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Criminology 102 Exam Review Questions

Nov 7, 2024

Criminology Exam Practice

Course Information

  • Course: Criminology 102 (CFSD 102)
  • University: University of KwaZulu-Natal
  • Academic Year: 2024/2025

Overview

This document is a practice exam for Criminology 102. It is emphasized that this is not an exact paper but should be used for practice purposes.

Key Topics and Questions

Police Force Ranks

  • Not a rank:
    • a) Sergeant
    • b) Deputy Commissioner
    • c) Detective Sergeant
    • d) Head Constable

Purpose of Police Patrol

  • Primary purpose:
    • a) Increase arrests
    • b) Deter crime by maintaining a visible police presence
    • c) Conduct undercover operations
    • d) Gather intelligence

Community Policing

  • Focus:
    • a) Reducing patrol officers' engagement with the community
    • b) Enhancing police-public collaboration to solve community issues
    • c) Increasing police presence in dangerous areas only
    • d) Issuing more citations and tickets

Goals of Deterrence in Punishment

  • General Deterrence:
    • a) To prevent the offender from reoffending
    • b) To set an example and discourage others from committing crimes
    • c) To rehabilitate the offender
    • d) To keep the offender in prison for life

Broken Windows Policing

  • Theory:
    • a) Reducing major crimes will automatically reduce minor crimes
    • b) Neighbourhood disorder creates fear and promotes more crime
    • c) Police should only focus on high-profile crimes
    • d) Preventive policing is ineffective

Police Corruption

  • Types:
    • a) Selective enforcement
    • b) Community engagement
    • c) Public safety awareness
    • d) Peacekeeping

Undercover Police Tasks

  • Likely tasks:
    • a) Patrolling the streets
    • b) Solving community disputes
    • c) Infiltrating criminal organizations
    • d) Attending court sessions

Police Stress

  • Reasons:
    • a) High salaries
    • b) Job dissatisfaction
    • c) Relaxed duty schedules
    • d) Lack of criminal activity

Just Deserts in Punishment

  • Meaning:
    • a) Punishment should be as lenient as possible
    • b) Offenders should receive punishment proportional to the crime
    • c) Offenders should be exiled to another region
    • d) Criminals deserve no form of punishment

Capital Punishment

  • Moral views:
    • a) Reflects public opinion
    • b) Is cheaper than life imprisonment
    • c) Eliminates the possibility of reoffending
    • d) Violates human rights

Concurrent Sentences

  • Definition:
    • c) Determinate sentence
    • d) Concurrent sentence

Restoration in Sentencing

  • Purpose:
    • a) Punishing offenders harshly
    • b) Rehabilitating offenders in isolation
    • c) Making amends with victims and the community
    • d) Imprisoning offenders indefinitely

Release on Recognizance (ROR)

  • Allows:
    • a) Defendants to pay a reduced bail
    • b) Defendants to be released without bail
    • c) Defendants to avoid trial
    • d) Judges to refuse bail for any reason

Purpose of Bail

  • Primary purpose:
    • a) Punish the defendant before trial
    • b) Ensure the defendant's appearance at future proceedings
    • c) Exempt the defendant from trial
    • d) Reduce the severity of sentencing

Jury Trial Process

  • Not a stage:
    • a) Jury selection
    • b) Presentation of evidence
    • c) Closing arguments
    • d) Plea negotiation

Preventive Detention

  • Aim:
    • a) Releasing dangerous offenders on bail
    • b) Detaining offenders who pose a danger to society
    • c) Giving bail to all offenders
    • d) Reducing the time of pre-trial detention

Nolo Contendere Plea

  • Result:
    • a) Immediate acquittal
    • b) The same consequences as a guilty plea without admitting guilt
    • c) A new trial
    • d) A reduction in charges

Grand Jury Role

  • Role:
    • a) Determine guilt or innocence of the accused
    • b) Decide if there's enough evidence for a trial
    • c) Conduct sentencing
    • d) Offer a plea bargain to the accused

Arraignment Stage

  • Happens:
    • a) Witnesses are cross-examined
    • b) The defendant pleads guilty or not guilty
    • c) The jury delivers its verdict
    • d) The judge imposes a sentence

Speedy Trial Right

  • Protection:
    • a) The right to avoid media coverage
    • b) The right to prevent delays in court proceedings
    • c) The right to refuse legal counsel
    • d) The right to a private trial

Determinate Sentence

  • Refers to:
    • a) A fixed term of imprisonment decided by a judge
    • b) A sentence based on a defendant's personal needs
    • c) An unlimited sentence with parole options
    • d) Multiple sentences served consecutively

Theory of Incapacitation

  • Seeks to:
    • a) Eliminate repeat offenses by keeping offenders confined
    • b) Offer rehabilitation for offenders
    • c) Set an example for the public
    • d) Punish offenders harshly

