In this video, we're going to introduce you to the basic anatomy topic planes and axis. [Music] Hi and welcome back to physioutors. Planes and axis are used to describe all osteocynatic movements that can occur in a joint. Be aware that the anatomic position is always the starting position of every movement described. Let's discuss the different planes first. The sagittal plane divides the body into a left and a right section. The frontal plane divides the body into a front and a back section. The transversal or horizontal plane divides the body into an upper and a lower half. When an osteocatic movement takes place in a certain plane, bones rotate around an axis. When a movement takes place in a sagittal plane, we are seeing a rotation around or perpendicular to the transversal also called frontal axis. When we see a movement in the frontal plane, we are describing a rotation around the sagittal axis. You can remember the sagittal axis from the zodiac sign Sagittarius who is shooting an arrow through your heart. Lastly, when we see a movement in a transversal plane, we are describing movement around the longitudinal axis. During observation of a certain movement in a certain plane, you should take the following position perpendicular to the respective plane in the extension of the axis around which the movement takes place. Before you describe a movement in a joint, you should ask yourself how many degrees of freedom this joint has. As the shoulder joint is a ball and socket joint, morphologically and functionally, its level of freedom is three, which means it can move in all three planes. If we are moving the shoulder in the sagittal plane, it means that we are moving around the transversal axis. These movements in the shoulder joint are called flexion or antversion or extension or retroversion. If we are moving the shoulder in the frontal plane, we are moving around the sagittal axis. These movements are called abduction and a deduction. Okay. The hip joint is a ball and socket joint and therefore has three degrees of freedom as well. If we are moving the hip in a sagittal plane, we are moving around the transversal axis. These movements are called flexion and extension. If we are moving the hip in the frontal plane, we are moving around the sagittal axis. These movements are called abduction and aduction. knee joint. The knee joint is morphologically and functionally a hinge joint, which means that it only has one degree of freedom. It can only move in one plane. The only real movements that can happen in the knee joint are flexion and extension. As we have learned, these movements only take place in a sagittal plane around the transversal axis. We will neglect the minimal amount of internal and external rotation in the transversal plane as well as abeduction and aduction in the frontal plane. The movements of the shoulder in a transversal plane around the longitudinal axis are called external or lateral rotation and internal or medial rotation. The movements of the hip in a transversal plane around the longitudinal axis are called external or lateral rotation and internal or medial rotation. All right guys, this was a short introduction into the topic of planes and axis. If you want to learn more about the basics of physiootherapy, make sure to check out our video on patient history taking or our video on observation. I hope this video was helpful to you. As always, if it was, give it a like before you leave. Check us out on Facebook or physiotutors.com. This was Kai for Physioutors. I'll see you next time. Bye. [Music]