fiber bundle here's another collagen fiber bundle i'm sorry but i'm just not really seeing what you see do you see the pink lines oh okay the thick you're looking at the thick you're looking at the big pink line that's just kind of going everywhere yes that's collagen bundles all right gotcha okay and they're going to be the background color and when i say background it's going to almost seem seem like um that it's background where other things pop in front of it so in real life this is all three dimensional it's layers we're just seeing it flat two-dimensional so collagen is gonna be the background okay the foreground we're gonna see these thin pencil lines popping forward do y'all see those thin pencil lines it almost looks like someone just took a pencil and drew all over it yes yeah okay these thin pencil lines are going to be which one it will be the elastic fibers those are the elastic fibers so the elastic fibers you can see are kind of staining darker like a purplish color and they almost look like they're popping forward so collagen looks like it's filling the background information and elastic looks like it pops forward so on the test i could ask you these questions i could say identify the fiber at the pointer tip so you know imagine that there's a pointer tip not just an arrow or it could be that i drew an arrow and i labeled the arrow one identify the fiber labeled one i could say identify the cell labeled two so on the test you're going to be asked to identify different structures i could say identify this tissue what would the tissue be areola areola i can ask you a location and a function you get those directly from the textbook okay so that would be like a fill in the blank like when you ask the location and we can just list around blood vessels or yes yes yeah and just remember that if you said around blood vessels but you changed that to be um something else that means the same thing it would probably count it wrong and then i would have to go in and give you the credit so don't stress too much about you know what your answer how you write it just worry about getting your knowledge down okay i don't want y'all to stress about oh my god i i can't get the exact answer correct i go in and i hand checked every everything that's why it takes a while to grade them okay so i'm going to continue on with my analogies i'm gonna give my husband credit for this one because i cannot think of anything that looks like areolar that's food i always think it kind of looks like a spiderweb to me but my husband told me he's he sees spaghetti so i went with that um i don't really see it but it may help you it may not um but basically the spaghetti would be the fibers and then all the little chunks of whatever's in there would be the cells so thanks for laughing at that i'll tell my husband that someone agreed with this i definitely agree no but the little purple purple whatever in there in the spaghetti looks like the the picture the the what you call the nucleus wait the macrophage the fibroblasts yeah the cells okay okay so do y'all see how there's a pointer in the areolar tissue right here this is a pointer tip yes okay yes that pointer tip is pointing to a cell in the chat put a for fibroblasts or b for macrophage in the chat a for fibro or b for macro great job y'all are doing great okay so people put a for fibro really good okay so that's our first um loose connective tissue our next loose connective tissue is adipose adipose connective tissue is what what do you commonly call this marshmallows it is marshmallows it's bone i say bone it's fat okay now while adipose tissue is usually my class's favorite because it's pretty easy to recognize yeah the questions asked about it are where the students often get confused so this tissue is known as adipose tissue remember that tissues are made up of cells the cells are called adipose sites what does site tell us you're going to maintain and then adipo tells you fat so what are the sites maintaining in your body you got it okay so adipose sites are basically these big circular cells and they are filled with a big old fat droplet that fat droplet is so big it pushes everything to the side so all you really see is a white circle with maybe a nucleus stuck to the side inside is the fat drop so the white that you see is the fat drop so on this picture this whole cell is one adipocyte okay here's a nucleus here's another adipocyte here's a third site so each of these cells are a single adipose site what is this white stuff that fills the middle what is this right here fat deposit that is your fat so some people call it a lipid droplet some people call it a fat droplet some people go fancy and right triglyceride any of them are fine okay so let me tell you what the questions are like if i said identify this tissue what would the tissue name be apples loose loose tissue oh loose tissue no no go you were right the first time you always want to go specific remember loose is a group that defines characteristics it defines that we see a lot of cells okay if i said identify here's my pointer tip right here identify the cell at the pointer tip both sides what is stored in the cell at the pointer tip what is stored in the cell at the pointer tip side crops perfect so when we talk about this tissue the name of the tissue is adipose the cells are adipocytes and the storage is a fat drop lipid drop however you want to call it so if we ask the function the function is just um i guess storage it stores that around organs that that's a function it actually has quite a few different functions but that's a function of it all right so let's go to our typical analogies y'all see the similarity yes okay yeah so when i see adipose i see marshmallows so that's just my little analogy now when you look at adipose tissue so we're looking at this picture or we look at these pictures the actual tissue itself is pretty white so there's actually two types of adipose tissue in the body what we're looking at in these pictures and in that picture are called white fat but there is another type of fat in the body called brown fats also known as batty tissue brown adipose tissue is only going to be found in newborns so brown adipose tissue is found in newborns it has more mitochondria and more blood vessels than than white fat you say more mitochondria and more blood vessels than white fat now as the newborn develops brown fat converts into white fat and you do have a little bit of brown fat in the body as adults but every person's different so you may have point zero five percent and someone else may have two percent of brown fat so it's not it's not very common in adults newborns have brown adipose tissue or brown fat is the newborn needs to keep their temperature higher they need it to thermoregulate so brown fat is used for thermoregulation more than regular white fat so brown fat is used for thermoregulation you are not going to have to identify brown fat you only have to recognize regular white fat what is more bv need what is what say that one more time more bv blood vessels oh blood vessels thank you sorry thank you so i just want you to think cellular cellular respiration is how we make most of your body's atp atp can only be made if we have nutrients specifically glucose that's the easiest way to make it brought to the