Criminology Exam Practice

Course Information

• Course: Criminology 102 (CFSD 102)
• University: University of KwaZulu-Natal
• Academic Year: 2024/2025

Overview

This document is a practice exam for Criminology 102. It is emphasized that this is not an exact paper but should be used for practice purposes.

Key Topics and Questions

Police Force Ranks

• Not a rank:
  • a) Sergeant
  • b) Deputy Commissioner
  • c) Detective Sergeant
  • d) Head Constable

Purpose of Police Patrol

• Primary purpose:
  • a) Increase arrests
  • b) Deter crime by maintaining a visible police presence
  • c) Conduct undercover operations
  • d) Gather intelligence

Community Policing

• Focus:
  • a) Reducing patrol officers' engagement with the community
  • b) Enhancing police-public collaboration to solve community issues
  • c) Increasing police presence in dangerous areas only
  • d) Issuing more citations and tickets

Goals of Deterrence in Punishment

• General Deterrence:
  • a) To prevent the offender from reoffending
  • b) To set an example and discourage others from committing crimes
  • c) To rehabilitate the offender
  • d) To keep the offender in prison for life

Broken Windows Policing

• Theory:
  • a) Reducing major crimes will automatically reduce minor crimes
  • b) Neighbourhood disorder creates fear and promotes more crime
  • c) Police should only focus on high-profile crimes
  • d) Preventive policing is ineffective

Police Corruption

• Types:
  • a) Selective enforcement
  • b) Community engagement
  • c) Public safety awareness
  • d) Peacekeeping

Undercover Police Tasks

• Likely tasks:
  • a) Patrolling the streets
  • b) Solving community disputes
  • c) Infiltrating criminal organizations
  • d) Attending court sessions

Police Stress

• Reasons:
  • a) High salaries
  • b) Job dissatisfaction
  • c) Relaxed duty schedules
  • d) Lack of criminal activity

Just Deserts in Punishment

• Meaning:
  • a) Punishment should be as lenient as possible
  • b) Offenders should receive punishment proportional to the crime
  • c) Offenders should be exiled to another region
  • d) Criminals deserve no form of punishment

Capital Punishment

• Moral views:
  • a) Reflects public opinion
  • b) Is cheaper than life imprisonment
  • c) Eliminates the possibility of reoffending
  • d) Violates human rights

Concurrent Sentences

• Definition:
  • c) Determinate sentence
  • d) Concurrent sentence

Restoration in Sentencing

• Purpose:
  • a) Punishing offenders harshly
  • b) Rehabilitating offenders in isolation
  • c) Making amends with victims and the community
  • d) Imprisoning offenders indefinitely

Release on Recognizance (ROR)

• Allows:
  • a) Defendants to pay a reduced bail
  • b) Defendants to be released without bail
  • c) Defendants to avoid trial
  • d) Judges to refuse bail for any reason

Purpose of Bail

• Primary purpose:
  • a) Punish the defendant before trial
  • b) Ensure the defendant's appearance at future proceedings
  • c) Exempt the defendant from trial
  • d) Reduce the severity of sentencing

Jury Trial Process

• Not a stage:
  • a) Jury selection
  • b) Presentation of evidence
  • c) Closing arguments
  • d) Plea negotiation

Preventive Detention

• Aim:
  • a) Releasing dangerous offenders on bail
  • b) Detaining offenders who pose a danger to society
  • c) Giving bail to all offenders
  • d) Reducing the time of pre-trial detention

Nolo Contendere Plea

• Result:
  • a) Immediate acquittal
  • b) The same consequences as a guilty plea without admitting guilt
  • c) A new trial
  • d) A reduction in charges

Grand Jury Role

• Role:
  • a) Determine guilt or innocence of the accused
  • b) Decide if there's enough evidence for a trial
  • c) Conduct sentencing
  • d) Offer a plea bargain to the accused

Arraignment Stage

• Happens:
  • a) Witnesses are cross-examined
  • b) The defendant pleads guilty or not guilty
  • c) The jury delivers its verdict
  • d) The judge imposes a sentence

Speedy Trial Right

• Protection:
  • a) The right to avoid media coverage
  • b) The right to prevent delays in court proceedings
  • c) The right to refuse legal counsel
  • d) The right to a private trial

Determinate Sentence

• Refers to:
  • a) A fixed term of imprisonment decided by a judge
  • b) A sentence based on a defendant's personal needs
  • c) An unlimited sentence with parole options
  • d) Multiple sentences served consecutively

Theory of Incapacitation

• Seeks to:
  • a) Eliminate repeat offenses by keeping offenders confined
  • b) Offer rehabilitation for offenders
  • c) Set an example for the public
  • d) Punish offenders harshly

