability mixed land use is going to be when we're going to take um an area and we're actually going to have multiple different zones in there it could be commercial residential maybe sometimes industrial these are going to happen generally in medium or high density areas and it's becoming more and more common it allows the city to become more walkable it puts things closer to people and generally speaking what's going to happen is on the bottom is going to be our uh commercial activities these are going to be your businesses your stores and the reason why they're going to be at the bottom of the building is because that's where the foot traffic is it allows people to quickly get in and to quickly get out and then stores they don't care that they're on the street they like that even though there's more sound pollution there going up then you might have offices again you have a little bit of a view they don't need the Easy Street access because it's just the people who work there are going there above that then would be the residential the reason why they're going to be at the top is because then you can charge a higher rent because you have a view and also that sound that noise pollution doesn't necessarily get up there as much so people are able to sleep easier so with these mixed us buildings these mixed used areas can create a environment where people can work they can live and they can eat and they can enjoy um their lives and it stops then the need for public transport or not public transportation but personalized vehicles and all of this can create some walkable cities these are cities walkable cities that are going to be people can actually just walk around over time we're continuing to see more and more of these cities try to promote it where we don't have to have as much traffic more opportunities things are closer together I do want to highlight too depending on your city again some of these cities now are becoming so densely populated that we'll actually have buildings and stuff being built underground this again is highlighting that high density if we connect back to that bid rent Theory remember as we get closer to an urban area bid rent theories from unit but it comes back here as we get closer to it the price of land is going up and so people aren't trying to get more and more land they're going to try to utilize the land they have to the best their ability so you might have it where there's a parking garage underneath the skyscraper goes underneath the whole um underground and then we'll build vertically up or we might even have some stores that are underground as well we're trying to utilize it generally if you're going to have a store underground though it's going to be in a high traffic area so there's a lot of foot traffic there so you're either going to want to be there or you're going be on that street level depending on where the traffic is all right going on to our next thing we have a variety of terms that I'm going to put on the screen and I'll make it full screen so you can take some notes here these are different things that can happen to change that cultural landscape of a city um one of the things that's happening here is with Transit oriented development the goal here is actually to create more compact cities this is going to use more mixed juuse areas more pedestrian friendly Comm commities so you can see the definition there we have urban planning that's happening and we're going to put public transit stations throughout a city we're trying to reduce that dependence on automobiles the goal is that people are using more and more of our public transportation it's reducing then some of the congestion that is on our roads uh new urbanism and smart growth policies are very very similar so both concepts are trying to create a functional and sustainable Urban environment uh but new urbanism is more about like specific design that feel of the neighborhoods and smart growth policies are a little bit more of a broader approach where it's trying to manage some of this development um use resources very effectively so these are both ways again trying to promote more walkable cities trying to make it so uh that things are closer together and try to utilize space as best as they can now one way in which smart growth policies one concept that might connect is green belts so these depending on where you live are more frequent or less frequent depending on where you are but a green belt is going to be this area of land and you can see pictures on the screen right now that it's been set aside we're not going to be then um actually developing buildings in these areas so like London for example you can see that map all these areas have been kind of set aside as Green Space so these are a lot more common in Europe um but something to definitely understand there all right one next concept that we're going to get into that can come up when it goes to Urban sustainability um is infilling now this and the reason why cities do it is they're going to be looking at um space that's not being utilized so like top picture there you can see kind of this field we can see some of the skyline right behind um and what's going to be occurring now is we're going to try to redevelop this land the goal here is we're not trying to actually expand our City's footprint we're trying to stay um and build upwards that's reducing urban sprawl remember urban sprawl is that expansion of an urban area that unrestricted growth so infilling is a way to actually look do we have Urban blight that's happened do we have areas where um we have abandoned buildings do we have just abandoned Lots how could we repurpose that to try and actually create more walkable cities build some mixed use buildings there maybe um public transportation different ways of actually trying to create new development and new growth and opport opportunities inside our urban areas that would prevent us then from expanding outwards so the goal here is to not expand a city's footprint so have an idea about that one all right uh more vocab we're gonna have a lot of vocab this last part of the unit there is a ton so I'll make it full screen so if you're taking notes it's easier to see for you um but what we're talking about here one we have some slow growth cities it seems weird you'd be like hey why would a city want to slow their growth don't they want to PR OTE their growth well the reason why we have slow growth cities is what they're trying to do is reduce some