mitochondria and oxygen so the more blood vessels we have the more sugar and the more um oxygen with the sugar and the oxygen the mitochondria can make more atp that atp is used for thermoregulation so keeping babies warm now this picture the ones that are book ending on either side this is brown fat it looks totally different than white fat yeah it looks purple but remember that's a stain but i know it doesn't quite look the same the fat drops are much smaller they're what you call bi-trioculated meaning that there's lots of little fat drops instead of one big one so you don't have to recognize it i just wanted y'all to see the difference between them should we remember that big word oh no no i i just want y'all to see the difference and understand why there is brown fat okay so one of the questions be like what is a function of adipose um tissue and then we'll have to write out one of the functions so functions are primarily physiology tests whereas it's going to be like actually false right i'm sorry say that again and that's going to be more of a true false true false multiple choice matching so the physiology tests are like what you would be used to taking for a regular test like scantron usually except for online so there's no scantrons so when you think functions think physiology when you think anatomy think mostly practical okay which would be more identifying yeah practical's more anatomy so you more identify i had that all written in the announcement i'm so just a little confused i'm sorry okay so if you go to the announcement that i posted for test one it talks about the differences between the practical and the physiology and it's explained in the syllabus um schedule and the addendum and she tell us what's on it how many questions multiple choice how many minutes uh each part should tell us the practical what's on it and the anatomy that you have to label she break it down and just i saw that i just needed a little bit more yeah and there's also a study guide that will help guide you it's just a guide i don't i personally don't really believe in study guides so it's just that guide you so okay so we've done areolar and we've done adipose our final loose tissue is reticular now when you look at reticular what you're going to see are lots of cells so remember loose means we see tons of cells it doesn't mean fibers aren't present it just means that we see a lot of cells based on the name reticular tissue what fiber do you think this has fiber it does have fibers but which one particular yeah okay so reticular tissue has reticular fibers if you remember i said that reticular fibers are short and wavy these little cracks in here those are all reticular fibers so i kind of think they just look like little cracks in glass all of these that i'm tracing those are all the reticular fibers okay all of the circles behind them are all of the cells and you can see that there are tons and tons of cells it looks like pink peanut brittle oh that's a good one that's a new one pink peanut brittle that works okay now with reticular tissue since it has reticular fibers and their job is kind of a supporting fiber we're going to find reticular tissue in hollow organs that are small so lymph nodes you're going to find it in the spleen parts of the liver the liver is not small but you don't find it everywhere so it's a supporting tissue now one of the most important sorry veronica you had something no i said clean liver and what else did you say again uh lymph nodes okay now since reticular is found in a lot of places supporting one of the most important places that we find it is in your red bone marrow so it is found lining the area of red bone marrow it is very important in blood production so it's kind of a filtering support tissue for red bone marrow it's a supportive work it's a supportive filtering tissue and it's located with red bone marrow so really important with your bone marrow red bone marrow okay now we have seen this tissue for those that are also in my lecture we've kind of gone over some of my analogies before so i like all food analogies but not everything has food all the time so this one cherry blossoms and then i also kind of think clusters of fruit that's just another description that i kind of think of and now i'm not sure who said it but who said the peanut brittle stephanie if it's more stephanie i see that too so maybe i'll add that to my collection next time i teach i think the cherry blossoms are like spot on because the branches look like the fibers and then the blossoms look like the cells so lots of different things you may see kind of depends on your imagination so we have covered three loose tissues we've covered areolar adipose and reticular now i'm gonna go through just a few questions what's the function ma'am sorry where do you get the function uh in the red blood red bone marrow no but where can but where do you find the functions it's on page 127. in your textbook because of time i'm going over 11 tissues today i don't have time to give y'all everything so you go straight to your textbook i'm only covering things that are i'm highlighting that i think are super important sorry no that's fine i just there's no way i can go over everything in a three-hour period okay so the next thing is going to be just a few questions just throw your answers in the chat and then we'll move on to dance so here's your first question tyrone is getting fancy and answering with the full word okay now we're gonna go to the next question everybody that i've seen has put c which is reticular and that is correct here's the next question okay very good everybody was putting b areolar areolar is their scotch tape of the body not the duct tape because it's not that strong the scotch tape always go with the best answer that you see i have to take my cell um my watch off because i get buzzed every time y'all answer a question it's connected to my um my apple watch teams is okay good job so while loose is a correct answer it's not the best answer the best answer is going to be reticular because reticular is a specific tissue so you will rarely if ever with me be answering the term loose dense cartilage liquid you will always be doing a very specific name of a tissue okay so we've done loose looses lots of visible cells loosely intertwined fibers so dense is going to be basically the opposite dense is going to be tightly packed fibers they're so tightly packed that the cells are not as visible dents is going to be tightly packed fibers and they're so tightly packed that the cells are not as visible tightly packed fibers that are so packed that the cells are not as visible does that mean that there are not cells present no do we see them as easily though no you got it good answers okay so we have three denses dense regular dense irregular and elastic with the word elastic be really careful we have elastic fibers elastic connective tissue and elastic cartilage so you just want to be really careful when you use that term elastic and make sure that you put an ending on it because you don't want to confuse elastic fiber with elastic connective tissue with elastic cartilage so you just have to be careful with naming that all three densest are going to be used for strength so which fiber are we going to have tons of chronic cartilage collagen good job y'all