Veterinary Radiology Lecture

Hello. Okay, let us start. So for this course, particularly for radiology, you have to take the reference of textbook of veterinary diagnostic radiology by Trall and veterinary radiology, basic principle and processing by Apising and Jitsing, then Carlson veterinary radiology. Three books maybe you have to take as a reference and one another book also that is a carry so in brief about the history of this x-ray or radiology uh dr r berlin is known as the father of radiology and the x-ray was discovered by wc rangen on 8 november 19 1895 and for this work he got the nobel prize or first Nobel Prize in physics on 10th December 1901. And after the discovery of X-ray, there was a lot of revolution in diagnostic field. And during that time, when this engine discovered this X-ray, the properties of this X-ray was not known. That's why he coined the term X. And later on nowadays also, it got popularized as an X-ray. So next thing is the first x-ray. This is the first x-ray that is taken by Dr. Ranjan was of his wife Mrs. Ranjan hand and you see here the ring and this ring is the ceremony ring of Mrs. Ranjan. Okay then in brief about some terminology that we generally use in radiology. First is what is radiology? It is a science that deals with the diagnostic and therapeutic operation application of radiant energy and next term is a veterinary radiology. It is an application of radiant energy in veterinary field for diagnosis, therapeutic purpose, in domestic animal, zoo animal and lab animal. Then radiology is any qualified person who knows the application of this radiant energy in diagnostic, therapeutic and the self purpose is a, that person is known as a radiologist. Then radiographer, any technical person who can obtain the quality radiograph is known as a radiographer. Then radiograph, actually what happens is what the man organ we want to take x-ray we expose with the x-ray and we take recording on the this radiographic film or cassette and later on it will be read or developed as a permanent impression of that particular organ. So any image that is just after exposure that is recorded on the radiographic film or This radiographic cassette before processing is known as a latent image. And that latent image we read on the CR system or develop in a darkroom. And final impression that is visible with our naked eye is known as radiograph, rangenograph or eschiagra. We don't tell as an X-ray. we can say radiograph okay so uh what is the application of this radiology why we study this radiology so there is a lot of application in our diagnosis therapy purpose and also to evaluate the our treatment suppose as a diagnosis diagnostic tool suppose one animal came to you having a swelling and there is a After palpation you feel that there is a crepitation and suspect that there is a fracture. But you want to know what type of fracture is there. We cannot see from the naked eye what type of fracture is there in that particular venule. For this we take the help of x-ray. Suppose this x-ray. So after palpation just we know that there is a movement of this bone or reputation with your test from the other one but we cannot say which segment is moved part side and what type of whether it is oblique one vapor is the transverse one that we can only able to recognize with the help of x-ray with the help of x-ray and this will help us to plan for the further management of this structure or factor fixation then next one is uh if you want to evaluate if suppose We are giving some treatment for fast healing to a particular fracture in particular species. Then with the help of X-ray, we can evaluate whether our treatment is working properly or not, whether the fast healing we are getting or not with the help of X-ray. And this one is also helpful in determining the... is of the animal. Suppose if you see these two X-rays, if you see this one is a radius bone, this one is an ulna bone, right? So this one is epiphysis and black line that is a physis, okay? And physis that is a growth plate and this one is a metaphysis. So physis is still existing. This indicates that the growth bone is still in the stage of growth or growing stage right if you compare so this one is of young animal we can say this one is a young animal if you see same radius bone this is the radius bone to this x-ray you won't find any translucent or black line over here this growth plate get fused that means this one is a of adult animal we can say adult animal so approximately we can guess whether the animal is young or adult it also help in determining the age and also for teaching the radiographic anatomy of the bone then in evaluation of the fracture osteo osteomedullography we can know what is osteomedullography what we do in this case is once the fracture is there and after fixation just we want to evaluate whether bloodline between the two fracture is exists or not for that purpose we perform osteometallic graphy right so broadly there is any radiant energy which is capable of removing one or more orbital electrons from an atom is known as ionizing radiation for ionizing radiation we can classify broadly into two part one is particulate or corpuscular ionizing radiation and that's one is electromagnetic radiation so under particulate or corpuscular radiation we keep those arrays which having this mass or having charge like alpha particle beta particle but in case of electromagnetic radiation we keep those radiation having no mass or charge like heat wave light wave infrared x-ray is also coming under electromagnetic radiation so these are the common properties of electromagnetic magnetic radiation which is also fulfilled by the x-ray because x-ray is also electromagnetic radiation so being electromagnetic magnetic radius radiation properties of x-rays having no charge no merge covered with a speed of light invisible cannot be failed traveling a straight line cannot be deflected by magnetic and electrical field okay can ionize atom so the wavelength we are mainly confined to the x-ray right so wavelength of the x-ray is 0.1 to 0.5 and energy varies from 25 to 125 electron mol and for diagnostic purpose we mainly use 30 to 100 kilo volt potential for the diagnostic purpose there are other purpose of the x-ray also x-ray is also used for the radiation of the cancer therapeutic purpose in that case we use higher energy but for this diagnostic purpose mainly we use 30 