I've combined and summarized the content from my approaches videos into this approaches revision video if you understand any of the content I cover here go to my longer videos for a full explanation but if you just need to cover the key points quickly this is the video for you I've decided not to include comparison of approaches in this video but I did release a 10-minute comparison video just before this you should watch that video next while filling in a comparison grid you can download my blank version for free while there you can download other free approaches resources including a psychology timeline and biopsychology worksheets If instead you want tutorial support videos with questions from all free papers you can access over 16 hours of these as well as hundreds of printable resources over on my patreon but enough of that let's get started origins of psychology vun father of experimental psychology set up the world's first psychological laboratory The Institute of experimental psychology leig Germany h 1970s and produced the first academic Journal that published psychological experiments the emergence of psychology of the science before them the study of the mind and behavior was limited to philosophy and Medicine he was the first to use controlled empirical scientific research techniques to study the mind bu's use of scientific methods helped establish psychology as an independent field of scientific research in his structuralism research V used an experimental technique called introspection with participants focusing inwards and Reporting Sensations feelings and images process participants were one trained to report conscious experiences objectively two asked to focus on a sensory object and three asked to systematically report their experience breaking their thoughts into separate elements V developed General theories of mental processes based on the experimental data collected evaluation for his time V's work was highly scientific primarily because of his controlled experiments large sample sizes and transparent methods this systematic approach was a significant inspiration for subsequent scientific psychologists compared to Modern psychological techniques F's introspective methods are considered subjective and are not classified as truly scientific as participants cannot be relied on to report their mental States accurately V's use of inference to identify internal mental States has been criticized inferences are assumptions so they could be mistaken Behavior psychologists rejected the study of internal mental States seeing the mind a black box V's use of inferences influenc cognitive psychologists these researchers asked participants to complete tasks under experimental conditions and made inferences about the structure of internal mental processes like memory and attention learning approaches the behaviorist approach as a learning theory behaviorists argue that behavior is learned through experiences and interactions with the environment Ivan pavlof classical conditioning and BF Skinner offering conditioning were leading theists behaviors argue it only possible to sign scientifically investigate or can be directly observed and measured this includes what you do to a creature stimulus and the resulting Behavior the response as the Mind cannot be directly observed behaviorist argue it's a black box so it's not suitable for scientific study classical conditioning learning by association pavo's research used two types of stimuli a neutral stimulus an s a metronome that initially did not produce a response an unconditioned stimulus UCS food that naturally triggers a reflective unconditioned response salivation in dogs procedure pavlof presented the NS with the UCS over several trials findings the NS became a condition stimulus producing the condition response salivation even when the food was not present this showed the dogs had learned an association between the NS and the UCS food operate conditioning learning by reinforcement when a creature performs voluntary sponses it learns from the consequences of those actions consequences that are rewarding reinforce a behavior so they performed more frequently and actions that result in consequences that are punishing or perform less skinners research rats were placed in a Skinner box a controlled environment with levers and a food dispenser Skinner demonstrated positive reinforcement adding a pleasant stimulus food encourage to desire Behavior lever polling negative reinforcement removing an unleas stimulus electric Shar encourage Behavior lever pulling and Extinction if the reinforcing consequences stop the behavior will to evaluation considered scientific due to studying objectively observable and measurable stimulus response mechanisms Pavlov and Skinner established cause and effect relationships using controlled lab experiments that manipulated variables one criticism of pav and Skin's use of animal subjects is their findings may not be generalizable to human behavior complex social and cultural forces influence human behavior and humans possess greater intelligence Behavior the has practical applications such as counterconditioning treatments flooding and systematic desensitization the effectiveness of these therapies suggest the behaviorist principles they are based on or valid using Behavior behavioral modification techniques to alter human behavior has been viewed as manipulative with harmful effects as seen in gambling and social media companies encouragement of compulsive Behavior Behavior's attempt to explain behavior due to simplistic stimulus response links is overly reductionist human behavior like justice culture and self-sacrifice are too complex to describe as a result of reinforcement learning approaches social learning theory social learning theists agree with behaviorist principles learning from experience but argue that human behavior can't be fully understood without including the role of cognitive processes that happen between stimuli and response the mediational process are attention retention reproduction and motivation and must happen between observing a model per form of behavior stimuli and imitating that behavior response observing others serves as a template for our actions when we see someone rewarded for a behavior we're more likely to imitate it a process social learning fair is called vicarious reinforcement witnessing someone punished for an action vicarious punishment makes us less likely to imitate that behavior modeling individuals we observe and imitate are called models live models include parents friends and family members we can also learn from symbolic models such as characters from movies and books identification we're more likely to imitate models with similar characteristics such as gender and age or people perceived to be attractive or high status bandora 1961 procedure participants with children Age 3 to 6 one group oberved an adult demonstrating physical and verbal