collagen good job so who is collagen's buddy who does collagen like to hang out with it is elasticity elastic now just because it hangs out with elastic does not mean we can always see the elastic okay collagen is a much more forward seeing fiber we see that one more easily so we're going to go over the first one which is dense regular okay dense regular is going to be collagen fibers running in a regular pattern so they're all running the same direction so collagen fibers running in a regular pattern that pattern can be up and down left to right it can be at an angle but no matter what what we're seeing is that they're running in one direction so in this particular picture both of them are running up and down i could actually make this picture and it can run left to right but the similarity is that they're all running in one direction now since we have so many fibers what type of cell makes all these fibers collagen fiber bundles yeah so the cell would be uh was it chelsea that just said that or brianna brianna brianna so brianna just said fibroblast so remember if i'm asking for the word cell the word cell is going to be a blast of sight a class so fibroblasts produce the fibers so what we're seeing in here is we're seeing not as many cells but we're seeing lots of smushed fibroblasts that are kind of looking like smooshed pancakes because they're around they're being smushed between all the fibers that are tightly bound together so we still have a lot of cells but the cells are not quite as visible as they were in loose now since these fibers run in one direction are bi-directional what happens is that they're really strong in the direction they run so in this picture they are really strong going up and down but the minute there is pressure from the left or the right they're not as strong anymore and they can easily tear so i want y'all to think about the acl have y'all heard of the acl yes okay it's a very common ligament that is a super common injury so the acl is a ligament in your knee you also have a pcl and mcl so you may have heard those two this is a very common injury in football soccer and that's because this ligament runs up and down so when your knee gets hit from the side the ligament is not as strong from the side so it causes tears so we find dense regular in your tendons and your ligaments do you all know the difference between tendons and ligaments one connects bones to bones and one connects bones to muscles which one do tendons do bone muscle okay muscle to bone and then ligaments are going to do bone to bone so tendons and ligaments they're the same structure they're both made out of dense regular but tendons connect bones to muscles ligaments connect bones to bones so have y'all heard of the achilles tendon that huge tendon in the back of your leg going from your calf to your ankle yeah that tendon connects your heel bone to your calf muscle so bone to muscle heel bone to your calf muscle we say that again achilles oh that was just an example the achilles tendon right connects your calf to your heel bone so calf muscle to heal bone whereas ligaments connect bone to bone they're made out of the same thing they're just different locations so let's do another analogy this is dense um dense regular and what are these candies twizzlers wow so twizzlers return the collagen and just pretend that all these little like shadows between all these shadows are going to be the cells what are those cells called macrophage in fibroblasts they're only going to be fibroblasts on this particular picture so this is just an analogy y'all this is not science this is just ways to kind of get your memory thinking to separate all of these so in this picture that we're seeing right here this picture remember that this is collagen fibers all running in one direction are bi-directional up and down in this picture and then these are what cells fibroblasts you got it okay so dense regular is when the fibers run in a very consistent pattern what do you think dense irregular is gonna be do you think they're gonna have one pattern no it might have no they look more chaotic might have different points see okay so i heard chaotic i heard different and what did you just say jeremy uh messy messy all of those are great descriptions this question yes for the dense regular is it always going to be dense collagen fibers yes it's going to be collagen there is elastic present but we rarely ever see it okay thank you so basically you were seeing pink fibers now if we were actually in lab and i don't know why i don't have a picture of this but if we were actually in lab and we were using slides there are a few slides that i love that don't have any stain to them and the reason that's good is because you only see the structures you don't memorize color and if you can let me see if i can find one online just because it's really important to start seeing things um oh see all these are stained we have some really nice ones in the book is is there one in the book that's not stained it's just kind of like a brownish yeah exactly and i i thought i thought i may have had one i'd probably have one somewhere in one of my files it's just finding that file won't be that easy i'm just going to look super quickly because we don't have time for me to really look for a long time if i had this like if it was my choice we would not learn stains at all but that's not my choice so most of our stuff is stained what's wrong at one point i did have this picture somewhere and i don't know where it is okay well it's not on my immediate pictures for class but when they're not stained it's you just see the direction and the shape of the fibers you're not seeing any pink okay oh i'm not finding anything if i find it i'll send it to y'all via email okay i don't want to waste too much of yes time me finding what i like to to show okay so our next one is dense irregular and it's just a mess we still see collagen but the collagen is no longer going in one direction the collagen is going it's not going up and down or side to side anymore it's going in all different directions so it's kind of like swirly so each of these arrows i'm drawing are collagen fibers going in different directions and they're bundles they're not single fibers now the reason this is so important is because when collagen goes in all different directions no matter which way it is pulled it is strong so with dense regular it's only strong in the direction it runs with dense irregular it's strong in every single direction so your biggest portion of your skin is your dermis so both of these pictures here are showing the dermis so this whole picture is the dermis and all of this is the dermis your dermis is the bulk of your skin and if you think about your skin you move it constantly it goes around your legs your arms your torso and you move it in all different directions all the time it's twisting and it doesn't tear that easily because the collagen is in all different directions so it's very strong it's one of the stronger tissues in your body the whites of your eye is known as the sclera that is also made out of dense irregular and then the periosteum and the parry what does the word perry tell you outside close very close veronica surrounding running around yeah it is on the outside so it goes around from the outside so