the female reproductive system it all starts with the ovaries just like it started with the testes and men to make the sperm we're starting with the ovaries which is where the egg cells are made so the ovaries are about the size of a walnut they're kind of lumpy and bumpy and texture like on cadavers as well as the models so they're suspended by ligaments which is basically just part of that peritoneum so it's basically just connective tissue to make sure these guys don't get all twisted up they do descend a little bit like the testicles do but they stay inside the pelvis but they do come down a little bit during development so they produce the gametes females there's a lot of different terms for the gamete secondary oocytes egg cells or OVA or ovum but all of this is produced by oogenesis which we will be doing in lab so these guys excuse me just like the testicles making testosterone besides making the sex cells the ovaries are also secreting estrogen and progesterone progesterone specifically from the corpus luteum in your notes it may just say CL I'm not sure why I abbreviated it cuz why would we know what that is so you may want to add corpus luteum which literally means yellow body you so the ovary like most organs has an outer part in an inner part which we call the cortex the outer part the medulla the inner part so the outer part has the follicles and germinal epithelium which is where the egg cells mature from the inner part has connective tissue vasculature so there's a good blood why these cells are alive right so they're gonna need oxygen nerves and lymphatics so the lymphatics are to keep these cells healthy because we don't want to call them fertility so the ovum or egg cell these developed from primordial follicles in the ovary so these follicles are there before about three months before the female is born so there's several million million of them before the female is even born but that's all she's ever gonna get so again we focused on the lab in the oogenesis part and so if you were able to answer those worksheet questions you're good to go with this but you don't need to know these numbers but all of the primary oocytes so all of the primary oocytes are formed before birth because they are sitting there in those follicles so basically a female's chance at reproduction is established three months before she's born but it sounds terrible it sounds very unfair but there's way more than a female whatever use so there's several million formed about 1 million make it to birth about four hundred thousand make it to puberty so again it sounds like such a drastic drop-off in numbers here but for women it only takes one egg a month for pregnancy or as a men you're looking at 300 million sperm per ejaculation so if a female is never on any kind of birth control from age 12 to age 50 she's only gonna release about 500 of these so out of hundred thousand you're only using five hundred it's pretty good odds but this is a very big difference between men and women men are constantly making primary spermatocytes women we've got all the primary oocytes we're ever gonna have established there before we're born so I cut and pasted again from the endocrine system and I tried to highlight it but I highlighted it in red and so it's like it doesn't pop very much so as far as the take-home message that I kind of want you to do from this so the hypothalamus again at puberty is gonna release can add rope and releasing hormone which is going to tell the and turf to eteri to either release follicle stimulating hormone or luteinizing hormone so luteinizing hormone causes ovulation it causes that corpus luteum which we're going to talk about later but the biggest thing I just want you to know is that this is what causes estrogen and progesterone so just like gluten is a hormone causes testosterone to be eight in in men luteinizing hormone and women causes the sex hormones estrogen and progesterone to be made follicle stimulating hormone amend causes firm at a genesis and women it causes oogenesis so although I've highlighted estrogen there I really want you to just focus on the sex cells so I would right and I have it fixed on another slide I would write egg cells or oogenesis so the what I want you to know is the follicle stimulating hormone for both sexes causes the sex cells and for both sexes luteinizing hormone causes the sex hormones let's just a real big picture with this well you dredged myself when I used to teach a class that was a like 3000 level physiology we really had to go into some crazy details but I still liked these pictures so we don't need theca and Turner we do not need theca externa we just need to see a big picture here but I liked these pictures of the ovaries especially the black and white one in the upper right corner so if you start there you have the hilum of the ovary remember we had a hilum of the lung we had a hilum of the kidney so it's just where the blood vessels are kind of going into this organ so if you look this is showing you like a clock cycle of what's going on in these follicles so we start with the primordial follicles and inside there is a little is a little primary Ozai so remember these cells women have all they're ever gonna have went three months before they're born so that guy is going to mature and so you're gonna see how he's growing up a little bit and the primary follicles we're now gonna have that primary oocytes sitting in there so that guy is going to go through meiosis and then when ovulating occurs which you can see that little guy shooting out of there that's now its secondary Oh site so this is coming up on another slide but we wrote this in lab as well that women ovulate the secondary Oh site so even though people say women ovulate in Excel technically it's not an Excel yet it's technically we that secondary oocyte so as soon as that egg cell pre egg cell secondary oocyte as soon as that guy shoots out of there the corpus luteum develops so the corpus luteum again corks meeting body luteum meaning yellow the corpus luteum is a structure that as soon as that secondary Oh site is released the female body assumes it's gonna get pregnant because it's kind of like why would you take all this time to release this cell if pregnancy is not going to occur our body isn't really built for for like pregnancy control and birth control I'm glad that exists okay but as an animal suppose that babies so as soon as that secondary oocyte is out of there the female body