good okay so let's continue our tour through the planets so today we're gonna do it a little bit differently because now we're hitting these kinds of planets do you guys remember so the last four planets we talked about where the terrestrials what kind of what do we call these four planets together what are these what kinds of planets yes yes yes these are the jovian planets so today we're gonna start talking about the jovian planets and what makes this a little bit different than last time is that we're gonna talk about Jupiter and Saturn at the same time we're kind of hitting a crunch here I'm gonna try to you know fit as much material in to this semester as we can without overloading you guys but Jupiter and Saturn are so similar that we can save time by talking about them at the same time so unless I say otherwise everything I'm about to tell you guys applies to both planets okay and you can see why we would talk about Jupiter and Saturn together and then next time we're going to talk about Uranus and Neptune together because Jupiter and Saturn look much more similar to each other than they do to these two planets and they look similar to each other so let's took let's start off by taking a look inside of the planets okay okay I've got a huge echo oh oh is it you guys getting a weird audio let me know if you guys are getting weird audio Oh No somebody was just having something weird running okay good good good sorry about that all right now here we go let's talk about these we're gonna go inside the planets so let me go to the next slide now where we go there we go okay now one thing here even though this is a diagram for Jupiter the layers in of Saturn are the same as the layers inside of Jupiter but the sizes are slightly different so I'm gonna go through the layers on this diagram for Jupiter but it's the same layers for Saturn I'll show you a slide in a little bit that shows you the slight differences between them okay now if we look down here way down here this is this is the earth with all of its layers that we talked about for comparison right here so you can see just how much bigger Jupiter is than us and I want to label these layers slightly different than how they're labeling them here okay so this very middle part right here let's just call this the rocky core okay we're gonna call it the rocky core it's made of the same types of material as in the earth but the extreme pressure of everything else sitting on top of it turns that entire core solid okay so there's no liquid metal inside of that rocky core like we have in the inside of Earth and I wanted to point out something here which one of these is bigger the earth or the rocky core of Jupiter here what's bigger it's earth bigger or is the core of Jupiter bigger yes that's correct that's correct the core of Jupiter is bigger than the earth so it probably has at least a little bit more rocky material than we have but remember it's still mostly liquid in gas because the rest of this from here all the way up is all liquid and gas okay now Jupiter is very very very very very very big and you'll notice that all of the other layers here are labeled with hydrogen and that's because the only things that are that there's enough of to make something this large in the universe is hydrogen and one other element and they're not listing that here and I don't like that there should be one other element mixed in with this hydrogen and helium can you guys figure out what that's that second element would be hydrogen is the most abundant thing in the universe there's only one other element that there could be enough of to fill up an ocean and atmosphere this large helium that is correct that is correct so here's how I want to label these layers okay check this out this one right here that it's labeled metallic hydrogen this word right here is gonna confuse a lot of you guys because when you when you think metallic do you typically think solid or liquid when you think of metallic things do you typically think solid or liquid usually right but if you've been paying attention you but you normally think of solid when you think metallic right but if you've been paying attention to what I've been saying this this is an ocean so is this metallic liquid or solid this metallic hydrogen right here yes this is a liquid so how I would like to label this layer right here instead of just metallic hydrogen is liquid metallic hydrogen and helium okay so down here we have our rocky core and then we have liquid metallic hydrogen and helium and then right here this should say liquid hydrogen and helium and then gaseous hydrogen and helium so for all of these I want you to add and helium to these three layers and for this one add the word liquid in front of it okay so from here down to here is all of the ocean but part of the ocean has this extraordinary j'en we're talking about hydrogen that has one thing in common with metals okay and that's that the that it can conduct electricity okay so regular liquid hydrogen can't conduct electricity but liquid metallic hydrogen can okay so when you say liquid metallic hydrogen you really just mean liquid conductive hydrogen okay and how do you make liquid metallic hydrogen it's pretty simple you just take regular liquid hydrogen and you squeeze it really hard so if you take regular liquid hydrogen like we can just make without too much difficulty and squeeze that extreme léa hard it makes it so it can conduct electricity it turns it into liquid metallic hydrogen so here's my question what does Jupiter use to squeeze all of this liquid hydrogen here and turn it into metallic hydrogen how does Jupiter squeeze this hydrogen yeah so the pressure on the hydrogen is just coming from from gravity and what can we tell about the gravity of Jupiter based on the fact that most of the liquid hydrogen has turned metallic what can we tell about the gravity of Jupiter if gravity is what's turning this liquid metallic this liquid hydrogen metallic what can we tell about the gravity of Jupiter based on the fact that most of it is turned metallic that is correct that is correct the gravity on Jupiter must be very high and that makes sense with what we've said about Jupiter before Jupiter has a very high gravity because its mass is so high okay now up here on top this again this gaseous