hello this is viola manokure and this is a recording for a nph 1001 unit one topic one that is introduction to human anatomy and physiology references used in this presentation is the reason and pearson education the reason is your course recommended material and most of the images are coming from that resource unless otherwise indicated so the content is from your course textbook images are from your course textbook unless otherwise stated i want you to stop this video and try to draw what you think is inside of yourself just a rough sketch you don't have to be artistic just a rough sketch putting the organs in their normal anatomical positions where do we find what in your own body if you are not comfortable in drawing though you don't have to be artistic it's just a sketch a rough outline if you don't want to draw you can just list the organs that you think you have after you release them just make a brief highlight of the functions of each organ after you've done that i want you to reflect on why you are studying human anatomy and physiology why are you studying this course why is it important who really cares about human anatomy and physiology so this so what this helps you to think about your only expectations of the course in terms of what you are going to get out of it now that you have reflected on what you think is inside of yourself and you have reflected on why you are in this course i want you to take a moment and define your own understanding of the term anatomy in your own understanding of the term physiology so when you are saying you are studying human anatomy and physiology what is it that you are studying please take a moment and reflect and write down your own definition now that you have reflected on what's inside of yourself and why you are studying this course the definition of human anatomy and physiology is important because anatomy has to do with the structure and how body parts are organized then physiology is about the function of those organs so you'll be looking at what organs do and how they do whatever they're doing that's physiology so when you're saying you're studying human anatomy and physiology is about looking at the structure and function of body parts closely related to issues of human anatomy and physiology is the issue of study of diseases in this course we are not going to be focusing on pathology but it's important to note that when you are doing human anatomy and physiology we are kind of looking at the norm any deviation from the norm it becomes a pathophysiology and pathophysiology in this program is a separate cause it's also important to note that there are some specialists people who have dedicated their lives just to look at the structure of a human body those we call them anatomists then there are some scientists who have dedicated their lives just to look at the function of body parts and we call them physiologists then we have a special group of people who look and study issues of diseases and those are pathologists so as we move on to the next part of this presentation we'll be looking at the different terms or and what they mean the for informative purposes to facilitate uniformity scientists ever adopted four basic reference systems so this is that regardless of the language you're learning the course or regardless of where you're doing it but scientists have agreed on certain terminologies those terminologies are important because we are going to be using them in this course before basic reference terms are terms of directions planes cavities and structural units so when we are talking in terms of terms of direction the individual or the body will be standing up or erect and facing the observer another way of thinking about it is you are looking at your patients who are standing up and they are facing you this is very important because it tells us a lot of information about the right side or the left side of the patient who is facing us because when you are saying right lung is a right lung of a patient who is facing you not your own right so in other words their right is to your left and their left is to your right that information is very important especially when you are looking at diagrams so those are standard ways of using these terminologies the reference point is important because it helps us to understand which direction are we talking about so this image is from your from your textbook so we will go through these terms the first thing we will talk about is the term of direction which it says superior to say when you say superior what does that mean because when we are seeing superior what does that mean you can think about superior even in the way we use it in everyday life when somebody is your superior it means they are above you so when we are saying superior superior is about the uppermost so this type of direction is about upper most and there are so many examples we can give for superior these are just some of the examples so i want you to stop this video and to think about your own body parts and try to think about which body patch is above which but which other body part for example we can say your head is superior to the neck and we can say your neck is superior to your chest or your thorax is superior to your abdomen so i want you to stop this video and list at least three other body parts and tell us which of the body parts are they superior too another term which is kind of meaning the opposite of superior is inferior inferior is about below or lower most so we can say as an example we can say our anchor is inferior to our knee so there are so many examples you can give you can also use the same examples we used previously when you think look at our neck is inferior to to the head meaning when an individual is in their normal anatomical position their neck is below their head another important chain of direction is ventral or anterior this is the the belly side to say when you're