is preparing for pregnancy so the corpus luteum starts cranking out tons of progesterone so a progesterone is the pregnancy hormone so I always remember B for pregnancy P for progesterone if the female does not get pregnant this guy like degenerates and then it becomes the corpus albicans Alba in Latin means white and so this literally means white body like scar tissue so it goes from this big plump yellow tissue that's cranking out all this progesterone to this little sad corpus albicans scar tissue and then we start all over again so this is the female cycle is releasing a secondary oocyte preparing for pregnancy and then open open see back to the beginning again I stole this from my previous notes so you don't need to know graafian follicle you don't need to know zona pellucida okay the only thing I really want you to know from this slide is that statement there one's a sperm enters it becomes impermeable so the cell membrane is is becoming a lot tougher after fertilization occurs so after fertilization occurs we don't want any more sperm coming in so this keeps our chromosome number good right the whole point of meiosis was to start with 46 chromosomes and get 23 chromosomes so if if several sperm can enter that would bring in 23 chromosomes here 23 chromosomes there the fetus would no longer have the right amount of chromosomes and so once a sperm enters the shell at the cell membrane gets really really thick and will not let anybody else come in that's the only thing we know we need to know from this slide okay so this will for sure be on the final exam so make sure you highlight it put stars by it put kittens by it when ovulating occurs it's the secondary Oh site so even in this picture which I stole from the internet it says liberated ovum it's not its secondary Oh site everyone calls it an egg everyone calls in an oven but at this point it's a secondary auto site so as soon as that guy shoots out of there he's technically in the peritoneal cavity then those little faint those little Finn Bray the little creepy fingers grab it and bring it into the fallopian tube so ovulation is the secondary oocyte you so this picture here shows the little Finn Bray the little creepy fingers that grab the secondary oocyte and bring it into the uterine tube the fallopian tube or the oviduct whichever term you prefer so there's no direct contact with the ovaries because the femme brain are the ones that actually bring the secondary Oh site in there so what are the fallopian tubes open up excuse me uterine tubes made of they have mucosa because we want to keep this little guy sliding in there lots of cilia those little hairs remember sperm have a Litella so sperm can get where they need to get an egg cell doesn't an egg cell is just going to sit there all fat and sassy so we need the fallopian tubes to have little cilia to kind of push the the pre egg cell the secondary oocyte kind of push it along there's also peristaltic movement there just like ejaculation and men just it's like urination just like digestion we're kind of pushing that secondary Oh site down the line because it can't swim and then peritoneum which is just the covering of all of this so the function of the of the uterine tube fallopian tube oviduct I highlighted there another test question for the fight and you'll exam this is another key point and I had said this in the reproduction lab as well that this is where fertilization occurs so fertilization is when the sperm and I get together they get together in the fallopian tube so during an ectopic pregnancy implantation occurs here as well that's very dangerous because as it can't grow into a uterus and a baby it's just gonna grow into a tumor which is gonna eventually cause the tube to rush rupture and potentially kill the woman so fertilization happens here implantation happens in the uterus so there's I goat is the fertilized egg so once fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube the little zygote migrates down into the uterus and then latches on for dear life there it will grow and be received be retained and nourished by the earth we will grow the placenta to feed this developing off spring to the uterus is an incredibly muscular hollow organ looks like a sandwich from the set you so parts of the theaters we have the cervix which is they kind of the neck of the uterus and it's the outlet into the vagina so it's the opening into the uterus we have the Paramecium which is basically visceral peritoneum it's just the outer covering of the uterus we have the end of metrium which is the lining that's shed during the menstrual cycle which is coming up so be excited and the myometrium my Oh meaning muscle the uterus is incredibly muscular those of you that had menstrual cramps can appreciate those muscle contractions and those of you that have babies can really appreciate how muscular that uterus is you so female anatomy has a lot of ligaments just to make sure that we keep this guy in place especially when there's a ten pound baby in there jumping around so we've got several kinds of ligaments first we have the broad ligament which is there and kind of like pinkish purple there the big bracket so that would be on both sides there you're showing it on one side here so this kind of supports the uterus keeps it from going side to side the round ligament which is the red arrow is going to anchor the uterus to the front abdominal wall and in the ovarian ligament the little black arrow is there to make sure that the over Bree doesn't get twisted so that's connecting the ovary to the uterus and then at the top we have the suspensory ligament which just kind of keeps the whole uterus like suspended up up right so the broad ligament keeps it from going side to side the round ligament keeps it from going to the front the ovarian ligament just keeps the ovary in its place and this sir a ligament just keeps everything suspended so even though the title slides three ligaments I went ahead and put the suspensory ligament on here last minute the vagina so the vagina is the like like less than 1 inch thick 9 centimeter long muscular tube but of course the penis goes and the baby comes out and the blood comes out so this is from the cervix to the body's exterior so semen is deposited here uterine secrete Shen's the blood and the birth canal it's not the wreath Rosso it's not where the urine comes out so if you look at this picture the bladder is under the uterus and diri throws coming off of there