it's a me Mr B and I'm going to talk about part two now of classical civilization in the Mediterranean which is Rome uh before I do that though I want to remind you back across the sea on the pelian peninsula the Greeks were kind of the foundation for classical civilization in the Mediterranean that started to come to an end I would say with the pelian war when the Spartans beat the Athenians the Spartans were much better at military matters than they were at governing uh so it just uh pretty much weakened the peninsula as a whole because the Spartans weren't effective administrators but that just opened the door forfill the second of Macedon and later of course Alexander the Great to take over the region and begin to create the helenistic period so I'm going to jump right on over here to part two and we're going to look at Rome and what we see is right as the Greek dark ages are are kind of wrapping up that was the time period during which Homer was lamenting the loss of Heroes we see uh there's a lot of Greek settlers that had come across the sea to live on the Italian Peninsula down at the kind of the bottom of the boot and those Greek Settlers of course brought with them Language and Cultural ideas and things like that the religion and if you remember the Phoenician alphabet the Greek alphabet the Roman alphabet our alphabet that little transition they brought with them a lot and the Romans use that kind of as a a building block amongst other things but there's a monarchy on the peninsula you might remember the tale of Romulus and Remis who were raised by a wolf they fought one another and Romulus ended up killing his brother naming the city after himself and so really this is the beginning of the foundation myth for the Roman City Rome uh but really was the rusans these were the people who were the monarchs they introduced a writing system they introduced the religion they introduced some engineering Feats like the arch and some of the things that the Romans were later known for almost extensively because the Greeks while we look at them them because they were uh masters of the Mind the Romans we could say might be masters of materials they were very good engineers and Architects and that's why we see the Monumental architecture like the Coliseum the circus Maximus the aqueducts so there's an old saying all roads lead to Rome and there was a reason for that because the Roman empire spread so far but it's also kind of conveniently centrally located on the peninsula um I'm going to move over here for a second so you can kind of see some of the population of the early settlers the Greeks down here as I said down on the tip of the boot then you have the at truskin up in the north and interesting there's people that are called Latins hint hint language um and they all kind of kind of congregate in the Central Area this is a nice location uh location location location as this as the saying goes um the Roman roads what's really interesting is that they built roads as they conquered and expanded so that their military would have easier transport and transportation and um mobility and some of those roads are still visible uh there's a very famous famous one called the Via Appia the Appian Way so the rusans were overthrown in the 500s BC and the people who overthrew them wanted to Institute a new form of government and sort of how we saw the Greeks testing different things and the Athenians kind of triumphing with democracy the Romans created the Republic the the this should sound familiar because this is what the United States of America is the founders looked at the Mediterranean classical civilization and wanted to duplicate it because that was sort of the tail end of uh the Renaissance where the rebirth of Greek and Roman culture inspired everybody and with the Enlightenment and the discovery of all these uh writings and the mathematics the science and all that that the Mediterranean cultures had the founders wanted to turn to them because they figured they had some good ideas well they knew democracy was going to be something that was difficult in this nation so they came up with a republic which is representatives and that's what the Romans invented uh and really what it was is uh you see here there's a word patricians and then plebians the patricians were the upper class the patricians would kind of be like the senate in our Congress the plebians would be kind of like the House of Representatives in our Congress uh an upper house with wealthy landlords and a lower House of kind of common people so this was made up of wealthy people who were land owners as I just said and this was made up of um Farmers Merchant class lower class people and they were chosen as representatives from amongst the citizens of Rome the way it worked is you have two consules who are kind of like co-presidents and then the patricians are in their Senate and then the plebians have an assembly and they all are sort of an advisory body they work together uh there's a lot of trouble as we will see but they have a written law that they really that they attempt to follow called the 12 tables and this is important because the Romans provide law everywhere they go and they they essentially say hey as long as you do things our way if you if you follow our laws and pay your taxes we'll leave you alone do your own thing otherwise and the 12 tables were kind of the basis for that and we see that come into play later in importance with the Byzantine Empire which we'll see shortly this I'm going to skip you can watch it on your own uh it's a very funny uh Horrible Histories about the high turnover rate I guess I could say of rulers um they were able to accomplish some of these this thing is huge this this is like a NASCAR track it hold it held I believe somewhere in upwards of 100,00 people and we're talking thousands of years ago they build a stadium essentially that can hold hundreds uh I'm sorry 100 thousand people more than 100 thousand people for entertainment to watch races and then these are all statues of uh Emperors and whatnot this is where it is today uh if you go to Rome ever if I do a tour for instance and you want to come along you can actually see something that is the ruins of course of something that's thousands of years old pretty cool this is an aqueduct where they as I mentioned with their engineering abilities the Romans were able to bring water from far away places to water to where they needed the water so they built these aqueducts it was basically Plumbing the Romans had like indoor plumbing again thousands of years ago they were very Advanced and it's still standing which shows how powerful they were or how good they were now the Punic Wars this is where you can see the beginnings here um so we're looking at like right around the Han dnasty um right around when the Spartans are like 20 years later the Spartans are fighting the Persians and all that at 300 um Rome was busy fighting this city state here of Carthage for control of the Mediterranean trade routes whoever could control this region would be the one that Ro that Rose so it was either going to be the Roman Empire or the carthaginian Empire obviously you guys know who won because we didn't have a carthaginian Empire after that this is uh some of the famous um stories that we get from famous generals like the carthaginian general Hannibal uh and what he did was he crossed the Alps it was thought it was impossible to invade Italy