periosteum is going to be going around what okay what does osteum sound like yeah around bone and what does perichondrium tell us yeah cartilage so basically around your bone and around your cartilage you may have a layer of dense irregular tissue surrounding it you may not all of it does but most of it does so around bone and around cartilage you may have dense irregular surrounding it because it provides strength and structure i'm sorry periosteum is the outside of bone it's a it's a layer of tissue on the outside and perichondrium is the same but it's on cartilage so when you look at dense irregular the fibers don't run in one direction they run all over the place and i think it looks like tenderized meat um if you don't see it it's perfectly fine this is just what i see when i look at it yeah but it looks more like the one covered with a lot of fat though yeah it's that that fatty area is kind of like the ground substance so this is just what i see y'all again but it's not close yeah i also see in my head cotton candy just because it's very airy and the fibers of the sugar go in different directions okay so we've done dense regular and we've done dense irregular the last dense is elastic connective tissue so this is elastic connective tissue lasagna lasagna which i have a picture of in a second okay when y'all look at elastic you see two major colors do y'all see kind of a background pink a little bit a little bit okay what what um fiber stains pink glitch areola okay and then what fiber are long and skinny and stained dark and pop forward relaxing elastic so elastic connective tissue is going to be both elastic and collagen bundled together but the reason we see the elastic fibers is because there's so much more of it now we find elastic connective tissue in areas that need a lot of stretching but recoiling so we find this in your major blood vessels so like your aorta is your largest blood vessel and we need that blood vessel to get bigger and then get smaller as blood's pumping through it so we find elastic connective tissue in areas that need to stretch and recoil stretch and recoil now in this there are two major fibers we see we see that kind of purple skinnier fiber that pops forward what is the purple skinnier fiber that pops forward elastic elastic elastic fibers and great and then that background is going to be that pink and because anything that stretches and recoils we need to have it be strong so it doesn't tear that background kind of pink color is going to be which fiber composition got it so i personally see both um oh i forgot to tell you all this most of the pictures i'm using most not all are from our lab so they're either i've taken them our students have taken them not all of them are but most of them are but that's just so y'all can kind of see the quality that you will see on the test so be ha just be um reassure that we use good pictures on the test i don't use some of the crappy stuff um so when i look at elastic i took two different stains because one looks like lasagna to me and one looks like turkey bacon so this is the one that looks like lasagna to me one that's darker in color if you don't see it it's not a big deal okay so i see lasagna when it's really stained heavily oh ramen's good ramen noodles is really good um josemer said ramen yeah before you take it apart yeah and then this one is the lighter stained one and i see turkey bacon exactly you don't see turkey bacon don't worry about it i see ham too like when you want a same sandwich so remember that these are just kind of silly things that i use to help with you know association so these are just different ways to help you all kind of remember stuff okay so we've done three densest we've done dense regular dense irregular and elastic connective tissue we are going to go through um just a few questions just write that answer in the chat and then we'll move on okay so here's your first question okay so the a torn acl is a torn ligament so think about what ligaments and tendons are made out of okay so everyone is putting b which is great and even someone that put a said oops b way to go okay so an acl anterior cruciate ligament okay ligament tells us it's dense regularly [Music] okay and most people i'm gonna give all just another second to put in okay so most people or everyone i think put d so d is tendons and ligaments which one which dense tissue would we find in the dermis of the skin the bulk of your skin is which dense tissue irregular irregular good job what is padding that protects our organs which tissue is the padding that protects our organs cushion adipose good job good job yuri and then what tissue do we know we find supporting those small hollow structures such as the spleen and lymph it looks like cherry blossoms are clustered good job okay okay we're gonna take just a short break like a two minute break just go stretch run to the bathroom if you need to because we still have five more tissues to go so just take a real short break and then we'll start back up in about two minutes okay it's been two minutes are we back we're ready to go okay so we've done loose we've done dents now we're gonna hop into cartilage cartilage is a very unique tissue because it has certain things we haven't seen yet okay it also is that tissue that's kind of the exception to all of the connective tissue rules it is avascular what does that mean it lacks nerves and we can find it lining structures not all cartilage does that but some cartilage lines structures so it's kind of the rebel of your connective tissue family now cartilage is going to have some very unique characteristics that helps us identify it the first characteristic is that it's always going to have a ground substance now all tissues have this all connected tissues have it but cartilages you can see really well and in this particular picture i have the ground substance is all the purple that surround these little white holes okay the ground substance is made out of chondroitin sulfate so what does chondro tell you cartilage yep it means cartilage so if you see that word chondro it's referencing cartilage now the chondroitin sulfate may or may not have fibers in it in this particular picture i have up here there are no fibers but there can be just not the one that i have up here now something that's unique to cartilage and we'll also see it in bone is do y'all see all these little white holes these little white holes are called lacunae lacunae are just kind of like little divots that have cells that sit in them these are the cells that maintain cartilage what cell maintains cartilage lacunae well that's what they sit in but what cell maintains it kind of science chondrocytes we know sites means maintained and we know chondroblast cartilage okay so and you can see the lacunae over here too now a lot of these lacunae on this last picture are empty and that just means the chondrocytes died so if you don't see a cell in a lacunae it's fine it just means the cell died okay now the last thing is that cartilage can have a perichondrium and we just kind of went over this what's the word perry mean outside surrounding what does chondra mean um okay so two of the three cartilages we're going to learn will have a perichondrium the perichondrium is made out of dense irregular which is just the last um one of the