Overview
This lecture introduces key themes and concepts in Hindu art and architecture, focusing on temple structure, symbolism, and the historical context of major developments.
Key Features of Hindu Art
- Hindu art is closely tied to religion, focusing on gods, rituals, and spiritual symbolism.
- Common art forms include sculptures, reliefs, and iconography depicting deities and mythological events.
- Artworks often feature symbolic gestures (mudras), multiple arms, and animal attributes signifying divine powers.
Hindu Temple Architecture
- The Hindu temple is the central structure for worship, often representing a cosmic mountain (Mount Meru).
- Temples are designed to guide devotees inward towards the sanctum (garbhagriha), housing the main deity.
- Main temple elements include the sanctuary (garbhagriha), entrance hall (mandapa), and towering superstructure (shikhara).
- Temples usually align with cardinal directions and feature elaborate exterior sculptures and carvings.
Regional Variations
- North Indian temples (Nagara style) have curved towers (shikharas) and are richly decorated.
- South Indian temples (Dravida style) have pyramid-like towers (vimanas) and large gateway towers (gopurams).
- Regional styles reflect local materials, traditions, and patronage.
Symbolism in Hindu Art and Temples
- Temple architecture represents the universe and serves as a link between human and divine realms.
- Iconography uses symbolic attributes (weapons, animals, poses) to express deities’ roles and powers.
- Rituals and offerings within temples reflect beliefs about karma, dharma (duty), and moksha (liberation).
Historical Context
- Hindu art evolved from early cave temples and rock-cut shrines to monumental stone temples.
- Dynasties such as the Cholas and Pallavas significantly shaped temple development and support.
- Temples served not only religious purposes but also social, political, and educational functions.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Garbhagriha — The innermost sanctum of a Hindu temple housing the main deity.
- Mandapa — A pillared hall or porch preceding the sanctum in a temple.
- Shikhara/Vimana — The tower or spire above the sanctum in North/South Indian temples.
- Mudra — Symbolic hand gesture used in Hindu iconography.
- Iconography — Visual images and symbols used to represent deities or religious concepts.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review images of North and South Indian temples to identify stylistic differences.
- Read the next assigned chapter on Hindu art history.
- Prepare questions on temple symbolism for class discussion.