of this urban sprawl they want to keep some of their green spaces they also are trying to make sure they can manage their growth if we have growth that happens too fast one of the issues is that we run into more problems infrastructure can't keep up our utilities can't keep up we might see more um issues with squatter settlements and things of that nature so we actually are trying to slow growth here to try and make it so it is sustainable and we can make sure we're building it in a correct way growth boundaries get used to also try and create more of a walkable City so growth boundaries one of the things here that I want to highlight is one issue that could occur is if I put a growth boundary in effect that is going to reduce urban sprawl because a growth boundary is saying hey you can't build outside of this area it's protecting some of those farmlands it's protecting more of those rural areas the issue could be though now I'm going to continue to increase the density inside that urban area which that could then also increase rent it could also increase the price of land which could unfortunately lead to gentrification or different things to occur as lower income residents might not be able to afford living there anymore since now land is becoming more scarce we know what that bid rent Theory when scarcity goes up and demand is high the price goes up the last one there on that term with smart cities um maybe you see it maybe you don't um but this is just looking at cities that are going to utilize technology and data they're trying to reduce their inefficiencies so over time what we're starting to see is just cities continue to use new technology to try and improve the quality of life um AI for example if we're using Automation and computers all different ways to try and understand okay what's happening with traffic during certain times could we reroute that is there different things we could do to try and increase that standard of living now another concept that you might see on the test is brown field and it's going to probably be connected to Redevelopment of Brownfield but a Brownfield is this abandoned property and this is an area kind of similar to infilling almost but these properties in particular were used for industrial or Comm commercial use and they have been contaminated with pollutants so it's a little bit more work it's not as easy as infilling where it's like all right we're going to take this open alley or this abandoned building we'll tear the building down build a new one here we have to get rid of this hazardous pollutants and the reason why a lot of cities will redevelop brownfields is by redeveloping them again now it allows more land to be used by people it just takes a little bit more time and money so like if there's an abandoned gas station cleaning that area up making it suitable for residential or commercial um use then allows more people to have space in the city so have an understanding of brownfields they definitely could come up on the test all right next questions that we're going to get to or the next concepts are actually going to deal with segregation um and I've already mentioned one of the terms and I'll put the screen up again so you can see the different stuff here um but one is post defacto segregation or de facto segregation so this is segregation that is occurring where there isn't necessarily a law or regulations that's causing it um what we are starting to see here is that there's people that are separated and it's generally either by racial ethnic or socioeconomic lines but it's not actually a law or regulation now some people will point out that well in the past we've had things like redlining we'll talk about that in just a little bit blockbusting we'll talk about that in just a little bit and that has led to these things so even though some of our laws might not now be requiring people to live in certain areas we used to have different policies that did do that and so that impact is still here gentrification on the other hand if you see gentrification on the test there's pros and cons on all these different things here when we're talking about gentrification but this is where we have more affluent individuals moving into a neighborhood so you can kind of see in this picture here um these areas look a lot more modern we have this house kind of here development starting to occur what happens then is the price of land goes up the price of rent goes up taxes for people go up and eventually then what starts to happen lower income individuals unfortunately can't afford it anymore and they get pushed out and this can cause tension to develop in some of these neighborhoods and a lot of these indiv uals who can no longer afford their area rightfully so are upset because they've lived there their whole lives all of a sudden things start getting better more stores start coming in and now all of a sudden they get pushed out of their neighborhood this can also lead to placelessness to occur so one thing you want to understand is that sometimes when cities are doing these Urban initiatives whether it be new urbanism or smart growth policies um they're trying to reduce urban sprawl they're trying to improve the walkability they want to try and increase transportation and want to increase mixed use development it's all good but it can also result in things like gentrification it could result in a loss of this unique characteristics of these places so and that that could create placelessness if we lose all the things that make these uh neighborhoods unique well we could have placelessness ah cool all right going on to our next concept and I already referenced it it's redlining I'll leave this up on the screen because you can see an example of it so redlining is is going to be um when we're talking about this uh this process of essentially discriminating against people on the color of their skin it used to be practiced it's not practiced anymore however the impact is still there so areas generally that were deemed high-risk or lowrisk um the high-risk areas had people who are minority groups and they were denied loans which did not then allow them to be able to get new homes in different neighborhoods areas that were green were able to get lower interest rates were able to get loans which allow them to then move and to continue to upgrade um their single family homes and property and this can lead to like generational wealth so over time what we started to see is that eventually