last tissues we went over not all not all cartilage has a perichondrium two of them do the two cartilages with the perichondrium are hyaline cartilage and elastic cartilage now why is a perichondrium good it is good because it contains blood vessels it is protection too so whoever just said protection that's another good answer so perichondriums contain blood vessels what do cartilage tissues lack blood supply yeah blood vessels yeah so if cartilage is damaged they don't have blood vessels in it to heal it so all of the nutrients and cells they have to diffuse from other blood vessels if the perichondrium is present that means that there are blood vessels that are right next to that cartilage so the chances of them healing is going to be faster and better so these are just general characteristics of all cartilage they're gonna have a ground substance they're gonna have lacunae which are just these little pits that hold cells and they can have a perichondrium they can now what is this tissue right here y'all that's above the perichondrium adipo say that with confidence okay good job yeah so the one thing that we are missing by not being in the lab is that at the end of classes i usually pick certain tissues actually not tissues certain slides that will have about eight tissues on it and then i'll go through them and test y'all and it's great because regardless of where it's from in the body you know these tissues and you're able to go through them now we have three cartilages in the body hyaline elastic and fibrocartilage hyland and elastic are the only ones with a perichondrium fibrocartilage does not have a perichondrium okay do any of these have blood vessels though do any of those cartilages no which one i heard no and i heard yes what is about cartilage is considered oh vasquez okay i was thinking about the perichondrium yeah and the perichondrium does have those blood vessels but it's not cartilage it just surrounds it right so we are going to go over highland first and anytime you see a pointer in a picture that means that it was taken in our lab so these are very good cell slides this is hyaline cartilage hyaline cartilage is the most abundant cartilage in your body so you have the most of it it's also the weakest so go ahead and touch your finger to the tip of your nose and wiggle your nose that is hyaline cartilage pretty flexible do you all know how babies are super flexible mm-hmm like they can literally like turn into a pretzel that's because their bones are made up of hyaline cartilage they haven't fully ossified so they haven't fully hardened into bone yep that explains why they can be a gymnast at a young age um and then if you um the ends of all bones all long bones are covered with hyaline cartilage and it's called articular cartilage so the ends of all long bones are covered with a thin layer of cartilage called articular cartilage it is made out of highland but it's named for its location so articular cartilage is hyaline cartilage that lines the ends of bones articular cartilage is hyaline cartilage that lines the ends of bones when we look at the cartilage what are each of these little pits called lacunae you got it so if it's just an a that's singular if you put an e on it that's plural i'm really not picky but i will give you a warning that some teachers are okay now in a lot of the lacunae we're actually seeing cells what are those cells and then what cells are going to maintain the cartilage okay so all these little nuclei that we see in the lacuna those are chondrocytes now does cartilage have fibroblasts yes but we're not going to see it wait say that again miss dr r i said that cartilage can have a fiber blast but we're not going to physically see it we're only going to see chondrocytes okay now all of the stuff between the lacunae so in this particular picture all of this purple and in this particular picture kind of this pinkish color that is filling everything between the cells what is that gonna be the matrix okay and the matrix can have both fibers and ground substances ground substance yeah specifically this ground substance is known as chondroitin sulfate so doesn't matter what picture we're looking at all of this stuff that surrounds the lacunae is all ground substance and it's known as chondroitin sulfate so do all cells have lacunae all cartilage has lacunae the cells sit in there so the lacunae or the cells kind of like living space okay all kind of ladies out there now is the ground substance gonna be made of the chondroitin sulfates and other areas or solely in the cartilage chondroitin sulfate is solely for cartilage but there will be other stuff in it so it will also have dermatitis sulfate hyaluronic acid but we're only focusing on chondroitin sulfate okay thank you now for this particular cartilage we're looking at it's hyaline you're not seeing fibers in the ground substance so hyaline cartilage you cannot physically see fibers fibers are not visible so for hyaline cartilage fibers are not visible now i'm just going to change pictures and show you two more pictures of hyland so dr r what is what is the the pink on top of the picture to the right this one right here that my mouse is going over that is your perichondrium so it's it's above yep it's a it's actually surrounds it so it's on both sides so it would be down here if i had the bottom of this picture too oh okay okay and so the cartilage is in between there yeah so this is the highlands so let me go back nope those pictures this one's a little bit better let me erase all this and show you this one kind of shows you everything from here to here is your hyaline cartilage and then this area is going to be your perichondrium okay now i see it it doesn't look good i see it yeah it just depends on like if how much i blew up a picture so this is hyaline cartilage again it doesn't really matter the stain you're not seeing fibers running in the ground substance now fibers are there there's just not a lot of them so they're not very visible so that's why we say you cannot see them what are all of these circles called these little pits lacunae what sits what is the cell in the pet character sites androcytes okay now the cartilages are just something that i'm gonna tell y'all spend time on okay spend time looking google see tons of pictures so this is highland cartilage our next one is elastic cartilage both of these pictures came from our lab what i want you to notice is in the ground substance you're seeing individual fibers so all of those kind of lines that you are seeing those all fibers based on the name elastic cartilage what type of fiber do you think you're seeing elastic elastic elastic fibers whoa i don't know i'm learning my new computer still i just learned that i can blow things up for y'all okay so elastic cartilage has elastic fibers it's still really flexible but it's much stronger so everyone take their hand and grab the outside of your ear the upper part of your ear okay you see how you can still kind of bend it and fold it so it's still flexible but it's much stronger than hyaline cartilage and that's because it has those elastic fibers in it so the your outer part of your upper ear is known as the oracle some people call it the pinna either name is fine that is where we find elastic cartilage oracle or pinna does elastic cartilage