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How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ in terms of size?
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Prokaryotic cells are about 1 micrometer, whereas eukaryotic cells are larger.
What is the function of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in animal cells?
The ECM provides support and anchorage, and is also used for cell signaling.
How does the endomembrane system assist in protein synthesis?
The endomembrane system, which includes the rough ER and Golgi apparatus, synthesizes, modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for transport.
Identify the three types of cytoskeletal filaments and their functions.
1. Microfilaments: Movement and shape, found around cell edge. 2. Microtubules: Support, transport, provide framework. 3. Intermediate filaments: Attach organelles, maintain cell shape.
What is the primary role of the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?
The mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell, responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration.
What are the main differences between plant and fungal cell walls?
Plant cell walls are made of cellulose, while fungal cell walls are made of chitin and other proteins.
Who discovered cells and what year was it?
Robert Hooke discovered cells in 1665.
What is the function of the central vacuole in plant cells?
The central vacuole stores water and maintains turgor pressure, which is crucial for plant structure and support.
What is the primary difference between light microscopes and electron microscopes?
Light microscopes use light to observe large cells and specific organelles, while electron microscopes offer higher magnification and can observe surface and internal structures in detail.
What is the composition and primary function of the cell membrane?
The cell membrane is made of phospholipids and proteins and is responsible for transport, support, and communication.
What are the three primary components of the cell theory?
1. All organisms are composed of cells. 2. Cells are the smallest living things. 3. Cells arise only from pre-existing cells.
What structures are found only in eukaryotic cells and not in prokaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, ER, and Golgi apparatus.
What is the difference between cytoplasm and cytosol?
Cytoplasm includes everything between the cell membrane and nuclear membrane, while cytosol is the liquid part of the cytoplasm.
What roles do the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) play?
SEM observes surface structures in 3D, and TEM observes internal structures.
What unique feature is found in plant cells that aids in photosynthesis?
Chloroplasts, which are responsible for performing photosynthesis.
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