to 100 kilo volt potential because if you want to take x-ray of a 5 kg pup or you want to take the x-ray of a cat then you have some different energy and if you want to perform x-ray of a gradient dog or saint bernard dog you need higher energy so we just move from 30 to 150 to get the quality image then terms that is related with the image production any for any taking the x-ray what we do here is we put the object between this x-ray machine and x-ray plate and any radiation that is directly coming from the generating from the x-ray machine is known as primary radiation And that primary radiation after interaction with our body part, some of the radiation absorbing the body and some escape from the body and fall on this film, X-ray film. And that radiation is after crossing or passing through the object, fall on the radiographic film is known as remnant radiation right and one needs a second as a second be a scattered radiation the scattered radiation we will study that around so a scattered radiation is nothing but the x-ray stammering straight line but after interaction with the body it get deflated from the straight line that is a scatter radiation scatter radiation is of no use rather it deteriorate the quality of the radiograph so why we get the images of our body on the x-ray that is because of difference in the absorption of the x-ray by different body parts suppose we want to take the x-ray of the hand then in hand we have a skin fat muscles and bone all a structure having different atomic number or different mass density and based on these differences there is a difference in the absorption of the x-ray like calcium in the ball absorb most of the x-ray okay so it will looks black on the radiograph right fat another soft tissue observed proportionately less quantity of the x-ray so we observe black or gray kind of impression on the radiograph so now you see a it will be clear from this picture so the x-ray that is suppose this one is object okay i want to take x-ray or this object okay and this one is a radiographic plate or film and above to this is a x-ray machine of focus right so x-ray is generated Over here, similar quantity of X-rays fall down at this body part, this body part and this body part also. So this one is the primary radiation. After getting interaction with this patient, only two X-rays fell down or crossed through this body part. So the radiograph appears as white. Here, more than this, four cross through this structure. So it appears as a gaze. Here most of the exercises are done by the eyes. across to this structure so it appears as a black right so next one is based on the x-ray that passed to the particular organ we can use the term radiolucent or radio opaque radiolucent is a material that absorbs least amount of the x-ray photon like here so here x-rays almost most of the x-ray get passed through the ear so it it is a radiolucent right then next one is a radio opac where the most of the x-ray get absorbed in the body part in that body part we use the term radio opaque op just you remember this with the help of op that means obstruction in passing the x-ray op obstruction in passing the x-ray it will absorb most of the x-ray that's why it is radio opaque radio opaque radiolution there's two terms okay so now you see here here through here most of the x-ray get passed through so it appears as a black fat as compared to the air it absorb x-ray more than the year so it appears as a gray and gradually if if we come to the bone it absorbs most of the x-ray that's why it appears as white on the radiograph and metal metal is the most efficient in absorbing the x-ray so it appears as a brightest on the bone so now see this for any radiograph just to initiate the reading radiograph just to try to recognize what is this before going in detail so if it is a black if this is a black black that means if this is a black that means here right if it is a gray base it is a fat if it is a bone it's somewhat brighter than fat okay so bone okay next one if it is a soft tissue it appears less brighter than bone so soft tissue if it is a metal now see the bangle bangle and ring it is more brighter than bone so this is the metallic opacity so simply you try to recognize black that means your opacity then Grace, fat opacity, then more brighter than bone, soft tissue and bone, then metal. So generally, five opacity we try to recognize on any radiograph. But if there is no metal, then generally we move on the fat, this four opacity. Here, here, fat, soft tissue and bone. Simply you try to recognize this pore opacity on x-ray. And train your eye to recognize this. And later on gradually you can able to diagnose further also this in condition. So next is a directional term. Whenever you write x-ray, you have to write in a proper. direction also see which view you want to take the x-ray of particular body part right so this one is a back that means this one is the cranial dorsal dorsal one and below is mantle so if i want to take the x-ray of this body or abdomen then either we use the term dorsal or ventral okay if i try to take the x-ray to find position or abdomen down then dorsal or ventral right then this one is a rostral this one is the ventral and plus the head is a cranial plus the tail is a cowbell so if you want to take the x-ray of this forelimb then this side cranial, this side is caudal. If it is below the carpal joint then we use the term dorsal and dorsal for the canal side and the caudal side we use the term palmal. Similarly, in case of hind limb, if we write on the x-ray below the half joint, then we use the term dorsal plantar, palmal for fore limb and plantar for hind limb, right? So, suppose from next slide, it will be more clear suppose i want to take the x-ray of the pelvic bone so i position this animal with the back side down and belly up right so x-ray will fall here on the ventral side and cross and exit through the back side so what term we use here is ventro dorsal ventral dorsal if just flip this image or if the dorsal part or back side we keep up and belly plus the down then x-ray will fall first on the back and exit through the belly in that condition we use the term dorsal ventral right and you will get this type of image right if you you Take the radiograph of ventrodorsal or dorsal ventral view, then you will get this type of image. Here the spine is in the center and both limbs in the pericardium. So