have a perichondrium yes or no elastic cartilage yes to a perichondrium okay now i'm going to show you two more pictures that came from our lab these you can see the fibers a little bit better so can you also kind of see these it almost looks like fray from jeans between the pits all of those are fibers right here is a fiber you can see the fibers in whoops you can see the fibers really well in there it looks like a cluster of frog eggs oh that's a good one so we're gonna say frog eggs that looks really that's a really good one um do y'all still see these little pits right here here here what are those pits called lacunae lacunae and what is found inside of them what cell do we find peace okay so i really like the frog egg comparison because my whole master's degree is on amphibians and reptiles but when i look at this particular picture i see oysters on the half shell yes indeed so again y'all for the cartilages it's one of those things i just emphasize spend a little extra time looking at pictures okay so we've done hyaline cartilage which is the weakest and most abundant elastic cartilage is stronger but it's still very flexible our next cartilage is fibrocartilage based on the name what does it have a lot in it fibers this is your strongest cartilage strongest which fiber is in it [Music] fibrocartilage is full and full of collagen fibers just tons of colors there's so many collagen fibers it's sometimes hard to see the lacunae so there's just so many of them now these two pictures come from our lab this is what our older specimen look like and this is what our newer slides look like you can still see the collagen in this particular picture it's blue it's not pink what are these pits called that we can barely see because there's so many fibers and then what are these cells that are staining a pink that we can see really well chondrocyte androcytes you got it okay so remember how i said collagen almost always stains pink i said almost always this is just an example of when it stains blue now can they stain fibrocartilage pink yes here's a picture of it we personally don't have any pink slides we all of our slides are blue so i just wanted to show you that it can be pink now this one came from the web this is not a picture we took but what i want to emphasize is that it has so many fibers it is super strong and it still allows some flexibility we find fibrocartilage in areas that take just a lot of beating from you what joints do you know that you just abuse by everyday living you're easing your back all the limbs and knees yeah definitely and i'm just say vertebrae which is referencing your hand we find fibrocartilage in areas that need to absorb a lot of shock and take a lot of tension away from all of the movement so we find the fibrocartilage in meniscus of your knee which is just a disc a cartilage in your knee [Music] and we find it in your intervertebral disc enter vertebral disc so you hear about people talk about a herniated disc or slip disc it's fiber cartilage we also find it and this is important for everybody because everyone has this in the pubic symphysis that's a piece of cartilage between your hip bones so every time you walk it's not just your knees your hips are moving and they absorb a lot of the shock and friction isn't just lined with some type of cartilage i'm sorry say that again it's sacral is that right oh you're sacrum so between your sacrum and the lumbar vertebrae right above it you're going to have a fibrocartilage disc okay you do okay yeah yeah it's not going to be it's going to be at the top of your sacrum and you're going to learn those parts soon it's called the sacral problematory thank you okay now does fibrocartilage have a perichondrium no no super important because that is why you often hear about surgeries so if you get a torn meniscus which is a very common um injury to the knee if it's not a bad tear they'll let it go but if it's a bad tear the only way to fix it is surgery and that's because these just don't heal that quickly because there's no blood supply near them and they're so dense it's hard for things to diffuse through them so again with your cartilages hyaline elastic and fibrocartilage just google these look at tons of pictures that's going to be the best way to learn these so fibrocartilage has no blood supply right none of the cartilages dude okay but fiber doesn't have that perichondrium so there's like no blood supply near it so it takes it even longer to heal the heal okay okay so here are a few questions same thing just throw those answers into the chat room okay i got only about 10 of y'all have answered few more answer okay so everyone's putting c that's correct here's the next one okay everyone's putting c for this one also okay um the next tissue we're gonna cover is gonna be bone and then blood i'm gonna go to blood first just because it's a lot faster to go through and that way i know exactly how much time i have left for bone so i'm gonna skip quite a few for a second and go straight to blood there we go okay so we're gonna do blood first and then i'm gonna go back to bone when we think about blood it is our only connective tissue that we are learning that is going to be what consistency liquid liquid so when we think about loose dents and cartilage they're all what we consider like gel like i think of silly putty or gum that's like gel like it's solid but it's flexible when you think of bone it's hard and solid but when you think of blood blood has a liquid portion to it so blood is actually made out of a group of things it is made out of cells because it is a connective tissue and it's made out of the matrix and the matrix has fibers and the ground substance okay the fibers are very specialized fibers we did not actually talk about these so don't stress about them you'll learn that in a p2 but the fibers are very specialized fibers for clotting so they're not one that we specifically talked about the ground substance is going to be your plasma and then the cells we're going to have three cells we talk about erythrocytes leukocytes and thrombocytes so the first cell is a eurythrocyte do you think you're going to get credit on the test if you put red blood cell probably not probably not you need to put your erythrocyte even if you misspell it it's a quarter of a point off so 0.25 if you write red blood cells it's wrong so go ahead and misspell it and just get a quarter of a point off instead of getting it wrong erythrocytes are the most common blood cell but they're not even real cells because they are e nucleated i cannot spell today let me start that over e nucleated okay what that means is that they are without a nucleus so red blood cells erythrocytes are not even real cells because they lack a nucleus they only have about a three-month life span and does anyone know their function transport oxygen to the rest of the body perfect okay so red blood cells are the most abundant they lack a nucleus and they transport oxygen they basically look like the pinkish red dots that you see over and over again since they're the most abundant that's what you see the most of the next cell is going to be a platelet also known as a thrombocyte platelets are not even cells they're pieces of cells so they're like torn up cells if you take a piece of paper and tear it in pieces that's