standing up in your normal anatomical position your belly side we call it anterior so we can say a body organ is anterior to another body organ for example we can say breasts are anterior to to the chest wall so it means that our breasts are in front of the chest wall so there are many other examples i want you to stop this video and list some body organs which are in front of other body organs another team of direction is posterior when you are saying posterior is dorsal it meaning backside we are now going towards the back as we go towards the back we can think of any body organ which is towards the back of another organ for example our vertebral column is towards the back of our digestive tract in other words our digestive tract is anterior to our vertebral column so we can use these terms when you're thinking about the whole human body or even if you take out an organ you can talk about that organ in terms of is the paths that are above the other the parts that are below the other you can talk about an organ in terms of towards the back or towards the front so we can use these terms when you're talking about the whole organism or when you're talking about different body parts another term that is important is cranial clinial is also known as cephaland and it's synonymous to superior it's synonymous to superior because when you think of the human body the body patch which is superior to all other body parts is our head so it means when you are going drawing an arrow towards the top you are drawing an arrow towards the the head you're drawing an arrow towards the the head that's why we say it's synonymous to superior but it specifically refers to to the head so we can say our products lies cephalic to the abdomen meaning our thorax is superior to the abdomen another important terminology in terms of terms of direction is kodad kodad simply means towards the tail and because it's see towards the tail it's synonymous to inferior it's synonymous to inferior so if in terms of direction it means you'll be going towards the chair or inferior another term of direction is medial as the name suggests it's about nearest the the middle line so when you draw a line towards the center or if the organ or the body part is towards the the center we say it's middle in other words when you look at a human being for example when you're looking at the face the nose is in medial position of the face so in other words it's towards the center it's at the center so this is very important because you know where to find what opposite to media is lateral so when we refer to lateral it means we are now moving away from the middle part so towards the side towards the side or away from the midline so in other words when we look at this individual the ears are in lateral position of the face to say when you look at your face the ears are towards the side of the face another team of direction which is quite important is proxima proximal simply means towards the point of attachment and when we are using the term proximal and distal these terms are usually used when you are talking about appendages when you're talking about your hands and your legs such that you can say your elbow is proximal to to the wrist when you look at your elbow it's proximal to the wrist this is because the elbow is closer to the point of attachment this star this towel is the opposite of proxima just how you can think of distance so it's now a way from the point of attachment so when you think about your wrist is further away from the point of attachment is compared to to the elbow so we can say the wrist is distal to to the elbow because the elbow is closer to the point of attachment so remember we said scientists agreed upon four basic reference systems we talked about terms of direction now let's talk about planes as a standard way of talking about the body this image is from your textbook when you're talking about planes planes are even way more important when you're thinking about organs or people who study tissue because if you think about shea planes it's about sectioning through so this information is really really important especially for people who study tissue for example if you were to be given say a colony or say a tube or esophagus or any structure which is tubular and somebody asks you to divide this tube into two halves there are two ways in which you can do it is either you draw a horizontal line and then you end up with the upper part in the lower patch or you can end up this tube or you can draw a vertical line and end up with two halves as you can see in both cases we ended up with two halves but those two halves if we were to look it through what we see in those two halves is different so this information is really important for people who study tissue to say if you cut a tube in half what do you see if you cut it two bodies under what you see because it's about sectioning through so let's talk a little bit about these terms so when you draw a vertical line to divide the body into two equal halves a vertical line to divide the body into two equal halves separating your left side from your right side this can be an organ or in this in case this individual if you were to section through separating the left from the right you end up with two equal halves then we call that made sagittarius made because we are passing through the middle sagittal because it's a median plane or vertical plane a vertical plane is a sagittal plate a sagittal plane becomes a mid sagittal if it passes through the middle because you can still draw a central plane which does not necessarily pass through the middle but when it passes through the middle it becomes a mid sagittal in other words a midi sagittal is a sagittal plane that passes through the middle a sagittal plane or a vertical plane can pass through any patch it does not have to be the middle so any plane that is parallel to the midsection is the sagittal plane as