this is the ventrodorsal or dorsal ventral view. Then next lateral view. Lateral view either we can keep the animal with the right side down. as it is shown in this picture right side down then we use the term right lateral recumbensi right we can also keep this animal left side down then we use the term left lateral recumbensi and if you take the lateral radiograph you will get a spine above and abdomen or belly below this type of x-ray you will get okay so this one is a lateral recombinancy either we can take the x-ray lateral recombinancy x-ray of this abdomen or chest we clearly mention you what for what view we want to take the x-ray what view we want to see the x-ray whether it is a right lateral or left lateral right clearly you have to mention and on that basis your radiographer will take the image or take the x-ray for your diagnosis. So now you see anteroposterior and medial lateral view. If you want to take the x-ray of this radial salna in anteroposterior view then x-ray will fall from the anterior side and exit from the posterior side and finally fell down in the stereographic cell so this one is antero posterior view and if we want to take the x-ray below this carpal joint then we write dorsal palmar view and position for taking this x-ray is like this okay and if you take x-ray of craniocaudal or dorsal palmar view you will get this type of x here it is a radius bone which one is alma these are the carpal these are the metacarpal and if you want to take the x-ray in a medial lateral medial lateral view okay first x-ray will fall on the medial side and after crossing the body it will shift through the lateral side and finally it fall on the radiographic plate. So, this is the medial lateral side. So, if you take the medial lateral view, you will find this type of images on the radiograph. So, for viewing the radiograph, there is a standard protocol or a standard SOP for viewing the radiograph. If you want to view the radiograph in a viewer, you must orient the radiograph in this manner only like cranial should be cranial rostral or dorsal part should be like this towards your left side or right part of the animal towards this side left towards this side or palmer planter or dorsal proximal cranial part this side and cowdell part this side okay so now you see this wherever you see a animal with a This ventral dorsal view or dorsal ventral view, you imagine that you are shaking hand with the animal. So right side towards this, left side towards this, cranial head towards upside and cowdell this side. Only after getting this orientation you try to start interpretation or reading the radiograph. Okay, now you see this. If we take the exhale of the chest, then this ribs is plus this head. and this one is abdomen to ask the below this side right and this side left similarly this side right this side left if you take the x uh want to see the x-ray of this abdomen then this side right this side left and this side uh distal part or this side this ribs showing the forex that is your proximal side similarly for lateral view you always try to orient the image Like this, you see the X-ray towards this. So, your neck, neck of cervical vertebrae towards your left side and tail towards this right side, dorsal part upside and ventral part downside. So, now you see. So, for proper orientation, before reading any radiograph, you orient the image in this position only. Then here in this slide, I want to clear why we need two views. Whenever we take the X-ray, we must write two views because X-ray is a two-dimension image. To observe the image, to imagine the image into the three-dimension, you must take two images at 90-degree angle. We are interested to take to view now. You see this this one this object This one is looks like a nail the state mail, right? But if same animal if you take in the lateral view this one is a dose of internal ventral dorsal view In lateral view now it is clear. It is a not a straight line nail. It is a hook and also by seeing this picture or this radiograph we cannot say that this particular piece hook is located in left side or right side this is only possible when we take this view also here we can able to see that the object is located in the right side okay so this is the necessity of taking two views Now you see this X-ray. This one is a humerus bone. Fracture in the humerus. I have taken this single view but we cannot able to recognize whether fracture is there or not. But on palpation or seeing the clinical sign of the animal, I assure that there must be a fracture. So take another X-ray in a perpendicular orthogonal view. Now you see it is clearly visible that there is a x-ray there is a fracture in the sister part of the tuberous so this is the importance of taking two views next one is a particularly for if we want to diagnose the affection of the lungs or thoracic cavity we must take minimum three view three blue means right level Left lateral DV or VDV. Right lateral means right side down. For diagnosis of these lungs, if we put the animal right side down, then the right lung is compressed and left lung is more aerated, filled with the air. So, in right lateral recumbency, we can diagnose this. It's a threat lamp. If we want to see right lung, then we put the animal left lateral recumbency, that means left side down, right up, so that in left, that is below structure, that is the lung, is compressed and this above lung, right lung is more aerated. So, this is important for diagnosing the affection of lungs then another view suppose by seeing this view and this view we cannot able to tell exactly the listen is located in which side left side or right side for that purpose we must take right lateral db view or vdv anyone if we want to diagnose the condition of the heart then we prefer to take Dorsal ventral view means that the back side is facing up and the ventral part of the sternum is touching the cassette. So that is the DB view. First the X-ray that enters in the body that we keep first and the X-ray that enters in the back side. When the X-ray exit from the body, that we hit plus. That means if the rage is entering from the back and exit from the ventral sternum part, then we use the term DB view. When the rage enters through the sternum and exit through the back, then we use the term frontal dorsal view. Okay? So this is all about today's class. Now if you have any question, now you may answer.

