Lecture Notes: Elements and History of Linear Perspective

Introduction

• Linear Perspective: A method to recreate a 3D world on a 2D surface accurately.
• Example: Paolo Uccello’s study of a chalice with pen and ink, no digital tools involved.

Historical Background

• Early Art Issues: Example - Duccio's 1300s paintings with unrealistic spatial construction.
• Problem: Inconsistent spatial logic in art; beams, seats, and other elements don’t align correctly.
• Interest in Rationalism: 1400s Renaissance focus on realistic representation.

Discovery of Linear Perspective

• Filippo Brunelleschi (1420, Florence): Discovered linear perspective, possibly rediscovering ancient Greek and Roman methods.
  • Career: Architect, engineer, sculptor.
  • Motivated by the need for accurate sketches of Roman ruins.
• Alberti (1435): Codified Brunelleschi’s discovery in the book “On Painting”.

Elements of Linear Perspective

• Basic Components:
  • Vanishing Point (VP)
  • Horizon Line (H)
  • Orthogonals (diagonal lines meeting at VP)
• Diagram Explanation:
  • Rectangular painting surface with a central vanishing point.
  • Orthogonals resembling floorboards or walls in a room.

Application and Challenges

• Creating Interior Spaces:
  • Use of vanishing point for spatial elements like windows and tiles.
  • Challenge: accurately rendering tile floors, which should appear smaller and more compressed as they recede.
• Use of Horizon Line: Placed at eye level for realistic spatial perception.

Illusion and Realism in Art

• Goal: Create a convincing illusion of reality; the painting acts as a window to another world.
• Artists' Objectives: Masaccia, Piero della Francesca, Andrea Mantegna aimed for convincing illusions.

Techniques for Figures

• Placing Figures: Align eye level with horizon line.
  • Larger figures in foreground, same eye level horizontally.
  • Viewer’s eye also aligned for optimal perspective.

Expressive Use of Linear Perspective

• Leonardo da Vinci’s The Last Supper:
  • Utilizes perspective to focus attention on Jesus Christ, the vanishing point.
  • Expressive use beyond spatial illusion.

Conclusion

• Importance: Linear perspective not only structures space but also directs viewer attention and adds expressiveness in art.
• Legacy: Continues to influence art practices, enhancing realism and viewer engagement.