because anywhere you go on the coast you're going to attack so he said you know what I'm just going to invade this way so he came across the Alps and he or tried to come across the Ops I should say and he did so with elephants big heavy loads that they could carry uh but unfortunately while their great General was away the Romans figured hey Carthage is wide open right for attack so they attacked while Hannibal was up this way and so he had to kind of beat a hasty Retreat and that saved Rome let me move this way there we go uh oh this is the as he came across the outs what I just talked about uh so Rome obviously won and it's said that they so defeated they so eliminated the carthaginians as a threat that they raised the city R A Ze uh they which means they basically flattened it they destroyed it ran everybody out or killed anybody that was left and then it said that they were wanted to make sure the carthaginians never posed a threat again so they plowed salt into the fields around Carthage so that the no one could ever Farm there again which meant no one could ever live there again uh that's a historically anecdote that's kind of cool so life wasn't always peachy ke even though it was an Empire and it was very wealthy and they had control of the trade rots and there was a couple of Brothers called the grai anytime you have a us you know Latin you had it like fungus fungi well the grus brothers would be called the grcki uh and they proposed some reforms to try to help the poor uh in particular and they were very popular because there was a lot of poor and not many people were paying attention to them uh so they offered thing like like land um and different tax reforms things like that and they were very popular with the people not with the fellow senators and rulers and they were assassinated uh so then this what we see results eventually along the way Rome Rome had some trouble with keeping power in uh keeping the safety security and stability the 3 S's and we see a civil war breakout and there's something called the triumverate to try to stop the Civil War and the trium triy the three was pompy crus and Caesar and what ends up happening is crus is killed so it comes down to Caesar versus pompy wait okay sorry that was kind of messed up there because it talks about Cicero instead of the Civil War but whatever you guys are cool uh so Cicero was a philosopher we saw a lot of philosophy with Greece that's not something that the Romans were particularly known for but they did have some big ones and Cicero was a particularly important one and he talked about political ethics and the duties of citizens um but this is where I was trying to go uh Caesar is a very popular Julius Caesar is a very popular General and he's off in Gul which is now France and he basically uh mutinies or or Rebels and he says he's going to come take power for himself and there's a law that if he brings his troops across the Rubicon River that he's basically an outlaw he's breaking the law so now there's a saying today called Crossing the Rubicon which is sort of like going past the point of no return he brought his troops cross the Rubicon which made him effectively an outlaw and it was an all brawl as pompy and Caesar are fighting basically for control of the Roman Republic for the Roman Empire as you might know Caesar won but it didn't last very long because uh he made ever increasing moves to increase his own power and that and and the poor of course loved him so he was doing more things for the common people which the Senators did not like and as you probably are familiar he's murdered stabbed uh on the IDS of March and his friend Brutus as Shakespeare said at two brute so Caesar's gone I'm going to skip this which leads to a second trium it he has kind of an adopted son sort of uh named Augustus uh and Mark Anthony was his best friend and then lepidus was another General and these three guys get together they're like we're going to go get all those people who killed Caesar so they they attempt that well what ends up happening is Mark Anthony meets a beautiful lovely lady named Cleopatra he sort of takes up against Augustus they end up losing Cleopatra puts a snake against her breast a poisonous snake that kills her he falls on his sword and dies lepidus is out of the picture eventually by that point anyway for more and then so Augustus becomes Augustus Caesar I'm going to skip this and this creates the Roman Empire now there is a Caesar Augustus now means great um in fact the month the months of the year June July August are Roman Julius Caesar gave us July Augustus gave us August and then September October like OCT means 8 November nov 9 so there used to be that was the that was the 10th month and then December or I'm sorry December was the 10th month November was the n9th it's on but it shifted because they added some months it's kind of cool anyway so Augustus Caesar creates the Roman Empire and under his rule it enters into a term we've already seen which I talked about with the Han and with the G as well it's sort of like a a golden age the Pax Romana the Roman peace or the piece of Rome skipping this as well and the Roman Empire by the year 44 is BC is huge it covers span's three different continents so it's quite substantial and this is where the saying that I mentioned earlier all roads lead to Rome they built roads everywhere they conquered and so they almost literally all ended up back at Rome uh what we see also happen here is another major world event which is the beginning of Christianity it started over here tiny little Breakaway sect they thought of Judaism and it popped up in Pockets early on uh but then after the year three in the 300s uh it was illegal before then and that's where you saw um the Gladiator games and things like that where Christians being persecuted but after it became officially accepted with an emperor named Constantine um it wasn't persecuted and it spread very rapidly and then it became the official religion of the Roman empire under a guy named theodosius so the uh everywhere the Roman Empire was Christianity was that's a major event that we'll see and we'll talk about more later now Rome has problems it begins having so many problems that one of the Emperors says I need to it's too big we got to split it in half so he did there was the Western Roman Empire where there was kind of a co-emperor and then there was the Eastern Roman Empire well it didn't quite work out very well this was already on the downward spiral if you remember the dynastic cycle from China this is the end of the dynastic cycle for Rome once it's divided this area is still fairly stable and strong they have a long the Greek history here this is where they start to have the problems with like invasions and uh barbarians coming in uh they're getting attacked on all fronts this was easier to maintain and hold this is what collapsed when we talk about the fall of Rome we actually talk about the Western half of the Empire the eastern half stayed and we'll see more of that in chapter nine with the Byzantine Empire um and here's the Byzantine Empire little map so we have say the ending date of Rome is officially 476 I will give more of this detail in class and you can get some more out of your notes and use Google your best friend to find some more details and then we'll talk in chapter five about the collapse the decline of classical civilizations that's it the end I hope you guys have a great day