Concurrent Sentences

  • Definition:
    • a) Served one after the other
    • b) Served simultaneously
    • c) Reserved for repeat offenders
    • d) For violent crimes only

Truth in Sentencing

  • Requirement:
    • a) At least 50% of their sentence
    • b) At least 85% of their sentence
    • c) Their full sentence
    • d) No more than 75% of their sentence

Problem-Oriented Policing (POP)

  • Focus:
    • a) Intelligence-led policing
    • b) Problem-oriented policing (POP)
    • c) Reactive policing
    • d) Patrol policing

Rehabilitation Goal

  • Primary goal:
    • a) To punish the offender severely
    • b) To help the offender re-enter society
    • c) To deter others from committing crimes
    • d) To set an example for other offenders

Criticism of Incapacitation

  • Criticism:
    • a) It reduces reoffending rates significantly
    • b) It may increase the likelihood of offenders committing new crimes
    • c) It decreases short-term crime rates
    • d) It eliminates the chance of crime altogether

Community Policing Challenge

  • Key challenge:
    • a) Increasing arrest rates
    • b) Defining the concept of "community"
    • c) Improving police salaries
    • d) Enhancing the visibility of the police

Equity in Sentencing

  • Requirement:
    • a) Reducing sentences for all offenders
    • b) Reimbursing society and victims for their losses
    • c) Issuing fines for minor offenses only
    • d) Rehabilitating all offenders

Plea Bargaining

  • Argument in favor:
    • a) It ensures that innocent people are never convicted
    • b) It increases the administrative efficiency of courts
    • c) It eliminates the need for a defense attorney
    • d) It always leads to lenient sentences for offenders

Police Officer's Discretion

  • Involves:
    • a) Randomly choosing crimes to act upon
    • b) Deciding when and how to enforce the law
    • c) Ignoring community complaints
    • d) Investigating minor offenses only

Proactive Policing Strategy

  • Example:
    • a) Selective enforcement
    • b) Broken windows policing
    • c) Order maintenance
    • d) Reactive patrol

Indeterminate Sentencing

  • Involves:
    • a) A fixed term of imprisonment
    • b) A minimum and maximum sentence with the possibility of parole
    • c) A mandatory life sentence
    • d) A specific number of years without parole

Truth-in-Sentencing Laws

  • Key element:
    • a) Offenders must serve 85% of their sentence before being eligible for parole
    • b) Offenders can be released after serving 50% of their sentence
    • c) Judges have complete discretion in parole decisions
    • d) Offenders are always eligible for parole after one-third of their sentence

Intelligence-Led Policing (ILP)

  • Emphasis:
    • a) Problem-oriented policing (POP)
    • b) Intelligence-led policing (ILP)
    • c) Community policing
    • d) Reactive policing

Death Penalty Criticism

  • Criticism:
    • a) It is a strong deterrent for future crimes
    • b) It is morally wrong and potentially leads to wrongful convictions
    • c) It helps save government costs
    • d) It significantly lowers crime rates

Intelligence-Led Policing Characteristics

  • Characteristics:
    • a) Solely reactive in approach
    • b) Focus on individual case investigations
    • c) Strategic solutions based on shared intelligence
    • d) Ignoring community feedback

Restoration as Sentencing Model

  • Focus:
    • a) Helping offenders reintegrate into society
    • b) Detaining criminals indefinitely
    • c) Punishing offenders harshly
    • d) Avoiding community involvement

Concurrent Sentences

  • Definition:
    • a) Served one after the other
    • b) Served simultaneously
    • c) Reserved for repeat offenders
    • d) For violent crimes only

Rehabilitation Goal

  • Primary goal:
    • a) To punish the offender severely
    • b) To help the offender re-enter society
    • c) To deter others from committing crimes
    • d) To set an example for other offenders

Right to Speedy Trial

  • Ensures:
    • a) The right to confront witnesses
    • b) The right to a public trial
    • c) The right to a speedy trial
    • d) The right to bail

Consecutive Sentence

  • Means:
    • a) All sentences start on the same day
    • b) One sentence must be completed before another begins
    • c) All sentences are completed within one term
    • d) The offender serves two sentences at once

Retribution in Punishment

  • Goal:
    • a) To help the offender reform
    • b) To punish the offender because they deserve it
    • c) To reduce crime rates
    • d) To make offenders pay fines

Alternative to Bail

  • Options:
    • a) Denial of bail
    • b) Release on recognizance
    • c) Full cash payment
    • d) Pretrial detention

Preventive Detention

  • Used to:
    • a) Reduce court delays
    • b) Deny bail to individuals considered dangerous
    • c) Reduce the overall prison population
    • d) Ensure all offenders are treated equally

