Flashcards for:
Foundational Concepts in General Chemistry

Hess's Law is used to calculate reaction enthalpy by summing up the enthalpy changes of individual steps of a reaction pathway.

The ideal gas law states that PV = nRT, showing the relationship between pressure (P), volume (V), temperature (T), and the quantity of gas (n).

Acid-base titrations involve the controlled addition of one reagent to another to determine the concentration of a specific substance, important in quantitative analysis.

VSEPR theory stands for Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion and helps predict the geometry of molecules based on the repulsion between electron pairs.

Electronegativity differences between atoms in a molecule determine its polarity, with larger differences leading to polar molecules.

Percent yield is calculated by comparing the actual yield to the theoretical yield and expressing it as a percentage.

Limiting reactants determine the maximum amount of product formed in a chemical reaction.

Le Chatelier's Principle states that when a system at equilibrium is disturbed, it will shift to counteract the disturbance.

Colligative properties depend on the number of solute particles in a solution, examples include boiling point elevation and freezing point depression.

Standard reduction potentials are used to determine the tendency of a species to gain electrons and thus its ability to be reduced in a redox reaction.

Redox reactions involve electron transfer; oxidation states are calculated by assigning electrons based on electronegativity and known rules.