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What were the key effects of the fall of Constantinople in 1453?
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Greek scholars fled to Italy, promoting classical learning and influencing the Renaissance.
What are the three main periods into which history is typically divided?
Ancient, Medieval, and Modern.
How do historical periods differ between Europe and India?
Europe entered the modern age in the 15th century, while India began its modern age in the mid-18th century.
What impact did the Renaissance have on Europe?
It marked significant changes in ways of living and thinking, decline of feudalism, and increased trade and individual rights.
How did the decline of feudalism contribute to the onset of the modern age in Europe?
The decline allowed for new towns and trade, fostering individual rights and new social structures.
What was a significant turning point marking the transition to the modern age in India?
The conquest of India by the British marked a major turning point from medieval to modern age.
List some characteristics of the modern age.
Urbanization, development of democratic institutions, rationalism, humanism, and technological advancements.
What is the difference between primary and secondary sources in historical study?
Primary sources are original documents and artifacts, while secondary sources are analyses based on primary sources.
Explain the importance of the discovery of sea routes by explorers like Vasco da Gama.
These routes facilitated trade and cultural exchanges between continents, greatly influencing global interactions.
What were the economic consequences of the Renaissance discoveries for European society?
The rise of a wealthy merchant class and a decline in feudal dependence significantly altered economic structures.
How did the British rule in India differ from previous rulers?
The British did not settle and adapt locally, instead maintaining a sharp cultural divide.
Describe the roles of Vasco da Gama and Christopher Columbus in exploration.
Vasco da Gama discovered a sea route to India in 1498; Columbus mistakenly discovered America in 1492.
What were the consequences of new geographical discoveries during the Renaissance?
They led to the division of new lands by Spain and Portugal, economic changes, and the colonization of new territories.
What advancements defined the technological progress of the modern age?
Inventions like the steam engine, printing press, and seed drill were crucial technological advancements.
Why is periodization important in the study of history?
Periodization helps bring order and continuity to historical events and provides perspective on historical evolution and significant turning points.
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