hydrogen and helium that's the atmosphere and you can again see that the width of the atmosphere here is is about half the width of Earth on Jupiter here but you could drop a lot of Earth's into this ocean okay now that's the inside of Jupiter it's everybody good I'm assuming everybody's good so far so what is different about the layers on Saturn okay let me show you this picture right here so again we got them this is Jupiter this is Saturn we've got our rocky core our liquid metallic hydrogen and helium our liquid regular liquid helium and I was right liquid hydrogen and helium and our atmosphere right here over here on Saturn we have the exact same four layers but there's one that is a lot smaller on Saturn than on Jupiter which layer does Saturn have a lot less of so it's the same four layers but Saturn has a lot less of one of those layers which one let's figure that out pop it in the chat that is correct that is correct we're getting a lot less liquid metallic hydrogen so it still has a very deep ocean but more of the liquid hydrogen is regular less of it is metallic so what does that tell us about Saturn why would Saturn have less liquid metallic hydrogen inside that is correct that is correct there is less gravity on Saturn okay so basically the interior levels of Jupiter and Saturn are the same but because Jupiter has a higher gravity it has more metallic hydrogen in its ocean okay now I'm almost done talking about the inside of these planets but there's one last thing I want to talk about and that is magnetic fields okay I'm gonna just hit this very briefly remember Earth has a magnetic field because we have something inside of our planet that can conduct electricity let's see if you guys remember do you remember what substance inside of Earth conducts electricity and gives us our magnetic field how does Earth make its magnetic field uses a type of liquid metal you guys remember what it was liquid iron that is correct liquid iron is what gives earth its magnetic field okay let me go back to this slide real quick does Jupiter have liquid iron down here in this core does Jupiter have liquid iron to make a magnetic field with that is correct it does not remember what's the pressure like down here remember there's so much weight crushing down on this core that it's probably mostly solid so there's no liquid iron to make a magnetic field width so here's the next question does Jupiter and Saturn have a magnetic field do those guys have magnetic fields to help you answer that question remember to have a magnetic field you have to have a liquid conductor inside okay and while you guys are answering that question somebody had any a question is there iron there is still iron in this core it's just solid everything's solid in here so does Jupiter and Saturn have a magnetic field oh you guys are a little bit scared here okay so you guys let me trick you you let me trick you Jupiter and Saturn do have a magnetic field it just doesn't come from liquid iron remember to have a magnetic field you just need some kind of liquid that can conduct electricity in there is there a liquid in this planet that can conduct electricity yes what is it it's the metallic hydrogen that is correct so Jupiter and Saturn make their magnetic fields with this liquid metallic hydrogen okay earth makes it with this liquid iron down here in its core Jupiter and Saturn made it make it with this liquid metallic hydrogen so here's my next question would we expect Jupiter and Saturn to have a stronger or weaker magnetic field than Earth or Jupiter and strong or Jupiter and Saturn stronger magnetic fields or weaker magnetic fields than earth stronger that does make sense it does make sense that they would be stronger because they have a lot more conductor in there that they're spinning up with with the same convection that I talked about in the magnetic field video so review that now final question about this magnetic field if we look back at this picture Jupiter and Saturn have the strongest magnetic fields in the solar system for the planets of the planets which one probably has a stronger magnetic field so which planet is the number one strongest magnetic field in the solar system based on everything that we're saying so far yes yes you guys are getting it you guys are getting it because Jupiter has a much larger amount of liquid metallic hydrogen it's gonna have the number one strongest magnetic field in the solar system Saturn is number two okay so Jupiter has the strongest magnetic field Saturn is number two now there's a one last thing I want to say about a magnetic field remember our magnetic field protects us from the solar wind of the Sun but every once in a while some of that solar wind will trickle in at the weak points at the poles of the earth and when that solar wind hits the atmosphere it causes something do you guys remember what happens in the sky when the solar wind hits our atmosphere at the poles yes that's what makes the aurora right so as long as you have a magnetic field and an atmosphere to hit you're gonna have an Aurora so Jupiter and Saturn here do have Aurora okay they do have them however they look a little different let me show you a picture of an Aurora happening on Jupiter okay so this is a picture of basically the northern lights or the aurora happening up here on the north pole of Jupiter I like this picture I think it looks pretty cool does this look exactly like our Aurora's no what's different about this Aurora compared to the Aurora's on earth I think I have a picture of it back here here's our Aurora's right here right yeah the color is different right the color is different can you guys figure out why the color of the Aurora would be different on Jupiter and Saturn so Jupiter and Saturn would both have this sort of neon blue color why would the color be different on Jupiter and Saturn it's a different gas that's correct if you remember these gases light up based on their fingerprint and every type of element and molecule has a different fingerprint so earth remember has an atmosphere made out of nitrogen and oxygen and as a couple of you guys are saying the atmosphere here is mostly made out of hydrogen and helium for both Jupiter and Saturn so that's why it lights up a different color different gas different color when you light up