like a platelet you do not need to recognize platelets on pictures you just need to know the function for platelets you only need to know the function you do not need to recognize them in pictures what's the function blood clotting because we only look at magnification of 400 and this right here at 650 is a platelet you don't know if it's dirt on the slide or if it's actually a platelet so i just require y'all to know the function not to recognize them and our last cell which is a true cell is a leukocyte leukocytes can be spelled two ways so if you spell it l e u c that is fine so it could be a k r c what do y'all notice about a leukocyte there's two big things about it that are very different that's larger and it actually contains stuff in it okay the first thing is it is larger they are so much bigger in size and then what is it that it contains inside of it what does a red blood cell not have a nuclear a new that nucleus and all leukocytes will contain a nucleus now there are lots of different types of nucle of leukocytes all you need to know is leukocyte that's amp2 that you learn the different types of white blood cells now remember that this picture we're looking at is much larger than what we normally see so i'm going to go to pictures from our microscopes to show you the difference now on this particular pointer right here in the chat area i want you to put a for erythrocyte rb for leukocyte i'm just writing rbc in wbc right now for a shorthand so a is erythrocyte b is leukocyte so what is the pointer on in that picture a is erythro b is leuko you all are really rocking out today i have really good feelings about this test okay everyone's putting leukocyte that's correct can y'all see that there's that they're much bigger in size that's a leukocyte leukocyte leukocyte here's one on the edge there's a few things that tell you right off that it's a leukocyte it's larger you can see a nucleus inside of it and there's not that many of them what are all of these that we see everywhere that are just basically the whole picture our ether science you've got it and then what is this white fill in the spot fill in the between the asthma those are plasmas perfect okay now i've kind of stretched far with this analogy y'all i couldn't really get one in my head so i went for eminem's and smarties oh my goodness i have stretched a little bit but it may help you they did you are so innovative that's how i've learned i i science was always a struggle for me it's a tough subject it takes a lot of time so i'm very visual so i like to use things to help me remember okay yeah turn and think into food always make things more interesting well yeah i like to eat too so i'm a big foodie okay so i know i kind of flew through um blood i only spent about eight minutes on it but that's because i want to spend as much time as i can on bone okay and whatever we don't cover for bone i'll continue recording and post it for y'all okay so there are two types of bone in the body every single bone in your body has both types so there is compact bone and spongy bone so if we're talking about the femur which is the largest bone in the body we're talking about your skull bones you're talking about your finger bones all of the bones in your body have both compact and spongy how they're arranged will be a little different depending on the bone shape because a long bone is a lot different shape than maybe your skull bones okay compact bone is the bone that we are going to concentrate on compact bone is made out of units called osteons these are repetitive or repeating circular units so compact bone is going to be made up of osteons so they're just repetitive circle units osteons are going to have some very specific things every osteon will have a central canal this is an area where blood vessels and nerves are going to be found does anyone know the fancy name for central canal the aversion canal which one's easier to spell central st canal you can use central but her version is the technical name i am fine with central canal though so you said it has a central canal which contains what blood vessels and nerves thank you okay around every central canal and one day i'll figure out how to change colors on my pen i think i know how but it's just going to be clumsy around every central canal we are going to have layers or rings these layers and rings are known as lamellae that's plural singular would be without the e so when i look at this particular picture i drew i have one lamella two lamella three lamella so they're just layers you can have 10 lamella i'm just drawing it straight forward this kind of reminds me of a tree don't steal my thunder oh sorry [Laughter] tree stone it is that's exactly what people use but i have some other ones that are food so y'all know i'm going to show you the food i know okay food and the tree stump so bone is very similar to cartilage in that it's going to have those little pits on it what are those little pits called lacunae so bone is going to have lacunae all over the lamella so i'm not going to draw it everywhere but if you look at a picture or you're drawing your own you can do it so bone is going to have the lacunae they're just little pits but since we're talking about bone it's not chondrocytes what is it now what sits inside of the electrode um i still say why osteo acios because oxygen means bone yeah so it's the same concept chondrocytes sit in lacuna for cartilage cartilage sit in lacuna for bone same concept just different tissue like visceral plural and visceral parietal um visceral um pericardial yeah it's basically understanding that some of the functions are the same just the naming changes yeah now osteocytes are living bone is very vascular if you've ever broken a bone it does bleed bone is very vascular which means we can get blood to the osteocytes and that's going to bring nutrients and we can take away from the osteocytes which means that's going to take away waste so off of the lacuna you're going to have these little bitty canals they almost look like eyelashes and these little canals are called cannaliculis which is just tiny canal these tiny canals are going to bring nutrients to the cells and take waste away so blood vessels go through these tiny tiny canals so osteons have that central canal they have rings called lamella they have lacunae and in those pits we find osteocytes and those cells are living so we need to make sure we get nutrients to them and waste away from them and that's going to happen through those tiny canals called can i like you lies now compact bone are these very neat circular units called osteons spongy bone does not have osteons instead the word spongy i want you to think about a kitchen sponge it's very porous lots of little columns absorbing spongy bone is going to be made up of units called trabeculae trabeculae are these columns so each of these little columns that's a trabeculae and do you'll see all these holes in the trabeculae right here right here here these holes are going to be filled with red bone marrow what loose connective tissue fills red bone marrow looks like we're taking cherry blossoms meticulous you got it sorry can you repeat like the last five seconds from made of palms of trabeculae so spongy bone lacks osteons and it's made up of columns bony columns called trabeculae