i said before any vertical plane is a central plane it becomes a mid sagittal if it passes through the middle then the horizontal plane as the name suggests is transverse so with a transverse section you are dividing the body into superior and inferior it can be the whole body or if you take an organ you can divide it into its upper part and it's inferior patch lower part and upper patch so that's a horizontal plane or a transverse plane another important plane is the frontal plane as the name suggests frontal you will be separating the french from the back so you are separating the front of the individual from their back in other words it divides the body into anterior and dorsal planes in this pattern is it right angles with the sagittal plane they're separating the french from the bank so here's some anatomical terms in their meanings because as you study this course you can find other sources which use different terminology for example if you find a textbook saying coronal plane is the same as found or plane searched our plane some textbook referred to it is lateral plane axial plane some textbook or fade is horizontal plane or transverse plane so it is the same i'm just mentioning this so that you don't get confused if you come across other sources which use different terminology i want you to stop this video and try to do this matching i want you to match the term with the the meaning you can take a scrap piece of paper and do the matching or you can use your power points to draw the arrows to do the matching and with matching start with what you know then as you do that it will be easier to match the rest so enjoy the matching so let's move on to cavities we said scientists agreed upon four basic reference systems we talked about tens of directions we talked about plays now let's talk about cavities as we talk about cavities i want you again to reflect on your own definition of cavity if somebody says explain to them the meaning of cavity what would you say what's the meaning of cavity what comes into your mind when you hear the word cavity that reference point will help you understand the different cavities in the body this image is from your recommended textbook it shows that when you look at the whole body you can identify two major cavities cavities are spaces occupied by different organs they are species occupied by different organs so when you think about these two major cavities when the body is in its normal anatomical procedure we can talk of capabilities towards the front thus ventral cavity and we can talk about cavities towards the back of an individual thus dorsal cavities so in other words the two major cavities of the body are dorsal and ventral to say towards the back we have cavities towards the front with cavity then when you look on the ventral cavities cavities towards the belly side there are many organs which we find in the belly side so in other words we can further divide the ventral cavity into sub cavities so if you start with the the ventral cavity it can be divided into the thoracic cavity and the abdominal pelvic but when you look at the thoracic cavity we know that in the thoracic region we have two main or two vital organs we have the heart and the lungs and the space occupied by the heart is the pericardial cavity space occupied by the lungs is the poor cavity then when you look at the abdenopelvic cavity you can actually divide the word abdenopovic into two abdominal for abdominal then perfect for pelvic region so you can divide this into two so it means you can have in abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity then we need to think about which organs do we find in the abdominal region this is where we feel the liver the stomach and then which organs do we find the pelvic do we find in the pelvic cavity this is where we have our reproductive organs so in other words when you look at cavities in front the ventral cavity can be divided subdivided into two then when you look at the thoracic again you can subdivide it into two the pericardial in the plural same with arduino pyruvic can be further divided into two abdominal and pelvic cavities then cavities towards the back of the dosa this is where we have creator cavities space occupied by the brain and spinal cavity space occupied by the spinal cord and we know remember the brain connects to to the spinal cord and that space together is the dorsal cavity but we can subdivide it again the dosal cavity into two one clinical cavity where we find the brain and two spinal cavity where we find the spinal cord and remember we said cavities are species occupied by organs but how do we know that this is space is because those species have walls and then the walls of cavities we call them parietal into any membrane that covers the actual organ we call it visceral so visceral is of organ covering pareto are the walls of cavity so this image is from your recommended textbook it shows the anatomical positions of different cavities remember we said the body is two main cavities the dorsal cavity which is the cavities towards the back of the body and the ventral cavity cavities towards the front then when you think about cavities towards the back there are two sub cavities we have space occupied by the spinal cord which is the spinal cavity then the space occupied by our brain which is the cranial cavity then when you look at the ventral cavity again we can see two major subdivisions of the venture which is the thoracic and the abdominal pelvic then we know the thoracic is two subdivisions space occupied by the heart the pericardial and the space occupied by our lungs which is the plural same with the abdominal pelvic we can further divide it into two the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity the abdominal cavity is the part of the abdomen and the pelvic cavity is in the pelvic region so these are the cavities of the body on this one i want you to stop