Period 7 Overview

Preliminary Steps

• Print out the free speed review sheet from the description link.
• Review Period 7 topics and mark any unfamiliar terms or events.
• Check off topics once mastered.

Key Themes and Events

The Frontier Thesis and American Imperialism

• Frederick Jackson Turner published the Frontier Thesis after the 1890 census; declared the frontier closed.
• Americans began seeking overseas territories for raw materials and markets.
• Hawaiian Coup: Influenced by Americans in the sugar trade, led to Hawaii's annexation.

Prominent Imperialists

• Alfred Mahan: Argued for a strong navy for America's growth.
• Josiah Strong: Believed in spreading American culture and religion globally.

Spanish-American War

• Prompted by events like the sinking of the USS Maine and yellow journalism.
• Resulted in the Treaty of Paris; U.S. gained Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines.

Foreign Policies

• Open Door Policy: Access to Chinese markets without European control.
• Roosevelt Corollary: U.S. intervention in Latin America to protect interests.
• Dollar Diplomacy: Economic stability through American investment.
• Moral Diplomacy: Support for democratic governments.

Progressive Era Reforms

Muckrakers and Exposé Journalism

• Lincoln Steffens: Exposed political corruption.
• Ida Tarbell: Critiqued Rockefeller's Standard Oil.
• Upton Sinclair: Exposed meatpacking industry; led to Food and Drug Act.

Economic and Political Reforms

• Teddy Roosevelt's Square Deal: Consumer protection, trust-busting, and conservation.
• Clayton Antitrust Act: Strengthened monopoly regulations.
• 16th Amendment: Federal income tax.
• 17th Amendment: Direct election of senators.
• Introduction of initiative, referendum, recall, and secret ballot.

Women and Reforms

• Carrie Nation: Led temperance movement.
• Alice Paul: Influential in women's suffrage movement leading to the 19th Amendment.

World War I and Its Aftermath

U.S. Involvement

• U.S. entered war due to unrestricted submarine warfare and Zimmerman Telegram.
• Espionage and Sedition Acts during WWI restricted liberties.
• Wilson's 14 Points: Aimed to prevent future conflicts; led to the League of Nations.

Civil Rights and African American Movements

• Formation of the NAACP for civil rights.
• Marcus Garvey: Advocated for black nationalism and economic independence.
• Great Migration: African-Americans moved north, leading to the Harlem Renaissance.

The Roaring 20s

Economic Growth and Social Changes

• Rapid economic growth with consumerism.
• Red Scare heightened nativism and quota acts.
• Prohibition: Led to organized crime.
• Flapper Culture: Represented modern vs. traditional values.

The Great Depression

• Stock market crash (Black Tuesday) and Dust Bowl exacerbated economic woes.
• President Hoover's policies were deemed ineffective.

The New Deal Era

FDR's Reforms

• New Deal: Relief, reform, recovery.
• Fireside Chats: Restored public confidence.
• Criticized for potential socialism and court-packing attempts.

WWII and Its Impacts

U.S. Entry and Home Front

• Pearl Harbor attack led U.S. to join WWII.
• Executive Order 9066: Japanese internment camps.

Contribution of Minorities

• African-Americans, Native Americans, and women played significant roles.

War Strategy and Conclusion

• Island Hopping: Strategy in the Pacific.
• Development and use of the atomic bomb ended the war.

Exam Preparation Tips

• Focus on causation, comparison, continuity, and change questions.
• Review study guides and practice essays as needed.

The Zimmerman Telegram was a secret diplomatic communication issued from the German Foreign Office in January 1917 that proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico in the event of the United States entering World War I against Germany. The telegram was intercepted and decoded by British intelligence, and its publication in the United States fueled public outrage and significantly contributed to the American decision to enter the war.

Unrestricted submarine warfare refers to Germany's naval policy during World War I of attacking all merchant ships, including those from neutral countries, without warning. This policy angered the United States, as American ships and citizens were killed in these attacks. The sinking of the Lusitania, a British ocean liner carrying American passengers, in 1915, was a particularly egregious example that significantly strained relations between Germany and the U.S. Ultimately, the resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany in 1917 was a major factor in America's decision to join the Allied forces.