and all those holes that you see between the columns is going to be filled with red bone marrow okay thank you and red bone marrow is supported by reticular okay okay now i want to make a very important point here trabeculae spongy bone lacks osteons that doesn't mean it doesn't have the same parts though they're just not organized in a circular unit it still has lamella it still has lacunae it still has osteocytes and it still has can i like you lies it has all of the same parts except for what in the center central canal it has no central and that is because uh trabeculae are not always going to be circular they may be oblong they may be almost linear so they're just not repetitive circular units they're going to be whatever the shape is of the column so if it's real long and skinny if it's really large and oval it just depends so spongy bone and compact bone have a lot of the same parts okay so here is spongy in this picture here is compact okay does compact bone have an osteon yes the spongy bone no does compact bone have trabeculae yes no no no no no whoa sorry the spongy bone have trabeculae yes yes do compact bone does compact bone have lamella yes yes the spongy bone have lamella yes do they both have cannolis yes dude they both have lacunae yes do they both have osteocytes no no oh yeah they do yeah so they have to because they're living and that's going to maintain them so here is spongy bone it has osteocytes keeping it alive and then here is my beautiful pictures of compact bone they have osteocytes in them so both have osteocytes so if it's bone it has to have those cells maintaining it so the only difference between spongy and compact is basically the shape of it and how it is built in the sense that compact is repetitive circular units so here's one osteon here's an osteon here's an osteon so they're just repetitive circular units and spongy bone lacks those instead they have these columns called trabeculae okay now you only have to recognize compact bone under the microscope you are not learning spongy bone do y'all see these circular units here yes okay they're not perfect okay do y'all see how some of these units are kind of like weird shaped yes okay that's because your bone remodels itself every six months so some of these osteons are older and they're being removed so like this particular osteon is being broken down fascinating now your whole bone doesn't get remodeled in six months parts of it does so like you have basically every every few months parts of your bone are brand new now this is just one big asean blown up what are these areas in the middle of each ocean canal good job what's the fancy name for it you can learn how to pronounce it a version yep okay now do y'all see these darker spots here yes okay those are the little pits what do we call those little pits lacuna lacunae both pronunciations are correct lacuna is singular lacunae is plural so don't stress about that now what cell would sit in that pit so this is a little different because in cartilage you could really see the chondrocyte in this you can't really see it so you have to pay attention to the questions if i say identify the pit i am looking for the osteocytes because the pit is the little area it sits in but if i say cell type the cell would be osteocyte oh okay okay so if i say the pit it's lacunae if i say the cell you're identifying osteocytes because there's no way to differentiate them in the picture okay now you can see the lamella because you can kind of see the layers they're not perfect but you can see the layers here it's almost impossible for me to ask you the layers on these because i would have to give you a very long definition of what the pointers on which gives you the answer so we also have models that i'm about to show you we use a model for some of the stuff it's easier to see the lamella and the can i like you lies on a model now before i go to that model these are things that i think looks like it so everyone already said this one what is this one the oyster okay does anyone remember this yummy stuff oh absolutely we'll tell you okay and this is gonna show my my fun side of me does anyone know what that is the kuni it looks like cake pans okay that that is the best answer that you could give me have anyone stacked up dog balls very close this is a collapsible shot glass however dog balls works cake pans work so if you google collapsible shot glasses you'll see them that's what it reminds me of so these are just different ways for y'all to think of it this is from our lab you can see we got our central canal right here this is just one very enlarged osteon what is this pit right here that i'm circulating and then what is cell in the pit show site do y'all see these little cracks all here that liquid folliculi good job okay now i think it's really hard for me to put a pointer on the cracks without having to like give you again the whole definition so we have models so this is the top view of the model can you see how this is all circular um each of these is what a single one lamella well they do have lamella but what is the whole their contact compact bone it is compact bone but what is each of this unit called cannot cannot blow yeah okay so yeah we're saying things that were correct but the whole unit is an osteon okay now do y'all see how on this it's showing you the layers of the osteon this one's just showing you more what are those layers called lamellae yeah that's it and so you see how it's kind of easier to see certain things in the model now you can see all these little pits what are those pits and then do you see in this particular one over here they're filling the lacunae in with little brown dots what are those cells osteo osteocytes you got it and then what is in the center right here of each asean conversion connection canal you got it okay and then here's a side view y'all see each of these layers yeah okay so each of these is these kind of we call these the ant mounds each of these is one osteon and they're just pulling them up to show you the layers um what are those layers called la lamela lamellae you got it okay so i just wanted y'all to see that it's sometimes easier to see this on models then to always have to look on a microscope um that's all you need to know on the models is just being able to say lamella can i like you lies osteon um and i have these models in uh the exercise three notes and activities that you can practice on okay so we have three minutes left i'm going to use our three minutes we have a few questions i want you to throw the answers in the chat okay first question i lied we only have one question okay so everyone that's put their answer in it's gotten it correct the answer is d bone and cartilage okay so we have successfully covered all of your tissues i'm going to do a real quick zoom to the beginning almost there okay we covered three loose areolar adipose reticular three dense dense regular dense irregular elastic connective tissue three cartilages hyaline cartilage elastic cartilage fibrocartilage two types of bone compact and spongy under the microscope you only identify compact and we only covered one type of liquid which was blood okay so this is part of your test tomorrow okay i'm going to stop recording and then i'm going to open up for questions let me stop this recording