the video grab a piece of scrap paper and try this matching if you are not sure you can refer to your powerpoint or to your textbook to see how you can match accurately also try to start with what you know and you can redo just use one word once and it should be fun enjoy the matching again i'm the structural units remember we said scientists agreed on four basic reference systems they agreed on terms of direction they agreed on planes they agreed on cavities and also structural units those are four basic reference systems which are used by scientists for uniformity so we have talked about terms of direction planes and cavities now let's look at structural units with structural units it's very important to know that life begins with cells life begins with cells cells are living entities which are capable of reproduction they are capable of producing other cells but we know that within these cells cells are made up of molecules these molecules are made up of atoms however we also know that when you put a group of cells together with a common function you get tissue then when you put different tissues together you build an organ when you have organ and which perform [Music] a common function we call it an organ system then when you put all those organ systems together you end up with an organism it means many systems are put together then we can say a human being is an organism then when you put one organism plus another organism that's a population then the population is within an ecosystem where we co-exist with the other animals and plants so the big picture here is scientists agreed that atoms they form molecules when you put molecules together you end up with cells when you put cells together you get tissue when you put tissue together you get organs when you put different organs with a common goal you get organ systems when you have those organ systems put together you are building a human being then the human being becomes part of a population within an occur system then there is coexistency this image was taken from pearson education it's uh it shows level of organizations i like it because it puts everything on one page remember we said with levels of organization you have atoms here atoms when you put atoms together you are building molecules when you put molecules together you're building cells life begins with cells then when you put these cells together which are made of upper molecules you're now building tissue when you put tissue together you end up with organ then when you put different organs together you end up with the organ systems when you put organ systems together you end up with an organism you end up with an organism so these are the structural units which give us the levels of organization so as i said before cells are really important there's the smallest unit of life so these are the building blocks so each time you think of an organ just for example if you're thinking of say a heart a heart is an organ we should know that it is good heart tissue that heart tissue is made up of cells cells are the building blocks and life begins with cells when you say the organ is performing a function it is because of the cells that make that organ then these cells are differentiated and specialized because different organs have different functions your skin cells are different from your liver cells because the functions are different thus cell specialization they need to be specialized with their function but we know that cells are made up of nani living molecules those molecules are made up of atoms which you see in your periodic table so at this stage i want you to stop the video and list the organs you know and the organ systems for example you can list say the mouth the stomach and then you say the mouth and stomach and intestines are part of which organ system so stop the video and try to make that list as i said before atoms from molecules molecules form cells cells give rise to tissue then there are different types of tissue depending on the function we have epithelial tissue whose function is to carve and protect organs then we have connective tissue as the name suggests connect it binds and supports other tissue another type of tissue is muscle tissue muscle tissue is important for movement then another type of tissue is nervous tissue which is important as a sense for sense organs and it's important because it helps to connect the sensory structures to motor structures then in terms of organs there are so many examples i want you to stop this video and list examples of organs and also examples of organ systems that you can remember from your previous classes and as i said before when you think about structural units cells are the smallest units of life because life begins with cells in other words cells are living so they are capable of performing different functions like metabolism assimilation issues of reproduction digestion any function of any organ is because of the cells that form that organ then we talked about different types of tissue i want you to stop this video and see if you can still remember the different types of tissue i mentioned a few slides back then as i said cells give tissue tissue give you organs and then organs when you put them together you get organ systems which we use kind of a group or collection of organs we have got a common goal and if you listed examples of organ systems i'm sure i must have listed integumentary system which has to do with the skin and the main function is for installation temperature regulation defense and skin is one of the largest organs because it covers the body so as we talk about structural units we are just going to look about examples of the functions but we'll do much more detail when you talk about different systems structure and function but for now it's almost like an overview of structural units when we look at different systems and what they can do then this we have skeletal