welcome back as we continue our lecture on eukaryotes focusing on protozoa and helmets in this particular lecture so let's go ahead and let's continue focusing on protozoa protozoa are going to be eukaryotic organisms that inhabit the water mostly the water but there are some that also inhabit the soil there are many different species of protozoa but only a few of them actually cause disease now when we're talking about protozoa they have two life forms that I want to outline for you so I want to go ahead and show you the basic terminology and morphology of these two life forms so when we look at the two life forms of the protozoa we have the trophic form now as you can see here the trophyless or form has they can this is one of the morphologies that they have it almost looks like I have like a face here right but you can see that it has a flagella and this is going to be actually your trophy site so this is what we refer to as the trophy Zoid this is what's actually feeding on your in your body right it's feeding off your body it is growing it is swimming perhaps around causing all this damage to your body now the other form that exists for these protozoa would be the cysts form so the cysts form as you can imagine as a it can have a thick coat here this is going to be the cyst the cysts form is the protective form and this is what is usually shed in feces or sometimes urine depending on what kind of protozoa we're talking about and this is the this is how you usually get infected so it's highly infectious so you may get infected with the cyst and when it's inside of your body it will change into the trophy Zoid form so kind of interesting information here about the life-forms of these protozoa that are pathogenic cause disease reproduction for these protozoa can be a sexually through binary fission it could be budding shows agony which we'll discuss in one of the disease's or and or it can be sexually through conjugation like we see in Paramecium so let's focus on some of these medically important phyla of protozoa beginning with our cues OA so you don't necessarily need to know the phylum of these medically important protozoa but you do need to know the actual organisms that we're going to detail and the diseases associated with them so you do need to know the ones that I'm going to be focusing on and it's gonna be pretty clear which ones these are the Orca so I usually arm won't fire protozoa we know that these are eukaryotic organisms that are motile by means of what is flagella pseudopodia and cilia that's right so these are going to be motile organisms they usually have two or more flagella the examples for this type of phylum would be trichomonas vaginalis we'll discuss that one a little bit later a little more but trichomonas is a sexually transmitted protozoal infection that's caused by trichomonas vaginalis okay and this protozoa is a pathogen that causes direct damage to the epithelium and can lead to micro ulcerations one of the interesting things about this protozoa II that is that it does not have mitochondria and there is actually no cysts form which is interesting right because I just talked to you about the two different morphologies that often exist with these protozoa that can cause disease another one of the important organisms within the phylum are cues OA is Giardia lamblia now if you look at this picture doesn't that look very familiar to the one or very similar to the one that I drew on the whiteboard yeah this is actually what it looks like so mine was definitely a cartoon picture Giardia lamblia it's a beautiful organism when you look at it under the microscope not pretty to half okay so this G causes the disease giardiasis and it is passed through or via the fecal-oral route hmm the primary routes are personal contact with contaminated water and food so if you look at this one here you can tell that this is the trophy Zoid right this is a trophy Zoid that is found in the small intestine of mammals that are infected and this is not the cysts form the cysts form is what it's excreted in the feces and that is what is spread through the fecal-oral route through contaminated water or food uh in this picture we have a different protozoa now this is going to be a more benign protozoa this is non-pathogenic this is Euglena you can see that it is green I wonder why it's green yeah it's green because it has chloroplasts so it is a photosynthetic organism Euglena is one of the protozoa that we would have seen in our experiments where we look at live protozoa as you can see this one is motile by means of flagella protozoa are organisms eukaryotic organisms that are motile they have motility this one is through the flagellum but let's continue on with other medically important phyla of protozoa continuing on with micro spora these are going to include entamoeba histolytica here we see a trophy soit well actually entamoeba histolytica is at the bottom this is an intern Eva cyst and this is a trophy soy so this belongs to amoebas OA but when we talk about micro spora these are going to be parasites phyla protozoa and that caused chronic diarrhea in AIDS patients in the amoeba ZOA the example that I know examples for this one but what you do need to know in Indian Reba's is the entamoeba histolytica this is an important organism that you must be familiar with and understand here we see the trophy's oi and the end assist form okay this one is a protective form and this is the one that is the feeding form it is very slight but you can see that it is motile by means of pseudopodia one of the interesting and defining characteristics of an intimate histolytica cyst is it squadron nucleated cyst you can barely make out the four nuclei on this that is one of the characteristics want to be very important characteristics for identification of this organism of this protozoa it causes amoebic dysentery so not good for your gastrointestinal system transmitted by the fecal-oral route as well continuing on with other phylum that would be the apicomplexa important organisms within this phyla would be the Plasmodium that I'm going to discuss today we will talk about toxoplasmosis and Toxoplasma gondii later encrypt Cryptosporidium as well later okay one of the interesting things about this phyla is that they do have complex life cycles so we're going to outline that these are obligate intracellular parasites as well so I'm going to go into quite some detail on Plasmodium and