Known as bukhur, used historically for rituals and as an air freshener.
Commonly associated with aromatherapy and spiritual practices.
Has multiple uses beyond rituals, including cooking, medicine, and cosmetics.
Historical Context
Benzoin has been a sought-after commodity for over 5000 years.
Contains resin produced by the Styrax genus, different from Boswellia found in other regions.
Grows in humid climates, particularly in Indonesian regions such as Sumatra, Java, Bali, and Kalimantan.
Varieties of Benzoin
Four economically valuable types:
Toba Benzoin (Sumatrana)
Durame Benzoin
Bulu Benzoin
Siam Benzoin
North Sumatra is the largest producer with the highest quality (30-40 compounds).
Toba benzoin is noted for its strong aroma and antibacterial properties.
Harvesting Benzoin
Harvested from trees about 8 years old.
Sap is collected by scratching the tree, resulting in candle-like resin.
Three types of Toba Benzoin: White, Yellow, and Black, each produced in cycles.
Collectors (known as "Tokek") sort and sell benzoin based on quality and market demand.
Economic Aspects
Domestic and international trade: exports to India, China, France, etc.
Decrease in benzoin production due to farmers shifting to coffee, fruits, and vegetable farming.
Historical significance as a trading commodity, once valued as highly as gold.
Cultural Significance
Integral to Indonesian rituals, arts, and cuisine.
Used in traditional dances and ceremonies for enhancing atmosphere.
Known for its antibacterial properties, preserving food and preventing foul odors.
Historical Trade Routes
Benzoin was traded through the Nusantara Spice Routes historically.
Key historical trade sites include Fansur, Barus, and Malacca.
Trade involved diverse cultures, including Indians, Arabs, and Europeans.
Modern Uses of Benzoin
Used in modern perfumery and cosmetics; examples include high-end perfumes like Baccarat.
Recognized for its benefits in skincare and traditional medicine.
Present in everyday products under various names, such as bukhur.
Conclusion
Importance of benzoin in Indonesia's cultural and economic landscape.
Urgency to revitalize benzoin trade amidst declining production.
Call for a collaborative movement involving local and national governments to promote and utilize spice routes for cultural diplomacy and economic development.