Consecutive vs Concurrent Sentences

  • Difference:
    • a) Consecutive sentences are served simultaneously, while concurrent are served one after the other
    • b) Concurrent sentences are served simultaneously, while consecutive are served one after the other
    • c) Consecutive sentences are for serious crimes only, while concurrent sentences are for lesser crimes
    • d) Concurrent sentences can only be applied for financial crimes

Deterrence in Punishment

  • Goal:
    • a) Prevent future crimes by making an example of the offender
    • b) Provide justice for victims
    • c) Offer rehabilitation to offenders
    • d) Fine offenders for their crimes

Combating Job Stress in Policing

  • Methods:
    • a) By increasing pay
    • b) Through stress management programs
    • c) By reducing crime rates
    • d) By reducing police working hours

Specific Deterrence

  • Seeks to:
    • a) Set an example for the public
    • b) Prevent the offender from committing further crimes
    • c) Punish the offender for their past crimes
    • d) Deter a large group of people

Complaint in Criminal Justice

  • Refers to:
    • a) A formal written charge against the defendant
    • b) A public grievance against the court
    • c) An informal accusation by the police
    • d) An argument between the defendant and the plaintiff

Grand Jury Usage

  • Used to:
    • a) Determine if the defendant is guilty
    • b) Investigate criminal conduct and determine probable cause
    • c) Sentence offenders
    • d) Conduct civil trials

Sentences Served Consecutively

  • Type:
    • a) Concurrent sentence
    • b) Consecutive sentence
    • c) Mandatory sentence
    • d) Indeterminate sentence

Plea Bargaining

  • Term:
    • a) Arraignment
    • b) Plea bargaining
    • c) Sentencing hearing
    • d) Preliminary hearing

Right to Confront Witnesses

  • Ensures:
    • a) Defendants can cross-examine witnesses who testify against them
    • b) Prosecutors can refuse the testimony of defense witnesses
    • c) Defendants are allowed to present an alibi
    • d) Witnesses are cross-examined by the judge only

Prosecutor's Role in Plea Bargaining

  • Role:
    • a) Deciding the guilt of the accused
    • b) Deciding on the charges and negotiating the plea deal
    • c) Issuing a formal complaint
    • d) Cross-examining witnesses

Corruption in Policing

  • Defined as:
    • a) Fulfilling police duties without public accountability
    • b) Misusing authority for personal gain or illegal purposes

Incapacitation Goal

  • Goal:
    • a) Reduce crime by rehabilitating offenders
    • b) Eliminate the risk of repeat offenses by confinement
    • c) Offer a reduced sentence
    • d) Allow offenders to avoid punishment

Intelligence-Led Policing

  • Most reliant on:
    • a) Intelligence-led policing
    • b) Reactive policing
    • c) Order maintenance policing
    • d) Procedural justice

Preliminary Hearing

  • Allows:
    • a) Present evidence and decide whether to proceed with a trial
    • b) Cross-examine witnesses
    • c) Announce a verdict
    • d) Grant bail

Restitution as Punishment

  • Aims to:
    • a) Rehabilitate offenders
    • b) Have offenders repay society or victims for their loss
    • c) Increase prison time
    • d) Provide lenient sentence

Disadvantage of Specific Deterrence

  • Disadvantage:
    • a) It always prevents future crimes
    • b) It may cause offenders to become repeat offenders
    • c) It improves the overall criminal justice system
    • d) It reduces sentencing discretion

Legal Complaint

  • Involves:
    • a) An accusation made by the victim against the offender
    • b) A formal written document listing the charges against the defendant
    • c) The police's final report on the case
    • d) The defense attorney's statement against the prosecution

Mandatory Sentences

  • True statement:
    • a) They allow judges more discretion
    • b) They provide a fixed sentence for specific crimes
    • c) They can be reduced through plea bargaining
    • d) They are applicable only to minor offenses

General Deterrence Purpose

  • Purpose:
    • a) To prevent the specific offender from reoffending
    • b) To make an example of an offender and prevent others from committing crimes
    • c) To rehabilitate the offender
    • d) To reduce the burden on the prison system

Grand Jury Proceeding vs Trial

  • Difference:
    • a) Determines the guilt of the defendant
    • b) Focuses on whether there is enough evidence for an indictment
    • c) Allows the defendant to present their case
    • d) Considers sentencing options for the offender

Prosecutor's Role in Trial

  • Not a role:
    • a) Deciding on the charges to be filed
    • b) Representing the defendant
    • c) Offering plea bargains
    • d) Presenting evidence to secure a conviction

Deterrence Theory in Punishment

  • Key element:
    • a) Encouraging rehabilitation of the offender
    • b) Preventing future crimes through fear of punishment
    • c) Offering lenient sentences for lesser crimes
    • d) Making the criminal justice system more efficient

Sentencing Approach Based on Prison Behavior

  • Approach:
    • a) Determinate sentencing
    • b) Indeterminate sentencing