it's even highlighted here because you're going to have to understand the life cycle of this particular organism and then finally the last phyla will be the Silla foria these are going to be protozoa there are motile by means of cilia an example is balance idiom coli we're not going to get into the details on balance it in coli just knowing that it causes severe dysentery and it's shed in the feces also transmitted through the fecal-oral route okay here we go the first disease-associated by a protozoa is going to be malaria there are many different species of Plasmodium that can cause malaria this is a worldwide infection we know that there is millions of people that are infected and millions of deaths per year many of them being occurring in Africa hmm and so this is a beautiful micrograph here where you see the Mary's and we'll talk about what these marrows lloyd's are and what they cause in this disease we see this red blood cell is rupturing it's a beautiful micrograph and what you see is that these marrows odes when these red blood cells rupture are released in this other figure here we see this specific ring form structure and we'll talk about what that means within malaria but one of the interesting things is that notice that these two pictures here they involve red blood cells right they involve red blood cells and one of the interesting things that we know about the population in Africa is that individuals who perhaps are heterozygous for sickle cell anemia hmm maybe this parasite cannot really grow well in individuals that are that that have sickle cell anemia or have the gene for it right that our recessive that have this heterozygous okay malaria causative agent as I mentioned to you there are many different agents that can cause malaria different species but you need to understand that Plasmodium which is is the genus so that's what we're gonna focus on Plasmodium falciparum is probably the one that causes the most severe of the disease with 50% mortality pretty high pretty high right but vivexx is gonna be the most common species so there's very different many different types of species that can cause malaria different degree of pathogenicity but what are the signs and symptoms they do occur in intervals of two to three days so you'll have in two signs and symptoms of infection you'll have these periods of almost recuperation and then it comes again and comes again so why is that happening these uh intervals that you that people experience it will include chills and fever and vomiting and headache anemia and can lead to kidney and liver damage which is not a good thing hence the mortality rate okay so here we go this is the life cycle of the Plasmodium of the protozoa you need to understand this so I'm going to outline it in quite some detail okay here we go let's begin with number one first of all the host for this that this is going to be it considered a zoonotic infection why because this disease is transmitted by not just a mosquito you need to know that it is the n-no feliz mosquito because there are many different types of mosquitoes that transmit different types of diseases so with Plasmodium or the you know the causes malaria it is the Anopheles mosquito that transmits this disease or this protozoa so here we have a an infected mosquito the mosquito when it bites unsuspecting human is going to transmit through it saliva sporozoite okay sporozoite are there motile spore like organisms okay there there motile and these oral sites are going to be carried once they're inside the human once then the mosquito that's infected bites a human these poro sites are going to actually travel in the blood to the liver okay all right so these sporozoite are going to be transmitted via the saliva of the feeding mosquito to the human blood when they enter the liver they begin to divide and what they form is something called Mara sites ooh okay so these sporozoite are going to undergo a process refer to as shazar guinea to essentially develop these sporozoites into Mara sites this occurs in the liver cells right here well what is that what is she's a guinea Chisago knee is refers to a sexual reproduction so these furrows lloyd's through asexual reproduction are going to essentially produce marrow sites all right well now way these Mara sites are then going to be released into the blood you see they go from the liver cells to the blood now in the blood they're going to infect red blood cells okay so the marrow Zoids enter the blood they infect the red blood cells and they go through what's referred to as a ring stage you soak the other way around you see that they go through a ring stage where they're growing and they're dividing and eventually what they do is they actually rupture the red blood cells when they rupture the red blood cells Ameri lloyd's are released the waste products of these marrow sites is what's going to cause the signs and symptoms that the patients feel fever chills so not only that do the waste products cause these signs and symptoms right but these marrow sites also can now reinfect new red blood cells okay at this point some of the marrow Zoids will go ahead and infect new red blood cells while others are going to develop into male and female gamete au site Wow interesting so what happens then here comes another Anopheles mosquito this Anopheles mosquito perhaps is not infected it's just coming for a blood feeding as this uninfected mosquito feeds on this human that's infected it ingest those male and female the Mito sights whoa well what happens then now that these gamete O sites are inside of this mosquito this Anopheles mosquito the-the-the these comida sites enter the intestines of the anopheles mosquito and they begin sect the sexual cycle where the male and female gametes unite you see how they unite right here they unite to form a zygote then what happens is the Oasis will rupture and what results of that are these sporozoite the sporozoite will then migrate from the intestine of the anopheles mosquito to the salivary glands of the mosquito and then the cycle is repeated oh that was a lot of information but that's not it okay a couple of things of extra things that you need to understand first of all wherever sexual reproduction occurs that host is referred to as the definitive host do you agree that this lifecycle has two different hosts it has the Anopheles mosquito and it has the human okay so wherever sexual reproduction occurs that