Concurrent Sentences

• Definition:
  • a) Served one after the other
  • b) Served simultaneously
  • c) Reserved for repeat offenders
  • d) For violent crimes only

Truth in Sentencing

• Requirement:
  • a) At least 50% of their sentence
  • b) At least 85% of their sentence
  • c) Their full sentence
  • d) No more than 75% of their sentence

Problem-Oriented Policing (POP)

• Focus:
  • a) Intelligence-led policing
  • b) Problem-oriented policing (POP)
  • c) Reactive policing
  • d) Patrol policing

Rehabilitation Goal

• Primary goal:
  • a) To punish the offender severely
  • b) To help the offender re-enter society
  • c) To deter others from committing crimes
  • d) To set an example for other offenders

Criticism of Incapacitation

• Criticism:
  • a) It reduces reoffending rates significantly
  • b) It may increase the likelihood of offenders committing new crimes
  • c) It decreases short-term crime rates
  • d) It eliminates the chance of crime altogether

Community Policing Challenge

• Key challenge:
  • a) Increasing arrest rates
  • b) Defining the concept of "community"
  • c) Improving police salaries
  • d) Enhancing the visibility of the police

Equity in Sentencing

• Requirement:
  • a) Reducing sentences for all offenders
  • b) Reimbursing society and victims for their losses
  • c) Issuing fines for minor offenses only
  • d) Rehabilitating all offenders

Plea Bargaining

• Argument in favor:
  • a) It ensures that innocent people are never convicted
  • b) It increases the administrative efficiency of courts
  • c) It eliminates the need for a defense attorney
  • d) It always leads to lenient sentences for offenders

Police Officer's Discretion

• Involves:
  • a) Randomly choosing crimes to act upon
  • b) Deciding when and how to enforce the law
  • c) Ignoring community complaints
  • d) Investigating minor offenses only

Proactive Policing Strategy

• Example:
  • a) Selective enforcement
  • b) Broken windows policing
  • c) Order maintenance
  • d) Reactive patrol

Indeterminate Sentencing

• Involves:
  • a) A fixed term of imprisonment
  • b) A minimum and maximum sentence with the possibility of parole
  • c) A mandatory life sentence
  • d) A specific number of years without parole

Truth-in-Sentencing Laws

• Key element:
  • a) Offenders must serve 85% of their sentence before being eligible for parole
  • b) Offenders can be released after serving 50% of their sentence
  • c) Judges have complete discretion in parole decisions
  • d) Offenders are always eligible for parole after one-third of their sentence

Intelligence-Led Policing (ILP)

• Emphasis:
  • a) Problem-oriented policing (POP)
  • b) Intelligence-led policing (ILP)
  • c) Community policing
  • d) Reactive policing

Death Penalty Criticism

• Criticism:
  • a) It is a strong deterrent for future crimes
  • b) It is morally wrong and potentially leads to wrongful convictions
  • c) It helps save government costs
  • d) It significantly lowers crime rates

Intelligence-Led Policing Characteristics

• Characteristics:
  • a) Solely reactive in approach
  • b) Focus on individual case investigations
  • c) Strategic solutions based on shared intelligence
  • d) Ignoring community feedback

Restoration as Sentencing Model

• Focus:
  • a) Helping offenders reintegrate into society
  • b) Detaining criminals indefinitely
  • c) Punishing offenders harshly
  • d) Avoiding community involvement

Concurrent Sentences

• Definition:
  • a) Served one after the other
  • b) Served simultaneously
  • c) Reserved for repeat offenders
  • d) For violent crimes only

Rehabilitation Goal

• Primary goal:
  • a) To punish the offender severely
  • b) To help the offender re-enter society
  • c) To deter others from committing crimes
  • d) To set an example for other offenders

Right to Speedy Trial

• Ensures:
  • a) The right to confront witnesses
  • b) The right to a public trial
  • c) The right to a speedy trial
  • d) The right to bail

Consecutive Sentence

• Means:
  • a) All sentences start on the same day
  • b) One sentence must be completed before another begins
  • c) All sentences are completed within one term
  • d) The offender serves two sentences at once

Retribution in Punishment

• Goal:
  • a) To help the offender reform
  • b) To punish the offender because they deserve it
  • c) To reduce crime rates
  • d) To make offenders pay fines

Alternative to Bail

• Options:
  • a) Denial of bail
  • b) Release on recognizance
  • c) Full cash payment
  • d) Pretrial detention

Preventive Detention

• Used to:
  • a) Reduce court delays
  • b) Deny bail to individuals considered dangerous
  • c) Reduce the overall prison population
  • d) Ensure all offenders are treated equally

Consecutive vs Concurrent Sentences

• Difference:
  • a) Consecutive sentences are served simultaneously, while concurrent are served one after the other
  • b) Concurrent sentences are served simultaneously, while consecutive are served one after the other
  • c) Consecutive sentences are for serious crimes only, while concurrent sentences are for lesser crimes
  • d) Concurrent sentences can only be applied for financial crimes

Deterrence in Punishment

• Goal:
  • a) Prevent future crimes by making an example of the offender
  • b) Provide justice for victims
  • c) Offer rehabilitation to offenders
  • d) Fine offenders for their crimes

Combating Job Stress in Policing

• Methods:
  • a) By increasing pay
  • b) Through stress management programs
  • c) By reducing crime rates
  • d) By reducing police working hours

Specific Deterrence

• Seeks to:
  • a) Set an example for the public
  • b) Prevent the offender from committing further crimes
  • c) Punish the offender for their past crimes
  • d) Deter a large group of people

Complaint in Criminal Justice

• Refers to:
  • a) A formal written charge against the defendant
  • b) A public grievance against the court
  • c) An informal accusation by the police
  • d) An argument between the defendant and the plaintiff

Grand Jury Usage

• Used to:
  • a) Determine if the defendant is guilty
  • b) Investigate criminal conduct and determine probable cause
  • c) Sentence offenders
  • d) Conduct civil trials

Sentences Served Consecutively

• Type:
  • a) Concurrent sentence
  • b) Consecutive sentence
  • c) Mandatory sentence
  • d) Indeterminate sentence

Plea Bargaining

• Term:
  • a) Arraignment
  • b) Plea bargaining
  • c) Sentencing hearing
  • d) Preliminary hearing

Right to Confront Witnesses

• Ensures:
  • a) Defendants can cross-examine witnesses who testify against them
  • b) Prosecutors can refuse the testimony of defense witnesses
  • c) Defendants are allowed to present an alibi
  • d) Witnesses are cross-examined by the judge only

Prosecutor's Role in Plea Bargaining

• Role:
  • a) Deciding the guilt of the accused
  • b) Deciding on the charges and negotiating the plea deal
  • c) Issuing a formal complaint
  • d) Cross-examining witnesses

Corruption in Policing

• Defined as:
  • a) Fulfilling police duties without public accountability
  • b) Misusing authority for personal gain or illegal purposes

Incapacitation Goal

• Goal:
  • a) Reduce crime by rehabilitating offenders
  • b) Eliminate the risk of repeat offenses by confinement
  • c) Offer a reduced sentence
  • d) Allow offenders to avoid punishment

Intelligence-Led Policing

• Most reliant on:
  • a) Intelligence-led policing
  • b) Reactive policing
  • c) Order maintenance policing
  • d) Procedural justice

Preliminary Hearing

• Allows:
  • a) Present evidence and decide whether to proceed with a trial
  • b) Cross-examine witnesses
  • c) Announce a verdict
  • d) Grant bail

Restitution as Punishment

• Aims to:
  • a) Rehabilitate offenders
  • b) Have offenders repay society or victims for their loss
  • c) Increase prison time
  • d) Provide lenient sentence

Disadvantage of Specific Deterrence

• Disadvantage:
  • a) It always prevents future crimes
  • b) It may cause offenders to become repeat offenders
  • c) It improves the overall criminal justice system
  • d) It reduces sentencing discretion

Legal Complaint

• Involves:
  • a) An accusation made by the victim against the offender
  • b) A formal written document listing the charges against the defendant
  • c) The police's final report on the case
  • d) The defense attorney's statement against the prosecution

Mandatory Sentences

• True statement:
  • a) They allow judges more discretion
  • b) They provide a fixed sentence for specific crimes
  • c) They can be reduced through plea bargaining
  • d) They are applicable only to minor offenses

General Deterrence Purpose

• Purpose:
  • a) To prevent the specific offender from reoffending
  • b) To make an example of an offender and prevent others from committing crimes
  • c) To rehabilitate the offender
  • d) To reduce the burden on the prison system

Grand Jury Proceeding vs Trial

• Difference:
  • a) Determines the guilt of the defendant
  • b) Focuses on whether there is enough evidence for an indictment
  • c) Allows the defendant to present their case
  • d) Considers sentencing options for the offender

Prosecutor's Role in Trial

• Not a role:
  • a) Deciding on the charges to be filed
  • b) Representing the defendant
  • c) Offering plea bargains
  • d) Presenting evidence to secure a conviction

Deterrence Theory in Punishment

• Key element:
  • a) Encouraging rehabilitation of the offender
  • b) Preventing future crimes through fear of punishment
  • c) Offering lenient sentences for lesser crimes
  • d) Making the criminal justice system more efficient

Sentencing Approach Based on Prison Behavior

• Approach:
  • a) Determinate sentencing
  • b) Indeterminate sentencing