when red lining went away well the people that were in the red areas their property values were less and they weren't able to sell their homes for as much money so the people who had been in the green originally were able to continue to resell their homes get another one which then allowed them to keep Building Wealth so generational wealth could be an issue here um and there's other things that have kind of happened here but yes I did just quick look over I think yeah red lining definitely have a typo there oh well that's the fun of the wonderful things of Live reviews all right these are also some Concepts that you want to understand um so when we're talking here blockbusting we have this discriminatory practice it contributed to white flight it contributed to segregation of neighborhoods I got a lot of texts on here so I'm just leaving it up so you can read it but when we're talking about it blockbusting is going to be this area where real estate agents are actually trying to motivate people who are white to leave they'll sell it at a lower rate to them then they'll mark up the price to different minority groups coming in I mean it led to white flight which is this phenomenon of white residents migrating out of an area and going to the suburbs in larger numbers you also could see environmental Injustice and disamenity zones on the test these are two terms that are listed in that CED environmental Injustice remember is this disproportionate distribution of environmental hazards so it seems weird to think about environmental Injustice what it's looking at is where are pollutants located are they equally distributed are they away from all people generally unfortunately what we see is more marginalized groups or more vulnerable communities are more impacted by um some of these environmental pollutants they're more likely a low income are is more likely to have a dump near them they're more likely to have factories near them um and they have less political power to be able to actually fight against that and so that's one of the things that we can see last one there disamenity Zone we kind of talked about when we were looking at our Urban models but remember these are areas within a region that lack these public services that quality infrastructure there's a higher concentration generally of poverty crime maybe sometimes even squatter settlements so those would be those areas there and and just as a reminder when we're talking about squatter settlements or informal settlements these are areas where people have built homes on the land but they don't actually own them so they don't have a legal right to um the land there all right um response to economic challenges so this again is getting down there towards the end one way in which cities can actually counter some of these problems is they can use inclusionary zones these are areas where they're going to put policies in place these legal requirements so the government's going to step in and they're going to try to incentivize developers to create affordable housing they're going to try to create housing for more lower income families and all of this allows them more mixed income communities to evolve and when we have mixed income communities the success rate is a lot higher um if we have communities separated by economics one issue is then those lower income communities well less businesses often locate there since there's less money um to be spent so actually creating more mixed income communities allows businesses to be there with which allows more job opportunities for people allows more goods and services and then can lead to more economic growth for all people so this is a big thing that starts to happen too when we're looking at the end of the unit we're talking about urban sprawl and ways we can counter it and cities do a variety of different things that we've already talked about growth boundaries would be one Farmland protection policies trying to protect those rural areas those farmlands not allowing commercial or industrial um uh buildings to come there the Redevelopment of brown Fields would be another one infilling would be one and all of these are ways in which a city can be more sustainable which will help reduce their ecological footprint um if you're not familiar with ecological footprint that's going to be the amount of land and resources that a city uses to actually support its population so have an idea of that um our very last thing is going to connect into Data I'll quick put up on the screen we've talked about these before and then we are going to get to our cahoot but when we're looking at data here we're looking at quantitative and qualitative and there's different ways in which cities can use data here so qualitative remember is going to be opinions it's not clearly measurable excuse me um and quantitative is going to come from like our censes these are things that are easy to un um understand we could debate why they're happening but we're not necessarily debating the content of it so the for example example like the median income in an area that would be quantitative qualitative would be well how do people feel about the traffic how do they feel about what's happening in society do they approve right now of what the government's doing or do they not that would be all qualitative so important to note that all right we're gonna be switching over to the Goot um one reminder again we are going to be having that exclusive live stream tomorrow all I'm going to be doing is going through the theories and models that you need to know so if you have that ultimate review packet you can check it out um it's going to be at 300M we will also have tomorrow at 7 pm um the unit 7even review and then Monday we're gonna have two more I think two more bonus live streams that will be for everyone where I'll take like a practice test and maybe talk about F frqs because I've seen a lot there so again uh check out that ultimate review packet make sure you come tomorrow if you're not able to come tomorrow no worries uh I will post it once it's done in that ultimate review packet in the packet so I know YouTube's been putting ads and stuff on you won't have any ads so you won't have to worry about that cool all right if you are watching the recap enjoy check out our live streams tomorrow uh we are going to play cahoot now so I'm going to cut the video so thank you very much for watching I'm Mr sin as always have a great day all right let's switch over to our cahoot