aggression towards a Vero doll the second group watch the adult non- aggressively findings children exposed to an aggressive model were more likely to be aggressive themselves imitation and boys were more likely to mimic an aggressive male model identification evaluation SLT is supported by robust evidence for example the Bobo doll study has high internal validity due to its laboratory setting this study ensured environmental control by having participants to follow the same procedure the Bobo doll study ecological abity can be questioned as the aggression observ Obed in a controlled lab setting may not directly translate into real world scenarios such as imitating televised violence in school environments research supporting SLT like the Bobo Del study relies on inferences processes such as identification of a model by car's reinforcement and mediating cogntive factors are not directly observable but are inferred from Behavior SLT is a less reductionist approach than behaviorism SLT acknowledges the roles of Consciousness and rationality providing a more believable explanation for complex behaviors like aggression slt's concept of reciprocal determinism is a potentially more valid perspective than simpler deterministic approaches bandora argued that behavior is not only influenced by the environment but it also shapes it the cognitive approach hey there I should still watching I'm guessing you'll find this video useful as I release content right up to the exams don't forget to subscribe so you know when new videos are uploaded cognitive psychologist study internal mental processes how information is used processed in the mind this includes conscious and unconscious thoughts typical areas of research are attention perception and memory as internal mental processes can't be directly observed cognitive psychologist have to go beyond the research evidence and use inferences this is making assumptions about the internal mental processes that produce the participant Behavior observed in an experiment schema on mental Frameworks collections of connect basic knowledge about concept or object built from previous experience with the world role of schema schema work as mental shortcuts used to quickly understand and navigate the world and interact with people and objects however schemas can lead to inaccurate memory and negatively bias schemas can produce mental health issues theoretical models are flowchart representations of the steps of a mental process for example the multistore model of memory which shows how sensory UT progresses from short-term memory to long-term memory the computer model is an analogy between the operation of a computer's Central Processing Unit CPU running software programs and the human brain conducting internal mental processes this comparison suggests both systems receive inputs generate outputs and process information through a sequence of program steps cognitive Neuroscience aims to scientifically identify and examine the neurological structures and chemical processes in the brain that are linked to internal mental processes the emergence of cognitive neuroscience is due to the development of scanning techniques pet and fmri scanners allow researchers to observe brain activity directly evaluation the con approach is considered to be a scientific approach due to the use of Highly controlled experiments for example many of the studies supporting the models of memory were conducted in a lab setting of large samples cognitive research makes inferences about internal mental processes from Behavior assumptions can be mistaken for this reason cogntive psychologists despite their highly controlled lab studies are not considered fully scientific the computer model of the mind is criticized for being overly simplistic machine reductionist other psychologists argue the human brain is far more complex than a CPU and the mind experiences Consciousness and emotions understanding the role of schemas has led to the Practical real world application of ctive behavioral therapy CBT where therapists help clients change negative thought patterns con psychologists are soft determinists arguing experience creates schemas in the brain's biological structure yet they also suggest that conscious thought processes provide personal control over actions a core principle of CBT the biological approach the influence of biological structures on Behavior biological structures include the body-wide system of glands called the endogen system glands influence behavior by releasing chemical messenges called hormones for example the adrenal gland releases adrenaline as part of the fight or flight response increasing alertness the brain is the center of all conscious and unconscious thought localization of function research has revealed biological structures within the brain that influence behavior for example the frontal lobe is linked to rational decision- making and the lyic system is the emotional center of the brain influence of neurochemistry and behavior neurotransmitters or release at the syapse to enable communication between two neurons these neurotransmitters play a range of roles in influencing Behavior serotonin is associated with wild being and happiness dopamine is linked to pleasure neur adrenaline influences attention and glutamate affects learning in memory the influence of genes on Behavior genes influence how the brain and neurons are formed and function genotypes are the genetic codes in the DNA that they characteristics of an organism phenotypes are the expression of the genotype for example being aggressive the C Gene that's been associated with the development of OCD this part of the genetic code influences serotonin transport and imbalance has been linked to compulsions Evolution and behavior evolutionary psychologists argue that inherited innate behaviors that provide survival advantages are selected for and become more common in future generations of a species for example in early Hunter gav societies male aggression was beneficial for protecting families hunting and competing for mates less aggressive males were less likely to reproduce leading to highly aggressive traits being passed on evaluations biological therapies that argue biological structures neurochemistry and genes influence behavior are backed up by a range of Empirical research studies such as replicable and objective fmri brain activation studies and Drug trials biological processes alone are not a complete explanation for Behavior diaphysis stress response explanations include both biological and environmental factors and can be applied to mental health and aggression the development of drug therapies is a practical application of biological research these treat mental health conditions like OCD and depression by targeting neurochemical processes for example ssris reducing serotonin reuptake the biological approach is seen as scientific due to Advanced tools like fmri scanners genetic