systems which is about all the bonds which give us the framework and the main function of our skeletal system include blood cell formation in the bone marrow this is important it also stores minerals and we can't have movement without muscles being attached to to the skeletal system to enable movement and as we know we get our vital organs protected by the skeletal system when you think about the brain it's called is protected by this skeletal system when you think about the ribcage is protecting vital organs another system which we'll talk again about in much more detail later is the muscular system muscular system means about the muscles and she including some of the connective tissue like the tendons and ligaments and fascia is about muscle covering is a type of connective tissue which covers the bundles of muscles so when you think about muscles muscular system there are three main types of muscles we have skeletal muscles also known as voluntary muscles there's smooth muscle also known as involuntary then we have cardiac muscles these glitter muscles are the ones which help us with the movements because when they contract they poor bones then smooth muscles are found in the blood vessels and also the digestive tract so any tubular structure in the body is made up of smooth muscles then we have cardiac muscle which is the heart muscle so these are the three main types of muscles we'll talk about them in much more detail when we do muscular system then we have nervous system which is very important because they never system together with the endocrine systems these are key systems in terms of helping to maintain homeostasis the nervous system helps us with the response to both internal and external stimuli and she is known to activate muscles and glands for glands to secrete anything they get signals from the nervous system muscles their function they get signals from the nervous system so the nervous system is very important for regulation and control another system is the endocrine system which is made up mainly of the endocrine glands its main function is to secrete hormones which are very important for reproduction growth development metabolism most of the chemical reactions that take place in the body are innervated by the endocrine system another important system is the cardiovascular system its main function is we know when it carries blood around the body its main function is to make sure that oxygen gets to the tissue and also make sure that the carbon dioxide from the tissue is taken outside the body through the the lungs the cardio also distributes nutrients and also collects wasted material so it's very important and it is a special pump which is the the heart then the lymphatic system is also known as the immune system as the name suggests immune system is about immunity to protect us from pathogens it helps to protect us from diseases so another name for immune system is lymphatic system this is a system which drains fluids which escape from the cardiovascular system and retain them back into the blood so it helps to maintain the volume of the blood by retaining fluids too to the cardiovascular system a respiratory system is also very important in the main organs being the the lungs and she's important because that's where we have gaseous exchange which makes sure that the body gets oxygen or he is distributed with the tissue and the respiratory system also helps us to get rid of carbon dioxide from the tissue then we have digestive system digestive system is a tube elemental canal that runs from the mouth to to the anus with some associated structures and its main function is to make sure that we break down the food and she make sure that the food you can be absorbed and distributed to different parts of the body and in digestible material we eliminate it so it helps with elimination of the waste urinary system the main organs are the kidneys and it helps to maintain homeostasis its main function is to make sure that we eliminate nitrogenous wastes these are byproducts of metabolism for example when we are metabolizing a proteins ammonia is released as a by-product ammonia is a nitrogenous waste which is very toxic if it accumulates in the body it damages organs so that ammonia goes to the liver where the liver converts ammonia to urea urea is soluble it then goes to the kidney within the blood it's carriage to the kidneys by the blood then when it gets to the kidneys the kidneys filter the blood to make sure that we excrete the nitrogenous compounds is urine the kidneys also help in balancing oxygen bases and also electrolytes benny reproduction reproductive system is very important because it ensures survival of the species a species that does not reproduce become extinct so it ensures that we pass on genetic material from generation to generation and when it comes to organs it's important to know that they are women whose body parts reproductive parts are different from many's body parts and we'll talk about this in more detail when we do the reproductive system but for now it's good to have an overview to say when you have these organ systems what are their main functions i like this diagram again is from pearson education because when we are thinking about these organs and organ systems at times we tend to have an oversight on how interrelated there are this organ systems are very very related they work together for example when you think about the respiratory system we said it's about making sure that we get oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide but for us to make sure that the oxygen gets to the cells we need the cardio the cardio is to transport those gases but the cardio will rely on what comes from the respiratory system then when we see the digestive system it's important to make sure that we get the nutrients but after digestion we need another system to help to carry them then that's where the cardio comes