That's why he coined the term X. And later on nowadays also, it got popularized as an X-ray. So next thing is the first x-ray. This is the first x-ray that is taken by Dr. Ranjan was of his wife Mrs. Ranjan hand and you see here the ring and this ring is the ceremony ring of Mrs. Ranjan.

Okay then in brief about some terminology that we generally use in radiology. First is what is radiology? It is a science that deals with the diagnostic and therapeutic operation application of radiant energy and next term is a veterinary radiology.

It is an application of radiant energy in veterinary field for diagnosis, therapeutic purpose, in domestic animal, zoo animal and lab animal. Then radiology is any qualified person who knows the application of this radiant energy in diagnostic, therapeutic and the self purpose is a, that person is known as a radiologist. Then radiographer, any technical person who can obtain the quality radiograph is known as a radiographer. Then radiograph, actually what happens is what the man organ we want to take x-ray we expose with the x-ray and we take recording on the this radiographic film or cassette and later on it will be read or developed as a permanent impression of that particular organ. So any image that is just after exposure that is recorded on the radiographic film or This radiographic cassette before processing is known as a latent image.

And that latent image we read on the CR system or develop in a darkroom. And final impression that is visible with our naked eye is known as radiograph, rangenograph or eschiagra. We don't tell as an X-ray. we can say radiograph okay so uh what is the application of this radiology why we study this radiology so there is a lot of application in our diagnosis therapy purpose and also to evaluate the our treatment suppose as a diagnosis diagnostic tool suppose one animal came to you having a swelling and there is a After palpation you feel that there is a crepitation and suspect that there is a fracture. But you want to know what type of fracture is there.

