Notes on Reconciliation in Canada

Definition and Context

Reconciliation often discussed regarding Indigenous and non-Indigenous relations in Canada.
Recent events have led to skepticism about the effectiveness of reconciliation efforts.

15-year-old Anishinaabe girl found dead in a river; no accountability.
Young Cree man shot and the shooter acquitted.
These cases highlight a persistent rift between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples, rooted in historical injustices.

Arrival of Europeans marked the beginning of taking land from Indigenous peoples.
Introduction of policies aimed at eradicating Indigenous cultures, known as the "Indian problem."

First schools opened in the 1870s, marking a dark chapter in Canadian history.
Cultural genocide: Systematic efforts to erase Indigenous culture and language.
Mandatory attendance for status Indian children enforced by the amended Indian Act in 1920.
- Police forcibly took children from families who refused.
- An estimated 150,000 children were affected.
Mortality rates in some schools reached as high as 60% due to abuse and neglect.
Survivors reported horrific experiences of physical, sexual, and emotional abuse.
Last residential school closed in 1996.

Intergenerational trauma and colonization effects are still evident today despite Indigenous resilience and progress.
2007: Largest class action settlement in Canadian history recognized damages caused by residential schools.
2008: Canada formally apologized.
- Acknowledgment of the inferiority of Indigenous cultures was part of the historical narrative.

Established following the Residential School Settlement Agreement; aimed at supporting survivors.
Final report released in 2015 with 94 calls to action to redress the legacy of residential schools.

Questions remain about the understanding of our shared history.
Actions taken since the Commission's report are scrutinized.
Demographics: Indigenous peoples make up 5% of the population, yet account for nearly 50% of children in care and over 25% of prison populations.
Ongoing crisis of missing and murdered Indigenous women and girls highlights inadequate progress on reconciliation.

A deeper evaluation of Canada’s reconciliation progress is necessary to address these disparities and historical injustices.