in but at the same time the cardio keeps circulating the blood but you also need to get rid of waste material like the nitrogenous compounds this is where we need the urinary system so these systems are interrelated they work together to make sure that we have a normal functioning of the body [Music] as we conclude this topic it's important to understand that these systems they help to maintain homeostasis without homeostasis it becomes a pathophysiology to say if we can't maintain normal functions we can't maintain normal levels then it becomes a pathophysiology but then it's also important to say how does homeostasis work what is homeostasis so i want you to stop this video and try to define the term in your own words because the in some hemostasis is about maintenance of internal environment with thin narrow acceptable limits when the body does that that's homeostasis and it needs all the systems working together to maintain homeostasis angie homeostasis can also work in terms of negative make a negative feedback mechanism negative feedback mechanism as the name suggests it negates what will be happening for example when sugar levels are high the homeostasis tries to help the body to lower the sugars same is temperature when temperatures go high the body systems help to lower the body temperature so that they don't go beyond the narrow limits that's negative feedback we have a few examples of positive feedback in the body where if something is happening then it cascades to more of that thing happening for example when a woman is giving birth the secretion of for hormones that help with contraction we need more of those up until the woman gives birth so another example of positive feedback is when we have blood clots it's a cascade of events which leads to deformation of the clots so but in the body there are many examples of negative feedback so when you think about how hemostasis is maintained using glucose as an example to say after a meal maybe you eat a beggar then they see a rise in glucose so it means the blood glucose can rise because we have just eaten a meal but high levels of glucose are not good for the body that's why the pancreas helps to lower the excess levels it helps to lower the levels so the pancreas when we have elevated levels the pancreas secretes insulin insulin is a hormone which helps the body cells to take in the sugar it is taken in by the cells for metabolism and excess sugar goes to the liver where it's stored as glycogen so for the sugar to be moved inside the cell and also moved into the liver we need insulin and when that happens it helps to maintain the sugar levels which were rising however between meals when we when the blood sugar drops the pancreas secretes glucagon then glucagon helps to convert the stored glycogen back into glucose that way it helps to maintain sugar levels with very narrow and acceptable limit when the sugar is high we secrete insulin then sugar goes for storage when the sugar levels are low in the blood we secrete glucagon which helps to convert glycogen to glucose which is needed by the bad cells so that process is negative feedback and it helps to maintain homeostasis another example of women's stasis is with issues with with temperature the way the body maintains temperature is like a thermostat in your house to see our hypothalamus or hypothalamus it detects any changes in temperature when it rises we start sweating when temperature rises we start sweating as we sweat it's important to note that you're sweating is a sign that the temperatures are rising the blood vessels dilate when it's hot when the blood vessels dilate it means they bring blood towards the the surface and the heat towards the surface and then that heat from the blood will heat the sweat so that the water evaporates when it evaporates it takes away the heat thereby cooling the body so the heat will be coming from the from the blood itself it is the sweat when it evaporates it takes away the heat then it cools the body so the body is very good in monitoring any deviations from the norm so any disturbances either arise or decrease the body is good at maintaining those it has to make detections and many take corrective measures to make sure that the disturbances are taken care of then positive feedback there are few examples as i said typical example is during blood clotting we'll talk more about blood clotting when we do the topic on blood example future and contractions we'll talk more about that when you talk about reproductive system these are examples of positive feedback again this is a good diagram for pearson education it summarizes the process of homeostasis because it is about balance any imbalance it triggers a appropriate response is it an increase or is it a decrease so it's all about maintaining a balance so the body each time as we move around is busy doing the homeostasis temperatures goes up and down the sugar goes up and down electrolytes they go up and down you drink a lot of fluids you drink lots of whatever pop drink all those cause some disturbances within the the body those disturbances need balance and to help us do that the body has got homeostasis mechanisms which help to respond to disturbances and maintain the body systems within a narrow and acceptable limits so in sum we can say we are done with the topic one for unit one we talked about terms of directions planes cavities and structural units i gave an overview of body systems and mechanisms of homostasis and how the body maintains homeostasis which is very important any division from homeostasis it can make us feel sick for example if there's accumulation of co2 in the body that's not good that's not good if there's an imbalance in acids and bases again that's not good it can cause tissue damage which can lead to illness so homeostasis is important for normal body functions again the materials used in this presentation that's the reference thank you