We cannot see from the naked eye what type of fracture is there in that particular venule. For this we take the help of x-ray. Suppose this x-ray. So after palpation just we know that there is a movement of this bone or reputation with your test from the other one but we cannot say which segment is moved part side and what type of whether it is oblique one vapor is the transverse one that we can only able to recognize with the help of x-ray with the help of x-ray and this will help us to plan for the further management of this structure or factor fixation then next one is uh if you want to evaluate if suppose We are giving some treatment for fast healing to a particular fracture in particular species.

Then with the help of X-ray, we can evaluate whether our treatment is working properly or not, whether the fast healing we are getting or not with the help of X-ray. And this one is also helpful in determining the... is of the animal.

Suppose if you see these two X-rays, if you see this one is a radius bone, this one is an ulna bone, right? So this one is epiphysis and black line that is a physis, okay? And physis that is a growth plate and this one is a metaphysis.

So physis is still existing. This indicates that the growth bone is still in the stage of growth or growing stage right if you compare so this one is of young animal we can say this one is a young animal if you see same radius bone this is the radius bone to this x-ray you won't find any translucent or black line over here this growth plate get fused that means this one is a of adult animal we can say adult animal so approximately we can guess whether the animal is young or adult it also help in determining the age and also for teaching the radiographic anatomy of the bone then in evaluation of the fracture osteo osteomedullography we can know what is osteomedullography what we do in this case is once the fracture is there and after fixation just we want to evaluate whether bloodline between the two fracture is exists or not for that purpose we perform osteometallic graphy right so broadly there is any radiant energy which is capable of removing one or more orbital electrons from an atom is known as ionizing radiation for ionizing radiation we can classify broadly into two part one is particulate or corpuscular ionizing radiation and that's one is electromagnetic radiation so under particulate or corpuscular radiation we keep those arrays which having this mass or having charge like alpha particle beta particle but in case of electromagnetic radiation we keep those radiation having no mass or charge like heat wave light wave infrared x-ray is also coming under electromagnetic radiation so these are the common properties of electromagnetic magnetic radiation which is also fulfilled by the x-ray because x-ray is also electromagnetic radiation so being electromagnetic magnetic radius radiation properties of x-rays having no charge no merge covered with a speed of light invisible cannot be failed traveling a straight line cannot be deflected by magnetic and electrical field okay can ionize atom so the wavelength we are mainly confined to the x-ray right so wavelength of the x-ray is 0.1 to 0.5 and energy varies from 25 to 125 electron mol and for diagnostic purpose we mainly use 30 to 100 kilo volt potential for the diagnostic purpose there are other purpose of the x-ray also x-ray is also used for the radiation of the cancer therapeutic purpose in that case we use higher energy but for this diagnostic purpose mainly we use 30 to 100 kilo volt potential because if you want to take x-ray of a 5 kg pup or you want to take the x-ray of a cat then you have some different energy and if you want to perform x-ray of a gradient dog or saint bernard dog you need higher energy so we just move from 30 to 150 to get the quality image then terms that is related with the image production any for any taking the x-ray what we do here is we put the object between this x-ray machine and x-ray plate and any radiation that is directly coming from the generating from the x-ray machine is known as primary radiation And that primary radiation after interaction with our body part, some of the radiation absorbing the body and some escape from the body and fall on this film, X-ray film. And that radiation is after crossing or passing through the object, fall on the radiographic film is known as remnant radiation right and one needs a second as a second be a scattered radiation the scattered radiation we will study that around so a scattered radiation is nothing but the x-ray stammering straight line but after interaction with the body it get deflated from the straight line that is a scatter radiation scatter radiation is of no use rather it deteriorate the quality of the radiograph so why we get the images of our body on the x-ray that is because of difference in the absorption of the x-ray by different body parts suppose we want to take the x-ray of the hand then in hand we have a skin fat muscles and bone all a structure having different atomic number or different mass density and based on these differences there is a difference in the absorption of the x-ray like calcium in the ball absorb most of the x-ray okay so it will looks black on the radiograph right fat another soft tissue observed proportionately less quantity of the x-ray so we observe black or gray kind of impression on the radiograph so now you see a it will be clear from this picture so the x-ray that is suppose this one is object okay i want to take x-ray or this object okay and this one is a radiographic plate or film and above to this is a x-ray machine of focus right so x-ray is generated Over here, similar quantity of X-rays fall down at this body part, this body part and this body part also. So this one is the primary radiation.