analysis and direct measurements of hormones and neurotransmitters these methods offer direct observation in controlled studies the belief that behavior is caused by biological factors biological determinism has significant implications for example arguing criminal behavior is due to a criminal Gene could challenge legal principles of responsibility the psychodynamic approach in Freud's psychodynamic Theory the psyche mind is a complex system that consists of three distinct Parts the conscious fors we aware of the preconscious not currently aware of but can be and the unconscious fors desires and memories that are not accessible to awareness will influence our behaviors and feelings the tripartate structure personality the adult personality is constructed of three parts the ID present from birth Pleasure Principle focuses only on satisfying personal needs and desires the ego from 18 months reality principle acts rationally as a mediator between the it and super ego the super ego from 3 to 5 years morality principle influences Behavior by using guilt where an individual's actions don't match its strict standards moderating Behavior according to moral and societal expectations defense mechanisms are strategies involving the unconscious mind that the ego can use to manage conflicts denial are refusal to accept the reality of a situation displacement strong emotion is moved from the source of that emotion and placed onto a substitute Target repression an unpleasant memory or emotion is puted into the unconscious and is inaccessible to Consciousness psychosexual stages at each stage the child will experience an unconscious conflict that must be resolved If the child is unable to resolve a stage they become fixated affecting adult personality oral stage 0 to one year pleasure from their mouth during breastfeeding anal stage 1 to 3 years pleasure comes from holding onto and expelling feces fixation equals a retentive phic stage 3 to 5 years boys experience the edus complex a sexual desire for their mother and castration anxiety young suggest girls experience the electric complex latency stage 6 to 12 years Sexual Energy libido is dispersed across the body genital stage 12 plus years sexual desire is in the adult form evaluations Freud's theories have had significant influence on Modern scientific psychological theories his emphasis on Early Childhood experience influenced Balby and his exploration of the unconscious mind influence congor theorists Freud's ideas have intuitive appeal face FY boys often have a stronger attachment to their mother early trauma can influence anxiety people often identify examples of defense mechanisms such as denial or repression many of Freud's ideas lack scientific credibility as they were developed and supported through case studies and by interpreting his clients memories introspections and dreams Freud's interpretations were potentially biased Freud often framed his theories and definitions in ways that make them untestable this means that Freudian Concepts like the super ego lack falsifiability the ability to demonstrate a theory is wrong through empirical testing prac application de mat's metanalysis of psychoanalytic therapy found that many individuals claim to have been successfully treated this suggests the psychodynamic ideas on which psychoanalysis is based have some reality humanistic psychology humanists argue that human behavior is too complex to study through traditional reductionist scientific methods which identify and test simple cause and effect relationships instead they suggest a holistic approach explaining Behavior considering all possible influences on behavior and its interactions humanists argue that external cses don't set determine our Behavior instead we have personal agency through free will the ability of individuals to shape our own lives through conscious decision- making humanistic psychology focuses on personal growth not mental illness self-actualization the highest level of psychological development is the state of realizing your full potential and performing at your best maso's hierarchy of needs argues that foundational needs must be met before an individual can achieve self-actualization the hierarchy starts with the most basic needs physiological safety love and belonging then esteem followed by self actualization KL Rogers argued congruence is essential for achieving self actualization congruence is the alignment between your perceived self self-image and the ideal self who you aspire to be a significant Gap is in congruence becoming congruent is possible by enhancing the perceived self or developing a more realistic ideal self this is helped by reducing conditions of worth which are expectation from others that must be met to earn their love or approval KL Rogers client centered therapy emphasizes the importance of the present and the future over the past the therapist's role is to assist clients in achieving congruence by giving unconditional positive regard to enhance their perceived self and as clients are the experts in their own lives supporting them and resolving their own issues evaluations it's considered non-scientific due to its Reliance on non-experimental qualitative methods which results in a lack of empirical evidence for its claims additionally Central Concepts such as self-actualization lack operationalization its holistic approach to explain behavior could be more accurate capturing the complexity of Human Experience other simple reductionist explanations often face criticism but overlooking multiple contributing factors the humanistic view that humans act with Free Will has face validy people have a subjective experience of autonomy and self-direction and like to believe their actions are based on their own free choices humanistic ideas have had practical applications maso's hierarchy of needs has been widely applied it's improved performance in sports and enhanced employee satisfaction and motivation in the business World developed in 1960s America humanistic psychology may be culturally biased towards Western individualism it emphasizes self-actualization through personal success which contrasts with the collectivist values of many cultures don't forget you can now test yourself on the approaches unit with the py boost app if you want to try out the app all the topics in paper one or free and you can get it on iOS or Android if you want to see model answers or access my other resources there's also patreon speaking of patreon I do want to thank all of my pons for their support with the help of all of these students and teachers I'm able to teach parttime so I can work on the main mission of site Bast the development of a free to watch and hopefully high quality AEV psychology course and a special thank you to azy Taylor for supporting at the developer level so thanks to them good luck to you with your a vision and I'll see you in the 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