will be the definitive host since sexual reproduction occurs in the Anopheles mosquito we refer to the Anopheles mosquito as being the definitive host what type of reproduction occurs in the human a sec it's a sexual reproduction za Guinea refers to a sexual reproduction of the sporozoite into mirrors lloyd's therefore the human is referred to as the intermediate host okay and here we see in a little bit more detail that the lifecycle includes lower life cycles rather can include more than one host in our case that definitive post for malaria was the Anopheles mosquito yes that is where the organism will undergo sexual reproduction and the intermediate host in our example for malaria was the human where a sexual reproduction occurs the pathogenesis of this disease the parasites we understand replicate in the red blood cells yeah and there are different types of species I mentioned to you that Plasmodium falciparum it has the highest mortality rate okay and what happens here is that as these red blood cells are ruptured and damaged clogging occurs prevents the red blood cells from reaching the spleen so phagocytosis cannot eliminate them and as a result you have death of the tissue there are many different complications including organ damage and cerebral infection epidemiology how does this happen and these are the things that you need to understand you need to understand the epidemiology of the organisms mode of transmission things like that you need to understand this is a vector transmission through a mosquito right yeah treatments you don't need to know the specifics of which antibiotics or the specific types because we've already been you've already been examined on that but you need to understand if there's treatment or not is it supportive or do you actually take antibiotics and not necessarily the specific types of antiprotozoal medications that you would take okay but for this quinine and their derivatives would be the type of organisms there I mean medicine that the individual would take cleric we've seen that in the news lately Prime a queen and mcLaughlin are some of the more common Oregon medicines antiprotozoal medications that patients would take but the best thing to do is prevention right and secta sized mosquito nets if you're traveling to places that you know that malaria is a problem prophylactic doses of metal coin would actually be helpful okay continuing on medically important phyla of protozoa we have the Hema flagellates these are going to be organisms that have a flagella specific ones that we're going to focus on is the genus Trypanosoma Trypanosoma there are two here Trypanosoma jhemini's which is transmitted by the tutsi fly okay this causes African sleeping sickness and the other one is Trypanosoma cruzi which is the one I'm going to focus on a little bit more and this is transmitted by the kissing bug and causes Chagas disease but we're gonna focus on trapano so mcruiz i and you need to understand this disease you need to understand this organism this is a protozoa that's found in mainly South and Central America okay it's called Chagas it causes a disease called Sharla's disease in honor of dr. jacques who in the early 1900's he made a major finding in brazil that included the vector and and the organism that causes this disease so he unders realized that the living conditions that these people that were becoming infected the living conditions that they lived under favored the spread of the infection because they lived in these mud huts and they were heavily infested with insects and he found this bug here now it's a very big bug if you would have seen in the lab it's actually maybe a couple inches in length so it's a pretty big bug and what he did is he dissected the insect and found that in their god they actually had these flagellated protozoa and they there were two different forms of this flagellated protozoa and they are at that time they would allow research in monkey so they allowed them to feed on monkeys and it infected their blood one of the protozoa caused the same signs and symptoms that we see here and the other one didn't yeah okay so it can be transmitted we also know that this can actually be transmitted through blood transfusion so it can be a pretty serious infection chronic disease that develops from chagas disease here it can develop in actually about 40 percent of patients that are infected are asymptomatic but that can be a problem so let's let's go over the cycle here we see that this bug is infected with this protozoa it's actually a beautiful protozoa to look at under the microscope it really really is and it's going to bite someone when they're usually when they're sleeping hmm trip I trip amaz triple masa goats are going to enter the bite wound usually through the mucous membrane a lot of times it's around the face around the eye area at the site of entry of the parasite is referred to as the acute phase and what what happens is that the individual will have local swelling the site of the infection is referred to as a sha Goma that develops okay should go makers that's an inflammation local swelling this can also lead to an enlarged spleen can also lead to possible seizures and even death can cause really high fevers in the individual and so here we see the shakaama occurring the mystic goats are going to live in the tissue and what happens is they can actually migrate to various organs as you see here all right so you can develop immunity to reinfection but the parasite is not eliminated for T about 40 percent of the individuals that are infected are asymptomatic but 45 percent of those infected are going to develop cardio Macario myopathy which is an enlarged heart okay so 58% of 58% of those patients will develop heart failure so that's not a good thing about 11% are going to develop mega colon which is an enlargement of the internal organs and oh well in general in general they will have mega esophagus so that's this one right here 11% mega cephalus and about 3% or so mega : so this is essentially both of these are enlargement of internal organs so that's not a good thing that's not a good thing okay now let's move on to the helmets what are helmets helmets are worms yeah so why don't we study helmets in a microbiology class because I can see worms with the naked eye right hmm but their eggs are microscopic yeah their eggs are microscopic so helmets are going to be multicellular animals they do have an organ system they can be dioecious which means male or female or they can be mono ishes hermaphroditic having both sexes and one they do produce large number of eggs and it is those eggs that are highly infectious they can have complex life cycles here we go again with an intermediate host and a definitive host so we're gonna try to see if we can identify in one of the life cycles that you're going to have to understand in quite some detail which one is the definitive host and which one is the intermediate host okay but before we go into those details let's talk about the different phyla we have the platy helmets which are essentially are going to be your flat worms the sess totes or the flukes the trematode and then we have a nematode a-- which are your general basic round worms within the platyhelminthes we have our tape worms now tapeworms can be pork or they can be beef but in either case the genus is yeah okay so these are tinea Taenia solium for the pork tapeworm and down below here below the tapeworm we have the fluke was it the example that I'm going to give you is schistosomiasis schistosomiasis this is another one of those diseases that you're going to need to understand and one of the organisms life cycles that you will need to understand as well so we're the with the round worms these are going to be probably the most common type of infections that include antara biases karazna khutor etc in fact when you look at worldwide incidents of worm infections we see that as scaris which is a round worm is among the most common type of helmet infection and this is according to the who okay World Health Organization looking at our flat worms outer platyhelminthes we see here that our fluke has it has an organ system it has intestines has testes right it has eggs this must be mono Isha's right okay so here we see that we have an adult fluke or at least for this one and on the right side we have our tapeworm tapeworm has an interesting Anatomy it has a skull it's which is a head and interesting characteristic of these tapeworms is that they are they have these little segments they're made up of these segments called probe glue audits these probiotics are important for a couple of reasons the per glottis hold the eggs in fact each Pro glauca can have hundreds of eggs right about a hundred eggs okay that's fine but the other thing is is that every time a person that's infected with the tapeworm defecates they shed about eight to ten per glottis at a time hmm so now they're shedding these Pro Claudette's that have hundreds of eggs yeah not a good thing if you don't have good hygiene right if you don't wash your hands and that's how these eggs can be spread to other people and infect others so here we're going to go over schistosomiasis the lifecycle of this helmet so let's go over it in quite some detail here all right here we go so here's an individual he's maybe you know dipping his feet into the water getting cooled off it's a hot day right and unfortunately what is going to penetrate his skin his skin is this free swimming circ area it looks like a little tadpole if you will as it enters and penetrates its skin it loses its tail and it's going to travel through his body it's gonna travel through his butt actually we'll let me back up let me back up how did this even happen here maybe I should have started that way so maybe this individual or somebody else comes out here somebody comes out and defecates now they're that individual is in fact it was just OSA myiasis okay so they release the eggs they defecate or maybe they urinated in the water releasing the eggs the eggs will hatch and I refer to as Maris idiom this Maris idiom is then going to penetrate the freshwater snail within the freshwater snail asexual reproduction will occur so what goes in as Maris idiom asexual reproduction will occur and what's going to be released from the freshwater snail is going to be a sir carrying this little sack area looks like a little tadpole it's free swimming it's going to comment here and penetrate the skin of this individual that has no idea that this water is contaminated at the site of infection it's often referred to as swimmers itch because he's gonna have a little itch doesn't realize that he was just infected as this little tadpole looking thinks her carrier penetrates it loses its tail and it's going to migrate it's going to travel through the circulatory system to the intestinal blood vessels and the little sir carrier is going to mature into adults and what we're going to have is we're going to have male and female come together and I'll show you what a picture of what that looks like the male is inside the female 24/7 and the female is releasing eggs not a good thing right these eggs that are produced are actually dangerous okay they're dangerous because they can lodge themselves in areas that they don't belong such as the liver the lungs the brain the kidneys and what's more is that these eggs can die which then will cause them to calcify if this happens in the kidneys for example this would cause renal failure so it's not a good thing these are care you enter the vascular system as I mentioned to you they mature they mate and you don't have any symptoms all you have is a little itch of where the circ area entered your body at the site but it is highly infectious in these kinds of conditions and it can be very very damaging so this is what it looks like this is a little sir carrier under the microscope this is what penetrates your skin with you not knowing and it loses its tail add entry this is sumptuousness Omen flexion of the bladder and remember that the eggs if they get lodged in the wrong place and they don't hatch they can die they calcified leading to problems now this is what's referred to as justice oma in cupula where the female and male are together forever right the female is inside the male and reproducing producing eggs releasing them and having them large in places that they don't belong this is a big problem in certain areas of the world and despite there being signs sometimes people don't abide by them I mean look at these little kids right it says here danger essentially don't walk in the water because it's contaminated and that's how people get infected and here's a young boy with a swollen abdomen due to schistosomiasis again these eggs can actually get lodged in to different areas and cause damage to the organs and this will conclude today's lecture