After getting interaction with this patient, only two X-rays fell down or crossed through this body part. So the radiograph appears as white. Here, more than this, four cross through this structure. So it appears as a gaze.

Here most of the exercises are done by the eyes. across to this structure so it appears as a black right so next one is based on the x-ray that passed to the particular organ we can use the term radiolucent or radio opaque radiolucent is a material that absorbs least amount of the x-ray photon like here so here x-rays almost most of the x-ray get passed through the ear so it it is a radiolucent right then next one is a radio opac where the most of the x-ray get absorbed in the body part in that body part we use the term radio opaque op just you remember this with the help of op that means obstruction in passing the x-ray op obstruction in passing the x-ray it will absorb most of the x-ray that's why it is radio opaque radio opaque radiolution there's two terms okay so now you see here here through here most of the x-ray get passed through so it appears as a black fat as compared to the air it absorb x-ray more than the year so it appears as a gray and gradually if if we come to the bone it absorbs most of the x-ray that's why it appears as white on the radiograph and metal metal is the most efficient in absorbing the x-ray so it appears as a brightest on the bone so now see this for any radiograph just to initiate the reading radiograph just to try to recognize what is this before going in detail so if it is a black if this is a black black that means if this is a black that means here right if it is a gray base it is a fat if it is a bone it's somewhat brighter than fat okay so bone okay next one if it is a soft tissue it appears less brighter than bone so soft tissue if it is a metal now see the bangle bangle and ring it is more brighter than bone so this is the metallic opacity so simply you try to recognize black that means your opacity then Grace, fat opacity, then more brighter than bone, soft tissue and bone, then metal. So generally, five opacity we try to recognize on any radiograph. But if there is no metal, then generally we move on the fat, this four opacity.

Here, here, fat, soft tissue and bone. Simply you try to recognize this pore opacity on x-ray. And train your eye to recognize this. And later on gradually you can able to diagnose further also this in condition. So next is a directional term.

Whenever you write x-ray, you have to write in a proper. direction also see which view you want to take the x-ray of particular body part right so this one is a back that means this one is the cranial dorsal dorsal one and below is mantle so if i want to take the x-ray of this body or abdomen then either we use the term dorsal or ventral okay if i try to take the x-ray to find position or abdomen down then dorsal or ventral right then this one is a rostral this one is the ventral and plus the head is a cranial plus the tail is a cowbell so if you want to take the x-ray of this forelimb then this side cranial, this side is caudal. If it is below the carpal joint then we use the term dorsal and dorsal for the canal side and the caudal side we use the term palmal. Similarly, in case of hind limb, if we write on the x-ray below the half joint, then we use the term dorsal plantar, palmal for fore limb and plantar for hind limb, right? So, suppose from next slide, it will be more clear suppose i want to take the x-ray of the pelvic bone so i position this animal with the back side down and belly up right so x-ray will fall here on the ventral side and cross and exit through the back side so what term we use here is ventro dorsal ventral dorsal if just flip this image or if the dorsal part or back side we keep up and belly plus the down then x-ray will fall first on the back and exit through the belly in that condition we use the term dorsal ventral right and you will get this type of image right if you you Take the radiograph of ventrodorsal or dorsal ventral view, then you will get this type of image.

Here the spine is in the center and both limbs in the pericardium. So this is the ventrodorsal or dorsal ventral view. Then next lateral view. Lateral view either we can keep the animal with the right side down.

as it is shown in this picture right side down then we use the term right lateral recumbensi right we can also keep this animal left side down then we use the term left lateral recumbensi and if you take the lateral radiograph you will get a spine above and abdomen or belly below this type of x-ray you will get okay so this one is a lateral recombinancy either we can take the x-ray lateral recombinancy x-ray of this abdomen or chest we clearly mention you what for what view we want to take the x-ray what view we want to see the x-ray whether it is a right lateral or left lateral right clearly you have to mention and on that basis your radiographer will take the image or take the x-ray for your diagnosis. So now you see anteroposterior and medial lateral view. If you want to take the x-ray of this radial salna in anteroposterior view then x-ray will fall from the anterior side and exit from the posterior side and finally fell down in the stereographic cell so this one is antero posterior view and if we want to take the x-ray below this carpal joint then we write dorsal palmar view and position for taking this x-ray is like this okay and if you take x-ray of craniocaudal or dorsal palmar view you will get this type of x here it is a radius bone which one is alma these are the carpal these are the metacarpal and if you want to take the x-ray in a medial lateral medial lateral view okay first x-ray will fall on the medial side and after crossing the body it will shift through the lateral side and finally it fall on the radiographic plate.

So, this is the medial lateral side. So, if you take the medial lateral view, you will find this type of images on the radiograph. So, for viewing the radiograph, there is a standard protocol or a standard SOP for viewing the radiograph.

If you want to view the radiograph in a viewer, you must orient the radiograph in this manner only like cranial should be cranial rostral or dorsal part should be like this towards your left side or right part of the animal towards this side left towards this side or palmer planter or dorsal proximal cranial part this side and cowdell part this side okay so now you see this wherever you see a animal with a This ventral dorsal view or dorsal ventral view, you imagine that you are shaking hand with the animal. So right side towards this, left side towards this, cranial head towards upside and cowdell this side. Only after getting this orientation you try to start interpretation or reading the radiograph. Okay, now you see this. If we take the exhale of the chest, then this ribs is plus this head.

and this one is abdomen to ask the below this side right and this side left similarly this side right this side left if you take the x uh want to see the x-ray of this abdomen then this side right this side left and this side uh distal part or this side this ribs showing the forex that is your proximal side similarly for lateral view you always try to orient the image Like this, you see the X-ray towards this. So, your neck, neck of cervical vertebrae towards your left side and tail towards this right side, dorsal part upside and ventral part downside. So, now you see. So, for proper orientation, before reading any radiograph, you orient the image in this position only. Then here in this slide, I want to clear why we need two views.

Whenever we take the X-ray, we must write two views because X-ray is a two-dimension image. To observe the image, to imagine the image into the three-dimension, you must take two images at 90-degree angle. We are interested to take to view now.

You see this this one this object This one is looks like a nail the state mail, right? But if same animal if you take in the lateral view this one is a dose of internal ventral dorsal view In lateral view now it is clear. It is a not a straight line nail. It is a hook and also by seeing this picture or this radiograph we cannot say that this particular piece hook is located in left side or right side this is only possible when we take this view also here we can able to see that the object is located in the right side okay so this is the necessity of taking two views Now you see this X-ray.

This one is a humerus bone. Fracture in the humerus. I have taken this single view but we cannot able to recognize whether fracture is there or not. But on palpation or seeing the clinical sign of the animal, I assure that there must be a fracture. So take another X-ray in a perpendicular orthogonal view.

Now you see it is clearly visible that there is a x-ray there is a fracture in the sister part of the tuberous so this is the importance of taking two views next one is a particularly for if we want to diagnose the affection of the lungs or thoracic cavity we must take minimum three view three blue means right level Left lateral DV or VDV. Right lateral means right side down. For diagnosis of these lungs, if we put the animal right side down, then the right lung is compressed and left lung is more aerated, filled with the air.

So, in right lateral recumbency, we can diagnose this. It's a threat lamp. If we want to see right lung, then we put the animal left lateral recumbency, that means left side down, right up, so that in left, that is below structure, that is the lung, is compressed and this above lung, right lung is more aerated. So, this is important for diagnosing the affection of lungs then another view suppose by seeing this view and this view we cannot able to tell exactly the listen is located in which side left side or right side for that purpose we must take right lateral db view or vdv anyone if we want to diagnose the condition of the heart then we prefer to take Dorsal ventral view means that the back side is facing up and the ventral part of the sternum is touching the cassette.

So that is the DB view. First the X-ray that enters in the body that we keep first and the X-ray that enters in the back side. When the X-ray exit from the body, that we hit plus.

That means if the rage is entering from the back and exit from the ventral sternum part, then we use the term DB view. When the rage enters through the sternum and exit through the back, then we use the term frontal dorsal view. Okay? So this is all about today's class.

Now if you have any question, now you may answer.

Transcript for:Veterinary Radiology Lecture

Transcript for:
Veterinary Radiology Lecture